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History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance

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Persecution is an aimed "hostility, combined with ill-treatment, especially because of race or political or religious beliefs." Such hostility and ill-treatment can vary in degree and type from social persecution such as preventing employment, exclusion from participation in communal activities, to blocking a promotion, or repressing how much and whether a person gets paid for their work to more serious forms of institutionalized persecution. This can also take many forms from withholding building permits for building, repairing or protecting sacred places, to the denial of legal rights, interference with an inheritance, unequal representation in the courts, false arrest, criminalization and defamation, and even violence against individuals and groups through assault, maiming, torture and death. Tolerance, as defined by Merriam-Webster, is an "indulgence (benevolent forgiveness and allowance) for beliefs or practices differing from or conflicting with one's own." Tolerance is essentially modern and is not generally found before the Enlightenment period. Indeed, even the history of the study of tolerance doesn't go further back than the 18th century. Classen says, tolerance has, historically, never been an attitude broadly espoused by an entire society, not even in western societies. "In fact, in the best of all cases throughout history, only a few outstanding individuals have truly fought for tolerance." However, there is some evidence of similar ideals in earlier thought. Gervers and Powell speak of tolerance and intolerance as having a "pre-history" through these early ideals. Both these concepts inherently contain the idea of alterity, the state of otherness, who is defined as other, and by whom, and how. In some instances in history, therefore, tolerance is seen as ‘a flawed virtue’ because it concerns acceptance of things it was believed were better fought or overcome. Murphy explains that "We can improve our understanding by defining "toleration" as a set of social or political practices and "tolerance" as a set of attitudes." While it is not possible to give a thorough view, a historical overview of areas of Christian thought such as religious persecution, the other, heresy, heterogeneity, hospitality, forced conversion, supersessionism, and other related topics, gives an indication of some of the early Christian thinking that led to the development of concepts of tolerance and practices of persecution. For example, Christian theologians like Augustine of Hippo and Thomas Aquinas legitimized religious persecution to various extents, while it was also Augustine's teachings that protected Jews in Europe for several centuries. During Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, Christians considered heresy and dissent punishable offenses. However, Early modern Europe witnessed the turning point in the history of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance. Christian writers like John Milton and John Locke argued for limited religious toleration, while some Christians eventually came to support the concept of religious freedom which was developed by deists like Thomas Jefferson. Contemporary Christians generally agree that heresy and dissent are not punishable offenses.

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Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia and is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east. Europe is commonly considered to be separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas and the waterways of the Turkish Straits. Although much of this border is over land, Europe is generally accorded the status of a full continent because of its great physical size and the weight of history and tradition. Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres (3,930,000 sq mi), or 2% of the Earth's surface (6.8% of land area), making it the sixth largest continent. Politically, Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states, of which Russia is the largest and most populous, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population. Europe had a total population of about 741 million (about 11% of the world population) as of 2018. The European climate is largely affected by warm Atlantic currents that temper winters and summers on much of the continent, even at latitudes along which the climate in Asia and North America is severe. Further from the sea, seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast. Europe, in particular ancient Greece and ancient Rome, was the birthplace of Western civilisation. The fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD and the subsequent Migration Period marked the end of ancient history and the beginning of the Middle Ages. Renaissance humanism, exploration, art and science led to the modern era. Since the Age of Discovery, Europe played a predominant role in global affairs. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European powers controlled at various times the Americas, almost all of Africa and Oceania and the majority of Asia. The Age of Enlightenment, the subsequent French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars shaped the continent culturally, politically and economically from the end of the 17th century until the first half of the 19th century. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century, gave rise to radical economic, cultural and social change in Western Europe and eventually the wider world. Both world wars took place for the most part in Europe, contributing to a decline in Western European dominance in world affairs by the mid-20th century as the Soviet Union and the United States took prominence. During the Cold War, Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the West and the Warsaw Pact in the East, until the revolutions of 1989 and fall of the Berlin Wall. In 1949 the Council of Europe was founded with the idea of unifying Europe to achieve common goals. Further European integration by some states led to the formation of the European Union (EU), a separate political entity that lies between a confederation and a federation. The EU originated in Western Europe but has been expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. The currency of most countries of the European Union, the euro, is the most commonly used among Europeans; and the EU's Schengen Area abolishes border and immigration controls between most of its member states.
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AHDB Potatoes, previously known as the Potato Council, is a trade organisation that aims to develop and promote the potato industry in Great Britain. Previously an independent non-departmental public body, it has been a division of the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board since 1 April 2008.

Persecution is an aimed "hostility, combined with ill-treatment, especially because of race or political or religious beliefs." Such hostility and ill-treatment can vary in degree and type from social persecution such as preventing employment, exclusion from participation in communal activities, to blocking a promotion, or repressing how much and whether a person gets paid for their work to more serious forms of institutionalized persecution. This can also take many forms from withholding building permits for building, repairing or protecting sacred places, to the denial of legal rights, interference with an inheritance, unequal representation in the courts, false arrest, criminalization and defamation, and even violence against individuals and groups through assault, maiming, torture and

Europe
Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia and is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east. Europe is commonly considered to be separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas and the waterways of the Turkish Straits. Although much of this border is over land, Europe is generally accorded the status of a full continent because of its great physical size and the weight of history and tradition.