KK Plama Pur

William D. Harris is an American lobbyist and operative of the Republican Party. He was the Chief Executive Officer of the 2004 Republican National Convention in New York City and was charged by the Republican National Committee with planning the quadrennial meeting at Madison Square Garden, which nominated George W. Bush for a second term as President of the United States. Harris also served as CEO of the GOP conventions in Houston, Texas in 1992 and Tampa, Florida in 2012. He was the national convention director for the McCain/Palin campaign in 2008.

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Chairman

The Nutshack

Teun Koopmeiners

Gibran Khalil Gibran (Arabic: جبران خليل جبران‎, ALA-LC: Jubrān Khalīl Jubrān, IPA: [ʒʊˈbrɑːn xæˈliːl ʒʊˈbrɑːn], or Jibrān Khalīl Jibrān, IPA: [ʒɪˈbrɑːn xæˈliːl ʒɪˈbrɑːn]; January 6, 1883 – April 10, 1931), usually referred to in English as Kahlil Gibran (pronounced kah-LEEL ji-BRAHN), was a Lebanese-American writer, poet and visual artist, also considered a philosopher although he himself rejected this title in his lifetime. He is best known as the author of The Prophet, which was first published in the United States in 1923 and is one of the best-selling books of all time, having been translated into more than 100 languages.

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$pringfield (or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling)

Miljenko Jergović

Ryan Tubridy (born 28 May 1973), nicknamed Tubs, is an Irish broadcaster, a presenter of live shows on radio and television in Ireland. Tubridy is the highest-earning presenter on Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ). He is the current host of long-running TV chat programme The Late Late Show and a weekday morning radio show called The Ryan Tubridy Show. Tubridy previously presented RTÉ 2fm breakfast radio show The Full Irish, which at its end was the second most popular radio programme in Ireland. For five seasons from 2004 until 2009, he presented the Saturday night TV chat show Tubridy Tonight on RTÉ One. He later left RTÉ 2fm for a number of years to present weekday morning radio programme The Tubridy Show on RTÉ Radio 1, but returned to RTÉ 2fm in 2010 to present his current weekday morning radio show from 09:00 to 11:00, following the termination of The Gerry Ryan Show with the presenter's sudden death. He has also hosted the Rose of Tralee contest on two occasions. As part of a two-book deal with HarperCollins—and in a nod to his passion for U.S. politics—Tubridy penned JFK in Ireland, a profile of U.S. President John F. Kennedy's 1963 visit to Ireland. He is currently working on a second book. With several wins and nominations at the Meteor Awards to his name, dating from his time as host of The Full Irish, Tubridy was named one of ten "icons" of 21st century Ireland by the Sunday Tribune's Derek O'Connor in 2008.

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Lower Earley

Kenneth Lawrence Fisher (born November 29, 1950) is an American investment analyst and the founder and chairman of Fisher Investments, a fee-only financial adviser with United States offices in Woodside California; San Mateo, California; Camas, Washington; and Plano, Texas, and international offices in England, Germany, Australia, Japan, and the Dubai International Financial Centre. Fisher's Forbes "Portfolio Strategy" column ran from 1984 to 2017, making him the longest continuously-running columnist in the magazine's history. He is currently a regular columnist for several publications, including USA Today, Financial Times in the UK, Dagbladet Børsen in Denmark, De Telegraaf in The Netherlands, Il Sole 24 Ore in Italy, L’Opinion in France, El Economista in Spain, Handelszeitung in Switze

Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comNot to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin. Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin. Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin. Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin. Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin. Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin. Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin. Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin. Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin. Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. Word Letters Characteristics DisputeMethionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin, the largest known protein Technical; not in dictionary; whether this is a word is disputedMethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine 1,909 Chemical name of E. coli TrpA (P0A877); longest published word[1] TechnicalLopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author,[2] the longest word ever to appear in literature[3] Contrived nonce word; not in dictionary; Ancient Greek transliterationPneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary[4] Technical; contrived coinage to make it the longest wordSupercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Contrived coinagePseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-contrived word in a major dictionary[5] TechnicalFloccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Contrived coinageAntidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-contrived and nontechnical word[6] Not all dictionaries accept it due to lack of usage.[7]Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare's works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels[8] Latin Contents1 Major dictionaries2 Creations of long words2.1 Coinages2.2 Agglutinative constructions2.3 Technical terms3 Notable long words3.1 Place names3.2 Personal names3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length3.3.1 Typed words4 See also5 References6 External linksMajor dictionariesThe longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles,[9] specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically (27 letters).[10] The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci­nauci­nihili­pili­fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[11][12][13] Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries, with 22 letters each.[14] A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically, at 20 letters.[15] The word internationalization is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.[16][17][18] Creations of long wordsCoinagesIn his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon.Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?" Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall: osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous (44 characters) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary (51 characters). James Joyce made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake. "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. Agglutinative constructionsThe English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In musical notation, an 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver. Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction. Technical terms Para­stratio­sphe­com­yia sphe­com­yioi­desA number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words. The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine for the protein also known as titin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,[19] so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl..., would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus (P03575), is 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966.[20] In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names. In 2011, a dictionary broke this record with a 1909-letter word describing the trpA protein (P0A877).[1] John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. Under the long number scale, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360. Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case.[21] Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly.[22] Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, at 52 letters, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).[23] The word is composed of the following elements: Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[24])Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)Cupreo: from "copper"Vitriolic: resembling vitriolNotable long wordsPlace names The sign at Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu The station sign at Llan­fair­pwll­gwyn­gyll­gogery­chwyrn­drob­wlll­lanty­silio­gogo­goch in North WalesMain article: List of long place namesThe longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Tau­mata­whaka­tangi­hanga­koau­auota­matea­pokai­when­uaki­tana­tahu (57 letters), which is a hill in New Zealand. The name is in the Māori language. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters. In Canada, the longest place name is Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde, a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.[25] The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Char­gogga­gogg­man­chau­ggagogg­chau­buna­gunga­maugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.[26] The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Ma­mungku­kumpu­rang­kunt­junya.[27] It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[28] In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtown­mount­kennedy in County Wicklow. See also: List of short place namesPersonal namesGuinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as Wolfe+585, Senior.After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced [¹alːbɪn], 43 characters), which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad, southern Sweden.Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: List of the longest English words with one syllableSchmaltzed and strengthed (10 letters) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary, while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster's Third New International Dictionary; but squirrelled (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel, and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). Schtroumpfed (12 letters) was coined by Umberto Eco, while broughammed (11 letters) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed (10 letters) was coined by George Bernard Shaw.Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.[29]Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)The longest word with no repeated letters is subdermatoglyphic.[30]The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including abhors, almost, begins, biopsy, chimps and chintz.[31] There are few 7-letter words, such as "billowy".The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are abstemiously, affectiously, and tragediously (OED). Fracedinously and gravedinously (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; Gadspreciously, constructed from Gadsprecious (in OED), has fourteen letters. Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all six vowels (counting y as a vowel).The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator, another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil.Typed wordsThe longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[32] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[31] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, monimolimnion[33] and phyllophyllin.The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. Similar words with 10 letters include: pepperwort, perpetuity, proprietor, requietory, repertoire, tripertite, pourriture and (fittingly) typewriter. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls, galahads and alfalfas.Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include Zzz, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or m', the clitic form of my.[34]The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[31]On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are epopoeia, jipijapa, peekapoo, and quiaquia.[35] Other such long words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[36] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.See alsoLipogramList of the longest English words with one syllableLongest English sentenceLongest word in FrenchLongest word in SpanishLongest word in TurkishNumber of words in EnglishScriptio continuaSesquipedalianismDonau­dampf­schiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebs­werk­bau­unter­beamten­gesellschaft, longest published word in GermanReferences Colista Moore (2011). Student's Dictionary. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-934669-21-1.see separate article Lopado...pterygonDonald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). Guinness book of world records: 1990. Sterling. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8069-5790-6.Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis."What is the longest English word?". AskOxford. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22."What is the longest English word?". oxforddictionaries.com.Merriam Webster: "Antidisestablishmentarianism is not in the dictionary.""Cool, Strange, and Interesting Facts," fact 99. InnocentEnglish.com. Retrieved 2019-03-13."pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19."The Longest Word in the Dictionary" (Video). Ask the Editor. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013."Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion World Wide Words Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine;The Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback MachineIn recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by Bill Clinton's press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."Eckler, R. Making the Alphabet Dance, p 252, 1996."Longest Common Words – Modern". Maltron.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Glossary of W3C Jargon". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-13."Origin of the Abbreviation I18n". Archived from the original on 2014-06-27."Localization vs. Internationalization". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03.Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2012-12-01.Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964, Page 967F; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C23H32-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966, Page 6717F"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73. 1929. pp. 1–3. hdl:10088/23619. BHL page 8911139.rjk. "World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly". thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-12-17.cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine[1][dead link]"GeoNames Government of Canada site". Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times."Geoscience Australia Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01."South Australian State Gazetteer". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01.Guinness RecordsLongest Word Without Repeating Letters"Typewriter Words". Questrel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal". Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2010-08-22."Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-15."Word Records". Fun-with-words.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-13."Typewriter Words". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15."The Dvorak Keyboard and You". Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-22. External linksWiktionaryWiktionary has a category on Long English wordsListen to this article (info/dl)MENU0:00 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Longest word in English" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articlesA Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia – Long wordsLong words (chemical names)Long words (place names)What is the longest English word?, AskOxford.com "Ask the Experts"What is the Longest Word?, Fun-With-Words.comFull chemical name of titin.Full chemical name of titin.

