Juneteenth (officially Juneteenth National Independence Day and historically known as Jubilee Day, Black Independence Day, and Emancipation Day) is a federal holiday in the United States commemorating the emancipation of enslaved African Americans. It is also often observed for celebrating African-American culture. Originating in Galveston, Texas, it has been celebrated annually on June 19 in various parts of the United States since 1866. The day was recognized as a federal holiday on June 17, 2021, when President Joe Biden signed the Juneteenth National Independence Day Act into law. Juneteenth's commemoration is on the anniversary date of the June 19, 1865, announcement of General Order No. 3 by Union Army general Gordon Granger, proclaiming and enforcing freedom of enslaved people in Texas, which was the last state of the Confederacy with institutional slavery. President Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation of 1862 had officially outlawed slavery in Texas and in all of the other states of the original Confederacy. Enforcement of the Proclamation generally relied upon the advance of Union troops. Texas, as the most remote state of the former Confederacy, had seen an expansion of slavery and had a low presence of Union troops as the American Civil War ended; thus, enforcement there had been slow and inconsistent prior to Granger's announcement. Although the Emancipation Proclamation declared an end to slavery in the Confederate States, for a short while after the fall of the Confederacy, due to certain political considerations slavery remained legal in the two Union border states – Delaware and Kentucky. This seemingly conflicted situation ended both with the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution which constitutionally abolished chattel slavery nationwide on December 6, 1865, and also with the final actual release of slaves by the Indian Territories that had sided with the Confederacy, namely the Choctaw, in 1866. Celebrations date to 1866, at first involving church-centered community gatherings in Texas. It spread across the South and became more commercialized in the 1920s and 1930s, often centering on a food festival. Participants in the Great Migration out of the South carried their celebrations to other parts of the country. During the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, these celebrations were eclipsed by the nonviolent determination to achieve civil rights, but grew in popularity again in the 1970s with a focus on African American freedom and African-American arts. Beginning with Texas by proclamation in 1938, and by legislation in 1979, 49 U.S. states and the District of Columbia had formally recognized the holiday in various ways. With its adoption in certain parts of Mexico, the holiday became an international holiday. Juneteenth is celebrated by the Mascogos, descendants of Black Seminoles who escaped from slavery in 1852 and settled in Coahuila, Mexico. In the United States, on June 15, 2021, it became a federal holiday with the passage of the Juneteenth National Independence Day Act. Celebratory traditions often include public readings of the Emancipation Proclamation, singing traditional songs such as "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot" and "Lift Every Voice and Sing", and reading of works by noted African-American writers, such as Ralph Ellison and Maya Angelou. Celebrations include rodeos, street fairs, cookouts, family reunions, park parties, historical reenactments, and Miss Juneteenth contests. Juneteenth is the first new federal holiday since Martin Luther King Jr. Day was declared a holiday in 1983.

Robert Alexander Benjamin Hamilton, 12th Lord Belhaven and Stenton (16 September 1903 – 10 July 1961), was a Scottish soldier, colonial administrator, author, and peer.He was a Fellow of both the Royal Geographical Society and the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons. The son of Robert Hamilton-Udny, 11th Lord Belhaven and Stenton, by his marriage to Kathleen Gonville Bromhead, the young Hamilton was baptised Robert Alexander Benjamin. He was educated at Temple Grove School, Eastbourne, then at Eton College, before training for an army career at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. He was an officer of the Royal Scots Fusiliers between 1924 and 1931, then was seconded to the Aden Protectorate Levies between 1931 and 1934, during which time he commanded the unit's Camel Troop. His first marriage was to Heather Mildred Carmichael Bell, daughter of Lt.-Col. Richard Carmichael Bell and Mildred Charlotte Davidson-Houston, on 4 February 1926. One child was born of this marriage, Robert Anthony Carmichael Hamilton, on 27 February 1927, who eventually succeeded to the title. On 21 March 1942, after a divorce from his first wife in 1941, he married Cyrilla Mary Binns, daughter of Raymund Louis Binns (late the Yorkshire Regiment, killed in action in 1916) and Maud Cartman. One child was born of this second marriage, Janet Cyrilla Hamilton (19 September 1946- 16 April 1955) Between 1934 and 1946 Belhaven was an administrator in the Colonial Service in the Aden Protectorate, during which time he initiated an archeological excavation at Shabwa in South Yemen, the results of which were described in the Geographical Journal in 1942. Some of the antiquities collected in this exercise were presented to the Ashmolean Museum in 1954, and others were sent to the museum at Aden. He recorded his experiences in the Arabian Peninsula in The Kingdom of Melchior: Adventure in South West Arabia as the Master of Belhaven (London, 1949, John Murray) and in The Uneven Road (London, 1955, John Murray). He also published an historical novel, The Eagle and the Sun (London, 1951, John Murray) as Lord Belhaven about the ' campaign in Arabia Felix under Aelius Gallus which ended in Mariba. He became a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society and of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons. On 20 October 1950 he succeeded to the title of 12th Lord Belhaven and Stenton, and died on 10 July 1961 at the age of 57.

