Successful attack, followed by fierce German retaliation

Hisbah

Articles with short description

François Mitterrand

Hisbah (Arabic: حسبة‎ ḥisbah or "accountability") is an Islamic doctrine referring to upholding community morals and "by extension, to the maintenance of public law and order and supervising market transactions", traditionally carried out by an official called a muhtasib, whose duties covered salat prayers, "mosque maintenance, community matters, and market dealings".This upholding of community order and morals, and particularly marketplaces, by authorities is sometimes confused with a later use of Hisba, i.e. as a "general term for forbidding wrong" and the "duty of individual Muslims" developed by the celebrated scholar Al-Ghazali (d.1111). It is based on the Quranic injunction to "enjoin good and forbid wrong", (Arabic: الأمر بالمَعْرُوف والنَهي عن المُنْكَر‎, romanized: al-amr bi-l-maʿrūf wa-n-nahy ʿani-l-munkar).(The phrase may also be translated as commanding what is just and forbidding what is evil, commanding right and forbidding wrong, and other combinations. The two commands generally "normally" appear together and no Muslim scholar has "ever suggested" they are "distinct duties".) The injunctions also constitute two of the ten Ancillaries or Obligatory Acts of Twelver Shia Islam. What is "good" and "wrong" is based on the norms of sharia (Islamic law). An oft quoted prophetic hadith divides the ways right is commanding and wrong forbidden into “three modes”: by “hand”, i.e. using force; “tongue” i.e. verbally; by the “heart” i.e. silently. Scholars and Islamic schools of law (madhhab) differ regarding who precisely was (and is) responsible for carrying out the duty, to whom it was to be directed, and what its performance entailed. For example, schools of law differ over whether Hisbah is an individual or collective duty. Who is eligible to use force (their "hand") to command and forbid is disputed, some reserving it for the political authorities such as the muḥtasib, and/or those who job it is to carry out the duty on their behalf. Others argue that these modes extended to all qualified believers. Pre-modern Islamic literature describes Islamic revivalists (usually scholars) taking action to forbid wrong by destroying forbidden objects, especially containers of liquor, and musical instruments, and disrupting forbidden activities, such as chess games and association of unmarried members of the opposite gender. In the contemporary Muslim world, various state or parastatal bodies—often with phrases like the "Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice" (Saudi Arabia), or "Hisbah" (Nigeria) in their titles—have appeared in Iran, Saudi Arabia, Nigeria, Sudan, Malaysia, etc., at various times and with various levels of power. Wrongdoing targeted by these groups includes inadequate hijab covering, lack of gender segregation, failure to observe salat, consumption of alcohol and public displays of affection.

François Hollande

The Via Rasella attack (Italian: Attacco di Via Rasella) was an action taken by the Italian resistance movement against the Nazi German occupation forces in Rome, Italy on 23 March 1944.

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Via Rasella attack

Short description matches Wikidata

Hisbah (Arabic: حسبة‎ ḥisbah or "accountability") is an Islamic doctrine referring to upholding community morals and "by extension, to the maintenance of public law and order and supervising market transactions", traditionally carried out by an official called a muhtasib, whose duties covered salat prayers, "mosque maintenance, community matters, and market dealings".This upholding of community order and morals, and particularly marketplaces, by authorities is sometimes confused with a later use of Hisba, i.e. as a "general term for forbidding wrong" and the "duty of individual Muslims" developed by the celebrated scholar Al-Ghazali (d.1111).