(Per Spanish naming customs individuals mentioned in this article have two surnames. To distinguish between church leaders with the same paternal surname (i.e. Joaquín), both their first name and their paternal surname are used when mentioned.) Church leaders have faced accusations of sexual abuse. In June 2019, church leader Naasón Joaquín García was arrested at Los Angeles International Airport and charged with sex crimes by the California Department of Justice.

Ryan Tubridy

Brad Raffensperger

MAI Basic Four

Summers County is a county located in the U.S. state of West Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 13,927. Its county seat is Hinton. The county was created by an act of the West Virginia Legislature on February 27, 1871 from parts of Fayette, Greenbrier, Mercer and Monroe counties and named in honor of George W. Summers (1804–68).

Asunción Cummings Hostin ( (October 20, 1968), known professionally as Sunny Hostin, is an American lawyer, columnist, multi-platform progressive journalist, and a social commentator. Hostin is the Senior Legal Correspondent and Analyst for ABC News as well as a co-host on ABC's morning talk show The View.

The Simonini letter was a document sent to French author Abbe Barruel in 1806. The author, who identified himself as Jean-Baptiste Simonini of Florence, Italy claimed to have infiltrated the Piedmont Jewish community by claiming to have been a baptized Jew who wanted to restore his connection with his ancestral "nation". The Jews revealed to him that both the Freemasons and the Illuminati were founded by them and that they were planning on taking over Europe. It is one of the earliest instances of the idea of a Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory as well as conspiracy involving a cabal of Jews trying to take over the world.

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Catiline

Kenneth Lawrence Fisher (born November 29, 1950) is an American investment analyst and the founder and chairman of Fisher Investments, a fee-only financial adviser with United States offices in Woodside California; San Mateo, California; Camas, Washington; and Plano, Texas, and international offices in England, Germany, Australia, Japan, and the Dubai International Financial Centre. Fisher's Forbes "Portfolio Strategy" column ran from 1984 to 2017, making him the longest continuously-running columnist in the magazine's history. He is currently a regular columnist for several publications, including USA Today, Financial Times in the UK, Dagbladet Børsen in Denmark, De Telegraaf in The Netherlands, Il Sole 24 Ore in Italy, L’Opinion in France, El Economista in Spain, Handelszeitung in Switzerland, Irish Independent in Ireland, and Handelsblatt and Focus in Germany. Fisher has authored eleven books on investing, and has written research papers in the field of behavioral finance. He is on the Forbes 400 list of richest Americans and Forbes list of world billionaires, and as of 2017 is worth $3.8 billion. In 2010, he was named to Investment Advisor magazine's "30 for 30" list of the 30 most influential people in the investment advisory business over the last 30 years. As of 2018, Fisher's firm manages $100 billion.

