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Sita Ram Lalas

Jerry Seelen, whose real name is Jerome Seelen, was an American screenwriter and lyricist born March 11, 1912 in New York City (New York) and died September 12, 1981 in San Diego (California).

I Love the Way You Love

Trigonochlamydidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial gastropod molluscs in the clade Eupulmonata (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).

Screenwriter

Cartel Crew
Cartel Crew is an American reality television series that premiered on VH1 on January 7, 2019. It chronicles the daily lives of people who have past connections to cartels in Miami, Florida as they attempt to navigate through life and deal with the effects the cartel have had on their lives.

"I Love the Way You Love" is a song written by Berry Gordy, Mike Ossman, Al Abrams, and John O'Den and performed by Marv Johnson featuring The Rayber Voices. It reached #2 on the U.S. R&B chart, #9 on the U.S. pop chart, and #35 on the UK Singles Chart in 1960. It was featured on his 1960 album More Marv Johnson. The single was produced by Berry Gordy. The song ranked #65 on Billboard magazine's Top 100 singles of 1960.

1973 Paris Air Show Tu-144 crash

Christian Waller

List of legendary creatures by type

Jerry Seelen

Shots Studios

"Water" is a song recorded by American hip hop artist Kanye West, from his ninth studio album Jesus Is King (2019). The song features guest vocals by American singer Ant Clemons. It interpolates "We're All Water", written by Yoko Ono, and performed by Ono and John Lennon, while contains samples of "Blow Job", written and performed by Bruce Haack. The song was recorded on April 16, 2019 and announced for release on the album that same month.

Kuala Selangor Nature Park

List of male mixed martial artists

The Anglo-American cable chess matches were a series of yearly chess matches between teams from the United States and Great Britain conducted over transatlantic cable from 1896 to 1911, except for the three-year gap of 1904 to 1906 when no matches were held. This series was closely contested, with each team winning six matches and one match being drawn. The individual game total over the series was also even (+39 −39 =50). The series ended when Great Britain won their third consecutive match, thereby earning permanent custody of the silver cup provided by Sir George Newnes. There were other cable matches held in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, but this series is the most well-known. Prominent players from both sides of the Atlantic would participate over the years. Some who played for Great Britain included Joseph Blackburne, Amos Burn, Henry Bird, Henry Atkins, Horatio Caro, James Mason, Frederick Yates, Sir George Thomas, and Thomas Lawrence. Some who played for the United States included Harry Pillsbury, Jackson Showalter, Frank Marshall, Albert Hodges, Eugene Delmar, and John Barry.

Argentine peso

Julius Winfield Erving II (born February 22, 1950), commonly known by the nickname "Dr. J", is an American retired basketball player who helped popularize a modern style of play that emphasizes leaping and playing above the rim in his career at the ABA and the NBA. Regarded as one the greatest and most influential basketball players of all time, Erving helped legitimize the American Basketball Association (ABA) and was the best-known player in that league when it merged into the National Basketball Association (NBA) after the 1975–76 season.

Spain

Association football goalkeeping coaches

Lyricist

Articles with dead external links from January 2018

Articles with dead external links from July 2018

"Water" is a song recorded by American hip hop artist Kanye West, from his ninth studio album Jesus Is King (2019). The song features guest vocals by American singer Ant Clemons. It interpolates "We're All Water", written by Yoko Ono, and performed by Ono and John Lennon, while contains samples of "Blow Job", written and performed by Bruce Haack. The song was recorded on April 16, 2019 and announced for release on the album that same month. Ultimately released as the ninth track on Jesus Is King in October 2019, "Water" received polarized reviews from music critics. They were generally divided in their feelings towards the vocals and other critics expressed somewhat mixed assessments of the production, despite it being debated by them whether or not the song stands among the album's highlights. The song charted at number 37 on the ARIA Singles Chart and Icelandic Singles Chart, respectively, in 2019. On the US Billboard Hot 100, it debuted at number 51 and stood as Clemons' first appearance on the chart.

