The douga, or the "dance of the vultures", is a ceremonial dance among the Mandinka people who live in Guinea and Mali. According to religious scholar Ada Uzoamaka Azodo, its relevance operates on three levels. It is "performed only occasionally at great events, [and] marks the religious revival of this Guinean community; "it shows the dominion of human knowledge, creative skills, and wisdom over matter and bestial instinct", and it "demonstrates ... the promise of resurrection of the dead to life". There is, however, some doubt about to which extent the douga "belongs" to the Mandinka or the more generally. Uzo Esonwanne casts doubt on Franz Fanon's claim that Fodéba Keïta's African Dawn assigns a kind of ownership to the Mandé, or Christopher Miller's assumption that it belonged to a Mandé elite, and in essence forms a chain going back to the emperor Sundiata.