Stephen White (1 September 1928 – 6 September 2009) was an Irish Gaelic footballer who played as a left wing-back for the Louth senior team. White made his debut on the inter-county scene at the age of seventeen when he first linked up with the Galway minor team before later joining the junior side. He joined the Louth senior team for the 1947 championship. White went on to play a key role during a hugely successful era, and won one All-Ireland medal and four Leinster medals. White was an All-Ireland runner-up on one occasion.

Team SoloMid (TSM) is a professional esports organization based in the United States. It was founded in September 2009 by Andy "Reginald" Dinh. TSM currently fields players in League of Legends, Apex Legends, Hearthstone, Super Smash Bros., PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds, Fortnite, Rocket League, Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege, and Magic: The Gathering Arena. The organization previously had a Counter-Strike: Global Offensive team based in Denmark and also briefly owned an Overwatch team. TSM's League of Legends team has won six of the total ten splits of the North American League of Legends Championship Series (LCS).

Deaths in the year 2019 in the United States.

ATK

The 2019–20 Persian Gulf Pro League (formerly known as Iran Pro League) will be the 37th season of Iran's Football League and 19th as Persian Gulf Pro League since its establishment in 2001. Persepolis are the defending champions. The season featured 14 teams from the 2018–19 Persian Gulf Pro League and two new teams promoted from the 2018–19 Azadegan League: Shahin Bushehr and Gol Gohar Sirjan.

Women installation artists

Alexius Meinong Ritter von Handschuchsheim (17 July 1853 – 27 November 1920) was an Austrian philosopher, a realist known for his unique ontology. He also made contributions to philosophy of mind and theory of value.

Miss Universe is an annual international beauty pageant that is run by the American-based Miss Universe Organization. It airs in more than 190 countries worldwide and seen by more than half a billion people annually. Along with Miss World, Miss International, and Miss Earth, Miss Universe is one of the Big Four international beauty pageants. The Miss Universe Organization and its brand, along with Miss USA and Miss Teen USA, are currently owned by the WME/IMG talent agency. The current Miss Universe is Catriona Gray of the Philippines, who was crowned on 17 December 2018 in Bangkok, Thailand.

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Railway bridges in Ireland

Sayla is a sub-district of Surendranagar district, Gujarat, India.

Edward Whelan (1824 – December 10, 1867) was one of Prince Edward Island's delegates to the Québec Conference and one of the Fathers of the Canadian Confederation. Whelan was also a journalist, orator and advocate for responsible government.

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James Andrew Himes (born July 5, 1966) is an American businessman and U.S. Representative for Connecticut's 4th congressional district, serving since 2009. He is a member of the Democratic Party and former Chair of the New Democrat Coalition. The district includes most of the southwestern corner of the state and is largely coextensive with the Connecticut side of the New York metropolitan area. It incorporates portions of Fairfield and New Haven counties, including the cities of Bridgeport, Westport and Stamford.

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WKXL (1450 AM and 103.9 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a News Talk Information format. Licensed to Concord, New Hampshire, United States, the station serves the Concord area. The station is currently owned by New Hampshire Family Radio LLC, itself owned by former Senator Gordon J. Humphrey, and features programming from AP Radio.

David Rowland (property developer)

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Ognjen Ožegović

Brad Rader, who has sometimes signed his art Raider, is a comic book creator, storyboard artist and animation director. He won his Emmy in 1999 for his work on Todd McFarlane's Spawn. Rader's comic work include the original noir graphic novel Fogtown for Vertigo and the self-published homoerotic graphic novel Harry and Dickless Tom; Catwoman, Gotham Adventures, and Batman Adventures for DC Comics.

Ognjen Ožegović (Serbian Cyrillic: Огњен Ожеговић, pronounced [ǒɡɲen oʒêɡoʋitɕ, - ǒʒeː-]; born 9 June 1994) is a Serbian professional footballer who plays as a striker for SV Darmstadt 98.