The 1973 Paris Air Show Tu-144 crash was the crash of the second production Tupolev Tu-144 at Goussainville, Val-d'Oise, France, which killed all six crew and eight people on the ground. The crash, at the Paris Air Show on Sunday, 3 June 1973, damaged the development program of the Tupolev Tu-144.

Nutritional yeast

Staro Nagoričane

Trigonochlamydidae

Articles with dead external links from October 2016

Nutritional yeast is a deactivated yeast, often a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is sold commercially as a food product. It is sold in the form of yellow flakes, granules or powder and can be found in the bulk aisle of most natural food stores. It is popular with vegans and vegetarians and may be used as an ingredient in recipes or as a condiment. It is a significant source of some B-complex vitamins and contains trace amounts of several other vitamins and minerals. Sometimes nutritional yeast is fortified with vitamin B12.

Christian Marjory Emily Carlyle (Yandell) Waller (2 August 1894 - 25 May 1954) was an Australian painter, writer, printmaker, illustrator, book designer, woodcutter, and stained-glass artist. Waller signed and exhibited her work under her maiden name (Yandell) until 1930, but thereafter used her married name (Waller).

Sitaram Lalas (25 November 1912 - December 1986) (known as Sita Ramji maadsaab) was a linguist and lexicographer of India. He produced a written dictionary of the local Rajasthani language- first ever in the language with name: Rajasthani Shabd (Sabada) Kosh and Rajasthani Hindi Brihad Kosha. This perhaps is one of the voluminous dictionaries of the world consisting of more than 200,000 words. The dictionary contains not only the meanings but the origin, synonyms, idioms and phrases based upon each word. It is named Rajasthani Bhasha-sahitya evam Vyakarana and was first published in 1962.The volume was acclaimed as a significant academic work by national and international scholars. The volume included two hundred thousand (200,000) words.

Staro Nagoričane (Macedonian: ) is a village in North Macedonia and the seat of the Staro Nagoričane municipality. The village is primarily known for its 11th century Church of St. George, first constructed in 1071 during Byzantine Macedonia, and reconstructed between 1313 and 1318 by Serbian King Stefan Milutin.

Water (Kanye West song)

The peso (established as the peso convertible) is the currency of Argentina, identified by the symbol $ preceding the amount in the same way as many countries using dollar currencies. It is subdivided into 100 centavos. Its ISO 4217 code is ARS.

Articles with permanently dead external links

Julius Erving

Shots Studios is a Los Angeles-based data-driven production studio founded by brothers John Shahidi and Sam Shahidi. The company creates original mobile-first content for YouTube, Instagram, and other streaming platforms. Over 20 billion minutes of Shots Studios’ content is watched every year on YouTube. The company has become a creative studio to musicians and internet creators including Anwar Jibawi, Hannah Stocking, Lele Pons, Rudy Mancuso, Juanpa Zurita and Delaney Glazer. The company was founded in 2009 as a software development company originally named Rock Software. With the help of a group of investors including Justin Bieber, the company went on to launch the Shots mobile app. In 2016, the company began partnerships with numerous internet creators to produce original digital content for the Shots app and YouTube, soon after rebranding as Shots Studios.

This is a list of notable professional male mixed martial arts fighters in alphabetical order.

Spain (Spanish: España [esˈpaɲa] ()), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean. Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula. Its territory also includes two archipelagoes: the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa, and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea. The African enclaves of Ceuta, Melilla, and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera, make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country (Morocco). Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory. The country's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary wi

Afusipa Taumoepeau

The peso (established as the peso convertible) is the currency of Argentina, identified by the symbol $ preceding the amount in the same way as many countries using dollar currencies. It is subdivided into 100 centavos. Its ISO 4217 code is ARS. Since the late 20th century, the Argentine peso has experienced a substantial rate of devaluation, reaching 25% year-on-year inflation rate in 2017. The official exchange rate for the United States dollar hovered around 3:1 from 2002 to 2008, climbing from 6:1 to 10:1 between 2009 and 2015. By August 2018, the rate had risen to 40:1. In 2019, the inflation rate experienced the steepest year-on-year increase since the Great Recession. By August 12, 2019, the rate had risen to 60:1 after the market's reaction to the 2019 Argentine primary elections.