The Pakistan Cave Research & Caving Federation (PCRCF), formed on 14 August 1997, is a non-profit national constituent governing body overseeing underground exploration, research, and the conservation of caves in Pakistan and adjacent areas. The PCRCF works closely with its member associations to support cave and karst research by encouraging original exploration, organizing cave rescue conferences and expeditions, and supporting educational, scientific, and recreational caving. The PCRCF is a member of the International Union of Speleology (UIS), through its founder and President Hayatullah Khan Durrani, Chairman Malik Abdul Rahim Baabai and media officer Mohammad Abubakar Durrani.

South Valley is a town in Cattaraugus County, New York, United States. The population was 264 at the 2010 census. The name is from the town's geographical attributes. The town is in the southwest corner of the county. It is east of the city of Jamestown.

Ibrahim Abubakar FFPH FRCPE FRCP FMedSci is professor of infectious disease epidemiology at University College London and director of the UCL Institute for Global Health.

The Klemm Kl 36 was a 1930s German four-seat cabin touring and competition monoplane designed and built by Klemm and designed by Friedrich Fechner.

The black-and-red broadbill (Cymbirhynchus macrorhynchos) is a species of bird in the family Eurylaimidae. It is monotypic within the genus Cymbirhynchus. It is a large, unmistakable bird, with maroon underparts, black upperparts, a maroon neck-band, and white bars on the wings. It also has a large, dichromatic, blue and yellow bill. It is unlikely to be visually confused with any other bird in its range, but may be confused with the black-and-yellow broadbill vocally. It is found in Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. It inhabits lowland riparian forest throughout its range. It can also adapt quite well to disturbed habitat, inhabiting secondary growth and degraded habitat near rivers. The black-and-red broadbill is mainly insectivorous, supplementing it's diet with aquatic creatures such as mollusks, snails, fish, and crustaceans. It also takes leaves and seeds incidentally. It nests in the dry season throughout its range, with the nest being large, conspicuous structures that usually overhang water. Nests are built by both sexes, out of creepers, fungal hyphae, moss, and other plant matter. Eggs are laid in clutches of 2-3, occasionally with a fourth runt egg, and incubated by both parents.

The Australian Indian Ocean Territories is the name since 1995 of an administrative unit under the Australian Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Communications, consisting of two islands groups in the Indian Ocean under Australian sovereignty:
* Christmas Island (10°29′06″S 105°38′10″E﻿ / ﻿10.485°S 105.636°E), where the administrator resides
* Cocos (Keeling) Islands (12°09′29″S 96°52′12″E﻿ / ﻿12.158°S 96.870°E), where the same officer also has jurisdiction as administrator but does not reside Each of these island components has its own Shire Council: the Shire of Christmas Island and the Shire of Cocos. The administrative unit does not have jurisdiction over the uninhabited Ashmore and Cartier Islands and Heard Island and McDonald Islands, despite these territories lying within the Indian Ocean.

The Australian Indian Ocean Territories is the name since 1995 of an administrative unit under the Australian Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Communications, consisting of two islands groups in the Indian Ocean under Australian sovereignty:
* Christmas Island (10°29′06″S 105°38′10″E﻿ / ﻿10.485°S 105.636°E), where the administrator resides
* Cocos (Keeling) Islands (12°09′29″S 96°52′12″E﻿ / ﻿12.158°S 96.870°E), where the same officer also has jurisdiction as administrator but does not reside

Theodore Roosevelt, Fighting Patriot is a children's book by Clara Ingram Judson, about Theodore Roosevelt.

The Pakistan Cave Research & Caving Federation (PCRCF), formed on 14 August 1997, is a non-profit national constituent governing body overseeing underground exploration, research, and the conservation of caves in Pakistan and adjacent areas.

Shaheen Shah Afridi (Urdu: شاہین شاہ آفریدی‎, Pashto: شاهین شاہ اپریدی‎; born 6 April 2000) is a Pakistani professional cricketer who plays as a fast bowler for the Pakistan national cricket team. He made his international debut for Pakistan in April 2018 and his Test match debut for the national team in December 2018. In 2017, Afridi was noted as a 6-foot 6 inch 17-year-old Pakistani fast-bowling talent who can bowl 90 mph, having for instance reached 94 mph (154 kph) during the PSL 2021, and also for his big-hitting ability. He considers himself an all-rounder and seeks to excel in bowling, batting and fielding. In August 2018, he was one of thirty-three players to be awarded a central contract for the 2018–19 season by the Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB). In March 2021, it was reported that Shaheen Shah Afridi will be engaged to Shahid Afridi's elder daughter Aqsa.