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Lucius Sergius Catilina, known in English as Catiline (; 108–62 BC), was a Roman patrician, soldier and senator of the 1st century BC best known for the second Catilinarian conspiracy, an attempt to overthrow the Roman Republic and, in particular, the power of the aristocratic Senate. He is also known for several acquittals in court, including one for the charge of adultery with a Vestal Virgin.

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Women performance artists

Oscar Nunez (born November 18, 1958), sometimes credited as Oscar Núñez, is a Cuban-American actor and comedian. Nunez is best known for his role as Dunder Mifflin accountant Oscar Martinez on NBC's The Office. He was a member of The Groundlings and later became a regular cast member on The Office. He also created and co-starred in the Comedy Central series Halfway Home in 2007. In 2010, he portrayed a pet shop owner in Fred: The Movie. In 2014, he co-starred in the short-lived USA Network comedy series Benched.

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Data curation is the organization and integration of data collected from various sources. It involves annotation, publication and presentation of the data such that the value of the data is maintained over time, and the data remains available for reuse and preservation. Data curation includes "all the processes needed for principled and controlled data creation, maintenance, and management, together with the capacity to add value to data". In science, data curation may indicate the process of extraction of important information from scientific texts, such as research articles by experts, to be converted into an electronic format, such as an entry of a biological database. In the modern era of big data, the curation of data has become more prominent, particularly for software processing high volume and complex data systems. The term is also used in historical occasions and the humanities, where increasing cultural and scholarly data from digital humanities projects requires the expertise and analytical practices of data curation. In broad terms, curation means a range of activities and processes done to create, manage, maintain, and validate a component. Specifically, data curation is the attempt to determine what information is worth saving and for how long.

Ancient Egyptian literature was written in the Egyptian language from ancient Egypt's pharaonic period until the end of Roman domination. It represents the oldest corpus of Egyptian literature. Along with Sumerian literature, it is considered the world's earliest literature.

John Torrence Tate Jr. (March 13, 1925 – October 16, 2019) was an American mathematician, distinguished for many fundamental contributions in algebraic number theory, arithmetic geometry and related areas in algebraic geometry. He was awarded the Abel Prize in 2010.

Plärrer is the only Nuremberg U-Bahn station apart from Nürnberg Hauptbahnhof to have an interchange with all the U-Bahn lines – the U1, U2, and U3.

Philip Gary Schlein

5AU (1242 AM) is a South Australian radio station broadcasting a classic hits format from its transmitter site at Mambray Creek into the Whyalla, Port Augusta, Port Pirie, Kadina, Moonta and Wallaroo area and north into the Flinders Ranges. Originally studios in Whyalla moving to Port Augusta in the Late 1970s. (Actually started in PA, then moved to Whyalla, then back to PA) Part of the 5KA network sister station 5RM Riverland and church run 5KA Adelaide Others on air during the 80's included Rohan Chabaud, Paul Wise, Dave Richardson, Don Plenty.

P C K Prem

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property developer

Giovanni Maria "Gianni" Versace (Italian: [ˈdʒovanni verˈsaːtʃe]; 2 December 1946 – 15 July 1997) was an Italian fashion designer and founder of Versace, an international fashion house that produces accessories, fragrances, make-up, home furnishings, and clothes. He also designed costumes for theatre and films. As a friend of Eric Clapton; Diana, Princess of Wales; Naomi Campbell; Duran Duran; Kate Moss; Madonna; Elton John; Cher; Sting; Tupac; The Notorious B.I.G.; and many other celebrities, he was one of the first designers to link fashion to the music world. He and his partner Antonio D'Amico were regulars on the international party scene. On 15 July 1997, Versace was shot and killed outside his Miami Beach mansion Casa Casuarina at the age of 50 by Andrew Cunanan.