The 1973 Paris Air Show Tu-144 crash was the crash of the second production Tupolev Tu-144 at Goussainville, Val-d'Oise, France, which killed all six crew and eight people on the ground. The crash, at the Paris Air Show on Sunday, 3 June 1973, damaged the development program of the Tupolev Tu-144. One theory is that a French Mirage jet sent to photograph the aircraft without the knowledge of the Soviet crew caused the pilots to take evasive manoeuvres, resulting in the crash. Another theory is that in a rivalry with the Anglo-French Concorde, the pilots attempted a manoeuvre that was beyond the capabilities of the aircraft.

Apistogramma cacatuoides

This is a list of legendary creatures from mythology, folklore and fairy tales, sorted by their classification or affiliation. Creatures from modern fantasy fiction and role-playing games are not included.

Julius Winfield Erving II (born February 22, 1950), commonly known by the nickname "Dr. J", is an American retired basketball player who helped popularize a modern style of play that emphasizes leaping and playing above the rim in his career at the ABA and the NBA. Regarded as one the greatest and most influential basketball players of all time, Erving helped legitimize the American Basketball Association (ABA) and was the best-known player in that league when it merged into the National Basketball Association (NBA) after the 1975–76 season. Erving won three championships, four Most Valuable Player Awards, and three scoring titles with the ABA's Virginia Squires and New York Nets (now the NBA's Brooklyn Nets) and the NBA's Philadelphia 76ers. He is the eighth-highest scorer in ABA/NBA history with 30,026 points (NBA and ABA combined). He was well known for slam dunking from the free throw line in slam dunk contests and was the only player voted Most Valuable Player in both the ABA and the NBA. The basketball slang of being posterized was first coined to describe his moves. Erving was inducted in 1993 into the Basketball Hall of Fame and was also named to the NBA's 50th Anniversary All-Time team. In 1994, Erving was named by Sports Illustrated as one of the 40 most important athletes of all time. In 2004, he was inducted into the Nassau County Sports Hall of Fame. Many consider him one of the most talented players in the history of the NBA; he is widely acknowledged as one of the game's best dunkers. While Connie Hawkins, "Jumping" Johnny Green, Elgin Baylor, Jim Pollard, and Gus Johnson performed spectacular dunks before Erving's time, Erving brought the practice into the mainstream. His signature dunk was the "slam" dunk, since incorporated into the vernacular and basic skill set of the game in the same manner as the "crossover" dribble and the "no look" pass. Before Erving, dunking was a practice most commonly used by the big men (usually standing close to the hoop) to show their brutal strength which was seen as style over substance, even unsportsmanlike, by many purists of the game. However, the way Erving utilized the dunk more as a high-percentage shot made at the end of maneuvers generally starting well away from the basket and not necessarily a "show of force" helped to make the shot an acceptable tactic, especially in trying to avoid a blocked shot. Although the slam dunk is still widely used as a show of power, a method of intimidation, and a way to fire up a team (and spectators), Erving demonstrated that there can be great artistry and almost balletic style to slamming the ball into the hoop, particularly after a launch several feet from that target.

Water

Shots Studios is a Los Angeles-based data-driven production studio founded by brothers John Shahidi and Sam Shahidi. The company creates original mobile-first content for YouTube, Instagram, and other streaming platforms. Over 20 billion minutes of Shots Studios’ content is watched every year on YouTube. The company has become a creative studio to musicians and internet creators including Anwar Jibawi, Hannah Stocking, Lele Pons, Rudy Mancuso, Juanpa Zurita and Delaney Glazer.

Anglo-American cable chess matches

Sitaram Lalas (25 November 1912 - December 1986) (known as Sita Ramji maadsaab) was a linguist and lexicographer of India. He produced a written dictionary of the local Rajasthani language- first ever in the language with name: Rajasthani Shabd (Sabada) Kosh and Rajasthani Hindi Brihad Kosha. This perhaps is one of the voluminous dictionaries of the world consisting of more than 200,000 words. The dictionary contains not only the meanings but the origin, synonyms, idioms and phrases based upon each word. It is named Rajasthani Bhasha-sahitya evam Vyakarana and was first published in 1962.The volume was acclaimed as a significant academic work by national and international scholars. The volume included two hundred thousand (200,000) words. Dr Sitaram Lalas devoted 40 years in the compilation of this outstanding work and was awarded Padma Shri in 1977 for his contribution. He was also awarded honorary doctorate by Jai Narain Vyas University (Jodhpur University). Dr Lalas was also known for his excellent knowledge of Ayurveda besides being remembered as a great teacher. Dr Sita Ram Lalas was from Charan community. Dr. Sitaram Lalas was rightly called promoter of Rajasthani language and was given due honour and respect as grammarian and lexicographer of yester years like Panini, Patanjali and Dr. Johnson. Scholars like W.S. Allen and Bhagwat Sharan Upadhaya have termed Dr. Sitaram Lalas' work as unprecedented and revolutionary. Though Dr. Lalas was a modest school teacher, by way of his commitment, sincerity and devotion, he presented a unique example – compiling a comprehensive dictionary of the Rajasthani language comprising nine volumes and an abridged dictionary. Apart from this, his other publications include – work on Rajasthani grammar, history of Rajasthani language and literature. He edited a dozen of Rajasthani classics. Dr. Lalas' extensive and sincere work has administered a life-giving dose of renaissance to the Rajasthani language. Jai Narain Vyas University (Jodhpur University) conferred upon him, honorary degree of the doctor of literature in recognition to his work. The president of India honoured Dr. Lalas with Padma Shri, fourth highest civilian award in the Republic of India. Sahitya Academy Sangam honoured Dr. Lalas with Manishee award. Some of the key highlights of his life and work are as below:- 1.
* The literary ruler of Marwar (Jodhpur) 'Maharaja Mansigh' (1803–1843), honoured 61 Charan poets by giving them "The Hathi Siropao" (Haathi Siripao) (Refer Note a.). Navalji Lalas (1787–1832) of Judia Village, known as Voltaire of Marwar was one of them. On account of this honour Navalji was presented SANSAN (Tax free fief) (Refer Note b.) village Narava 34 km north west of Jodhpur. Generation of Navalji included Peerdanji, Harudanji and Hathiramji. Dr. Lalas was born on 29 December 1908, to Hathiramji and Jawahar Bai (daughter of Sadulji Bogsa and Singaran Bai of village Sarvari Charnan). 2.
* When Hathi Ramji died, Sitaram was only two and a half years. His maternal grand father, Sadul Danji Bogsa (1833–1916), a prominent scholar and poet of Rajasthani, took the task of Sita Ram's education. After Sadul Danji died, Sita Ram stayed in his village and sometimes in Sarvari, the village of his mother. He took his education in grammar and arithmetic from Amtuji Shreemali of village Khandap. Meanwhile, he also learned Dingal geet, an art of old Rajasthani poetry stanzas, from elderly persons of village Sarvari. His inclination towards Dingal stanzas and poetic compositions grew after coming in contact with Panna Ramji Maharaj, an elderly scholar. He also learned the culture and history from his maternal grand mother (maasa) – Singara Bai. Note – Dingal geet (stanzas) are peculiar style of old Rajasthani classical poetry. 3.