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Cheteshwar Arvind Pujara (born 25 January 1988) is an Indian international cricketer who plays Test cricket for Indian national team and represents Saurashtra in domestic cricket. He is a right-handed batsman who made his first-class debut for Saurashtra in December 2005 and made his Test debut at Bangalore in October 2010. He was a part of the India A team which toured England in the 2010 summers and was the highest scorer of the tour. In October 2011, the BCCI awarded him a D grade national contract. Known to have a sound technique and the temperament required to play long innings, he was one of the contenders for a spot in the Indian middle order after the retirement of Rahul Dravid and VVS Laxman. His Test comeback came against New Zealand in August 2012, scoring a century. He made his first double hundred against England at Ahmedabad in November 2012 and followed up with another double hundred against Australia in March 2013, both the times steering India to victory and becoming man of the match. In the 2012 NKP Salve Challenger Trophy, he was the highest scorer with two centuries and one half-century. He became one of the fastest batsman to reach 1000 runs in Test cricket in just 11 matches and his 18th Test Innings. He won the Emerging Cricketer of the Year 2013. In February 2017, during the one-off Test match against Bangladesh, he set a new record for the most runs by a batsman in an Indian first-class season, with 1,605 runs. The previous record was 1,604 runs set by Chandu Borde in 1964–65. In November 2017, he scored his twelfth double-century in first-class cricket, the most by an Indian batsman, breaking the previous record set by Vijay Merchant.

List of Advanced Dungeons & Dragons 2nd edition monsters

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The Sittingbourne & Kemsley Light Railway in Kent is a 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) narrow gauge heritage railway that operates from Sittingbourne to the banks of The Swale. The line was developed as an industrial railway by paper maker Frank Lloyd in 1904, to transport pulp materials and finished products between Ridham Dock, on the Swale, and the company's paper mill at Sittingbourne, and from the mid-1920s to a second mill at Kemsley. In the late 1960s, the railway faced closure by its then owners Bowater, but the Locomotive Club of Great Britain accepted an offer to operate the railway from 1970. However, the section of line from Kemsley Down to Ridham Dock was abandoned for redevelopment of the paper mills. In 2008-09, the line survived a threat of closure due to the owners of Sittingbourne Paper Mill closing the mill and selling the land. The lease then held by the railway expired in January 2009, but negotiations resulted in the railway being saved, although no public trains ran in 2009. In September 2010, press reports announced the possibility that the railway would operate an anniversary service - over a short section between Kemsley Down Station and the Milton Regis Halt - to celebrate 40 years of operation. The service carried more than 700 passengers over several days during October. In 2011, the railway reopened in late May and operated until the end of September. During this time, Milton Regis Viaduct's deferred maintenance, from winter 2008, was carried out and Essential Land's contractors completed the removal of pipelines around Sittingbourne Viaduct station. The very last train of the season ran over Milton Regis Viaduct to the gate at Sittingbourne Viaduct station - the first public train to cross the Viaduct since 26 December 2008. 2012 saw the railway return to Sittingbourne Viaduct when it reopened on Sunday 27 May. (See "Reopening" section below.)

The Prairie Athletic Conference (PAC) is the governing body for collegiate sports in Saskatchewan. It was founded in 1969. The PAC is currently represented by five schools, three in Saskatchewan, and two in Alberta, that compete in four sports. The PAC was a member of the Canadian Collegiate Athletic Association until the mid 1990's

Moderator of General Assembly of E P Church, Ghana

Stiofán de Faoite

Tom Waits discography

Modern rock

This is a list of breakfast cereals. Many cereals are trademarked brands of large companies, such as Kellogg's, General Mills, Malt-O-Meal, Nestlé, Quaker Oats and Post Foods, but similar equivalent products are often sold by other manufacturers and as store brands.(This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.)

Bioinformatics

2019–20 Partick Thistle F.C. season

David John Rowland

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The following is a list of programs currently or formerly distributed through the American PBS stations and other public television entities.

British installation artists

Not to be confused with Longest words.The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes.

Unknown-importance company articles

Stephen White

This is the list of Advanced Dungeons & Dragons 2nd edition monsters, an important element of that role-playing game. This list only includes monsters from official Advanced Dungeons & Dragons 2nd Edition supplements published by TSR, Inc. or Wizards of the Coast, not licensed or unlicensed third party products such as video games or unlicensed Advanced Dungeons & Dragons 2nd Edition manuals.