* At the age of 16, having completed his formal school education, Sitaramji came to the town of Jodhpur, on advice of Panna Ramji Maharaj and stayed in Charan hostel. His educational expenses were borne by an elderly businessman of Sarvari village. The manager of the hostel Gulab Chand Churamani, was kind to him, whereby he got admission in Rajmahal School, from where he passed his special eighth class, from Marwar Middle board with excellency and double promotion. 4.
* In 1928, he became a teacher in Chainpura School (Mandore, Jodhpur), while still continuing with his studies. He got his education of Sanskrit and grammar from Pandit Bhagwati Lalji Shastri, and Pandit Somendra, a visually challenged scholar. 5.
* In 1930, he was posted to Vidyashala for School Teacher's Training. After the training, he was appointed in Bagar school, Jodhpur in 1931. During this period, he came in contact with Shri Kesari Singh Barahath, a freedom fighter, and his brother Kishore Singh Brahaspatya, whom he supported with zeal and enthusiasm. 6.
* During these days, he came in contact with the Rajasthani poet Amritlalji Mathur. Through him, he came in contact with the library superintendent of Jaipur state Pandit Hari Narayanji Purohit (Pareekh). With inspiration from Hari Narayanji Purohit, he started work related to Rajasthani literature and history for Nagari Pracharini Sabha, Benaras. 7.
* In 1931 he edited the book 'Virad Shrigar' which was an abridged edition of the book 'Suraj Prakash'. This book is in poetic form and highlights the victory achievements of Maharaja Abhay Singh of Marwar in war against Sarbuland Khan of Gujarat. 8.
* Purohit Hari Narayanji gave Sitaram an old Rajasthani dictionary "Nam Mala". After studying it, Sitaram in his letter to Hari Narayanji, dated 4 April 1932 observed – "The dictionary is not useful in modern times."Purohitji took remark seriously and rebuked young Sitaram. In his letter Purohitji asked Sitaram to first compile a dictionary and then criticise. This stern advice from the old man pierced Sitaram's heart, and this proved a turning point in the creation of modern Rajasthani language dictionary. 9.
* From 1937 to 1940, while living in Bilara, he came in contact with he Diwan – Hari Singh ji, and was able to study the manuscripts of Aaimata Temple library, which was based in an underground. Once as he was reading the manuscripts, he fell down some 45 feet from the stairs and suffered brain haemorrhage and went into coma. With the help of Diwan Hari Singhji he was taken to Jodhpur, and after long treatment, and with the help of his friend Ladhu Ramji Maharaj, he was able to work again. 10.
* In 1937 he won a legal case against an obscene book. Due to this the writer of the book so called monk poised him, but he survived after the treatment. 11.
* During his stay in Bilara, in 1939 Sitaram wrote a brief history of Aai Mata – the goddess of Seervi caste. He also coordinated with Shiv Singh Choyal – a Seervi leader and opened a school for educating people with poor economic background. He also assisted in editing voluminous books of kashi Nagari Pracharini Sabha, apart from editing the 'Haala Jhala Ra Kundaliyan' and 'Banki Das Granthawali'. He also coordinated with Kishore Singh Brahaspatya – younger brother of the freedom fighter Kesari Singh Barahath, to edit an important Dingal book 'Hariras' of Barahath (Barath) Isar Das in 1938. 12.
* In 1941, when Sitaram got his transfer to Mathania, he gained a lot of literary knowledge after coming in contact with Panaramji Maharaj. Sitaram had discussion with Panaramji related to Dingal vocabulary during the latter's stay from 1941 to 1944. 13.
* Sanskrit Society Ayodhya conferred upon him the degree of 'Sahitya Bhushan' in 1945, for his knowledge of Sanskrit literature and language. 14.
* During this time Akhil Rajasthani Bhasha Sammelan was convened, under the chairmanship of Jai Narayan Vyas. Sitaramji was nominated the executive vice-president of the convention. 15.