Christian Frederick Ramftler (1780-1832) was a German born teacher, minister, and supporter of missionaries, serving the Moravian Church, who worked for most of his career in England. He founded the Moravian Church in Brockweir, Gloucestershire.

90443Nürnberg, Germany

Bewitched, Bothered and Bewildered
Bewitched, Bothered & Bewildered

20px|Plärrer

Articles for deletion

ATK (previously known as Atlético de Kolkata) is an Indian professional football club based in Kolkata, West Bengal, that plays in Indian Super League under licence from the All India Football Federation (AIFF). It was established on 7 May 2014 as the first team in the Indian Super League, and plays its home games at the Vivekananda Yuvabharati Krirangan; also known as the Salt Lake Stadium.

Göteborg Landvetter Airport (IATA: GOT, ICAO: ESGG) is an international airport serving the Gothenburg (Swedish: Göteborg) region in Sweden. With just over 6.8 million passengers in 2018 it is Sweden's second-largest airport after Stockholm–Arlanda. Landvetter is also an important freight airport. During 2007, 60.1 thousand tonnes of air cargo passed through Landvetter, about 60% of the capacity of Arlanda. The airport is named after Landvetter locality, which is in Härryda municipality. It is 11 NM (20 km; 13 mi) east-southeast of Gothenburg and 40 km (25 mi) west of Borås. It is operated by Swedavia, the national airport company. Since the closure of Göteborg City Airport for commercial operations, it's the city's only commercial passenger airport.

Farrukhabad is a city in the state of Uttar Pradesh in northern India. Farrukhabad district is named after this city. Farrukhabad is situated between Lat. 26° 46' N & 27° 43' N and Long. 79° 7' E & 80° 2' E. The district is bounded by Badaun and Shahjahanpur on the north, Hardoi District on the east, Kannauj District on the south, and Etah and Mainpuri districts on the west. The Ganga River and Ramganga River are located to the east and the Kali River to the south.

Car Seat Headrest is an American indie rock band formed in Leesburg, Virginia, and currently located in Seattle, Washington. The band consists of Will Toledo (vocals, guitar, piano), Ethan Ives (guitar, bass, backing vocals), Seth Dalby (bass), and Andrew Katz (drums, percussion). Beginning as a solo recording project by Toledo in 2010, Car Seat Headrest self-released 12 albums on the music platform Bandcamp, before signing to Matador Records in 2015. They would begin touring as a full band the following year, presenting material from their latest album, Teens of Denial. Toledo's work is notable for its large online cult following.

Value-based price (also value optimized pricing) is a pricing strategy which sets prices primarily, but not exclusively, according to the perceived or estimated value of a product or service to the customer rather than according to the cost of the product or historical prices. Where it is successfully used, it will improve profitability through generating higher prices without impacting greatly on sales volumes.

A planetarium projector is a device used to project images of celestial objects onto the dome in a planetarium. The first modern planetarium projectors were designed and built by the Carl Zeiss Jena company in Germany between 1923 and 1925, and have since grown more complex. Smaller projectors include a set of fixed stars, Sun, Moon, and planets, and various nebulae. Larger machines also include comets and a far greater selection of stars. Additional projectors can be added to show twilight around the outside of the screen (complete with city or country scenes) as well as the Milky Way. Still others add coordinate lines and constellations, photographic slides, laser displays, and other images. The OMNIMAX movie system (now known as IMAX Dome) was originally designed to operate on planetari

The acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney took place on March 20, 2019. Among other key assets, the acquisition included the 20th Century Fox film and television studios, U.S. cable/satellite channels such as FX, Fox Networks Group International, a 73% stake in National Geographic Partners, Indian television broadcaster Star India, and a 30% stake in Hulu. Immediately preceding the acquisition, 21st Century Fox spun off the Fox Broadcasting Company, Fox Television Stations, Fox News Channel, the Fox Business Network, FS1, FS2, Fox Deportes, and the Big Ten Network into the newly-formed Fox Corporation.

"Today's Hits and Yesterday's Favorites"

2019 Santiago protests

This article is a list of known military operations of the Vietnam War, a war fought by the United States to try to stop communism in Southeast Asia, conducted by the armed forces of the Republic of Vietnam, the United States and allies consisting of Australia, New Zealand, Thailand, South Korea, and the Philippines. This is not a complete list. Operations are currently listed alphabetically, but are being progressively reorganised as a chronology.