* In 1945 he edited Barahath (Barath) Laldan's book 'Shivdan Sujas Roopak'. This book contains poetic description of war against 'Talpuria Talpur of Sindh (Umerkot)' by the Jodhpur Army under commander Shivdan Singh Rathore in 1783, in which he was a victorious martyr. This was during the time of Maharaja Vijay Singhji of Jodhpur Rulers of Marwar. 16.
* In 1946, he edited a book 'Prem Singh Roopak' by Gaadan Pratapji. The book in poetry form highlights the war achievements of Thakur Prem Singh of village Ladie in war against mutiny of Vishan Singh Meratia. This was in the Kingdom of Maharaja Takhat Singhji of Jodhpur.Rulers of Marwar 17.
* During 1941–44, he completed his task of model Rajasthani Dictionary containing approximately fifty five thousand words. Due to the death of Purohit Hari Narayanji, in 1945, the dictionary could not be published. 18.
* During 1946–47, he was terminated from Government Service on the charge of involvement in freedom movement and close contact with freedom fighters, but he was reinstated after the independence. 19.
* In 1953, he forwarded a sixty five thousand word list to Sardul Rajasthani Research Institute Bikaner for publication, but publication could not be arranged. 20.
* In 1954, on the advice of W.S. Allen, professor of Philology, University of Cambridge, he completed the first standard Rajasthani Grammar Book. 21.
* After the establishment of the Rajasthan Oriental Research Instituteby the Government in Jodhpur, Sitaram came in contact with Manishi Muni Jinvijayji and undertook the work of editing the book 'Granth Raghunath Roopak' – with Dingal (old Rajasthani stanzas) of Kishna Adha in 1959. 22.
* In 1955, Chopasni Siksha Samiti established the Rajasthani Research Institute ( Jodhpur for research work and publication of old literature. Members of the society like Mr. Goverdhan Singh Meratia, I.A.S Indian Administrative Service, Col. Shyam Singh Rodala, and Thakur Bhairo Singh Khejadla, MLA Member of the Legislative Assembly, advised the taking over of the publication work of the Rajasthani – Hindi dictionary compiled by Sitaram Lalas. 23.
* In addition to the work of the 'Rajasthani Shabd Kosh' Sitaram Lalas assisted as an advisor and column writer in 'Parampara' the research magazine of the institute from 1955 to 1957. 24.
* In 1958, the work of the 'Rajasthani Shabd Kosh' (Rajasthani – Hindi Dictionary) was handed over to Rajasthani Research Institute. The dictionary was the work of Sitaram Lalas and he was made the editor. 25.
* In 1962, the first part of the dictionary was published. The work was appreciated widely. Scholars termed it as epoch-marking work. 26.
* The editing work of 'Suraj Prakash' of Kavia Karnidan, which was started long back, was given a practical shape, and its three volumes were published in 1960, 61 and 63 respectively. The book contained the war achievements of the victorious Maharaja Abhay Singh of Jodhpur against Sarbuland Khan of Ahmedabad. The book was published by Rajasthan Oriental Research Institute, Government of Rajasthan, Jodhpur. 27.
* Besides all the work, he edited he work 'Gajgun Roopak Baandh' written by Gadan Keshav Das which was published by Rajasthan Oriental Research Institute in 1967. The book is a war achievement of victorious Maharaja Gajsingh Rulers of Marwar of Marwar in war against rebellious Khurram at Hajipur. 28.
* The Chopasni Shiksha Samiti () formed a separate sub committee for the work of the publication of Rajasthani Dictionary on advice of Mr. Anil Bordia I.A.S., Indian Administrative Service, the Director of Education at that time. After this the remaining eight volumes were published between 1967 and 1978. 29.
* After completing the work of comprehensive dictionary, Sitaram Lalas started the work of abridged Rajasthani Dictionary (Rajasthani – Hindi Sankshipt Shabda Kosh), which was published in two volumes in 1986 and 1987 by Rajasthan Oriental Research Institute, Jodhpur, having two lakh words approximately. 30.
* He produced a new Rajasthani Grammar, published by Rajasthani Bhasha Sahitya and Sanskriti Academy, Bikaner in 2003.

Jerome Lincoln Seelen

Spain (Spanish: España [esˈpaɲa] ()), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean. Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula. Its territory also includes two archipelagoes: the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa, and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea. The African enclaves of Ceuta, Melilla, and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera, make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country (Morocco). Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory. The country's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar; to the north and northeast by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean. With an area of 505,990 km2 (195,360 sq mi), Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe, the second-largest country in Western Europe and the European Union, and the fourth-largest country by area on the European continent. With a population exceeding 46 million, Spain is the sixth-most populous country in Europe, and the fourth-most populous country in the European Union. Spain's capital and largest city is Madrid; other major urban areas include Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Zaragoza, Málaga, and Bilbao. Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago. Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician, Greek, Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE, after which the region was named Hispania, based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp(a)n or Spania. At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe, invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces, including the Suebi, Alans and Vandals. Eventually, the Visigoths would forcibly integrate all remaining independent territories in the peninsula, including the Byzantine province of Spania, into the Visigothic Kingdom, which more or less unified politically, ecclesiastically and legally all the former Roman provinces or successor kingdoms of what was then documented as Hispania. In the early eighth century the Visigothic Kingdom was conquered by the Umayyad Islamic Caliphate, that arrived to the peninsula in the year 711. The Muslim rule in the Iberian Peninsula (al-Andalus) soon became autonomous from Baghdad. The handful of small Christian pockets in the north left out of Muslim rule, along the presence of the Carolingian Empire near the Pyreneean range, would eventually led to the emergence of the Christian kingdoms of León, Castile, Aragon, Portugal and Navarre. Along seven centuries, an intermittent southwards expansion of the latter kingdoms (metahistorically dubbed as a reconquest: the Reconquista) took place, culminating with the Christian seizure of the last Muslim polity (the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada) in 1492, the same year Christopher Columbus arrived in the New World. A process of political conglomeration among the Christian kingdoms also ensued, and the late 15th-century saw the dynastic union of Castile and Aragon under the Catholic Monarchs, sometimes considered as the point of emergence of Spain as unified country. The Conquest of Navarre occurred in 1512, while the Kingdom of Portugal was also ruled by the Hapsburg Dynasty between 1580 and 1640. In the early modern period, Spain ruled one of the largest empires in history which was also one of the first global empires, leaving a large cultural and linguistic legacy that includes over 570 million Hispanophones, making Spanish the world's second-most spoken native language, after Mandarin Chinese. During the Golden Age there were also many advancements in the arts, with the rise of renowned painters such as Diego Velázquez. The most famous Spanish literary work, Don Quixote, was also published during the Golden Age. Spain hosts the world's third-largest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Spain is a secular parliamentary democracy and a parliamentary monarchy, with King Felipe VI as head of state. It is a major developed country and a high income country, with the world's fourteenth-largest economy by nominal GDP and the sixteenth-largest by PPP. It is a member of the United Nations (UN), the European Union (EU), the Eurozone, the Council of Europe (CoE), the Organization of Ibero-American States (OEI), the Union for the Mediterranean, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the Schengen Area, the World Trade Organization (WTO) and many other international organisations. While not an official member, Spain has a "Permanent Invitation" to the G20 summits, participating in every summit, which makes Spain a de facto member of the group.

The Anglo-American cable chess matches were a series of yearly chess matches between teams from the United States and Great Britain conducted over transatlantic cable from 1896 to 1911, except for the three-year gap of 1904 to 1906 when no matches were held. This series was closely contested, with each team winning six matches and one match being drawn. The individual game total over the series was also even (+39 −39 =50). The series ended when Great Britain won their third consecutive match, thereby earning permanent custody of the silver cup provided by Sir George Newnes. There were other cable matches held in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, but this series is the most well-known.