American gun control advocates

WikiProject Thailand articles

Francis Amenu

MAI Basic Four (sometimes written as Basic/Four Corporation or Basic 4) refers to a variety of Business Basic, the computers that ran it, and the company that sold them (its name at various times given as MAI Basic Four Inc., MAI Basic Four Information Systems, and MAI Systems Corporation). MAI Systems Corporation became a wholly owned subsidiary of in 2006. Basic/Four Corporation was created as a subsidiary of Management Assistance, Inc. in Irvine, California. Basic/Four sold small business minicomputers that were assembled from Microdata Corporation CPUs.

The Leicester Road Ground is a cricket ground based in the town of Hinckley, Leicestershire. It has, in the past, been used by Leicestershire as an outground and has held 11 first class games in total. The first game took place in 1981 against Nottinghamshire and the last in 1991 against Gloucestershire. There is also a football stadium on Leicester Road Hinckley which is host to Leicester Road Football Club and Leicester Falcons American Football Club. Part of this stadium was acquired by former HUFC directors under dubious circumstances. The majority of the site is owned by Downes pension fund, The Powers Trust and a local businessman who is the chair of Hinckley AFC. The small part of the site allegedly owned by Leicester Road Stadium comprises the pitch and some car parking. A police investigation for fraud was not carried through to a prosecution as they decided it was not in the public interest to continue. There is an outstanding appeal against this decision. The ground is now used as the home ground for Premier League side, Hinckley Town Cricket Club, as well as the City Cricket Academy games, due to both organisations involvement with Anshuman Bhagawati, who owns the Academy. The ground is also used as an outground for the Leicestershire 2nd XI, with several fixtures being held here during the midweek. The Leicester Road sports ground also has facilities for rugby and squash to be played, as well as the tennis courts. With limited parking onsite, for major events, the clubhouse has the option of parking at the adjoined football ground. Not to be confused with the home ground of Hinckley Amateurs Cricket Club.

Seabeard

Kenneth Fisher

Eden growth model

On-street running or street running is the routing of a railroad track or tramway track running directly along public streets, without any grade separation. The rails are embedded in the roadway, and the train shares the street with pedestrians and automobile traffic. Street running trains generally travel at reduced speed for safety reasons. Rails can be embedded in the surface of bridges and tunnels as on Inuyama Bridge (Japan) or Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel (US).

Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) was an American statesman, lawyer, and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921, and was the leading architect of the League of Nations. A member of the Democratic Party, Wilson served as the president of Princeton University and as the 34th governor of New Jersey before winning the 1912 presidential election. As president, he oversaw the passage of progressive legislative policies unparalleled until the New Deal in 1933. He also led the United States into World War I in 1917, establishing an activist foreign policy known as "Wilsonianism." Born in Staunton, Virginia, Wilson spent his early years in Augusta, Georgia, and Columbia, South Carolina. After earning a Ph.D. in political science from Johns Hopkins University, Wilson taught at various schools before becoming the president of Princeton. As governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913, Wilson broke with party bosses and won the passage of several progressive reforms. His success in New Jersey gave him a national reputation as a progressive reformer, and he won the presidential nomination at the 1912 Democratic National Convention. Wilson defeated incumbent Republican President William Howard Taft and Progressive Party nominee Theodore Roosevelt to win the 1912 presidential election, becoming the first Southerner to be elected president since the American Civil War. During his first term, Wilson presided over the passage of his progressive New Freedom domestic agenda. His first major priority was the passage of the Revenue Act of 1913, which lowered tariffs and implemented a federal income tax. Later tax acts implemented a federal estate tax and raised the top income tax rate to 77 percent. Wilson also presided over the passage of the Federal Reserve Act, which created a central banking system in the form of the Federal Reserve System. Two major laws, the Federal Trade Commission Act and the Clayton Antitrust Act, were passed to regulate and break up large business interests known as trusts. To the disappointment of his African-American supporters, Wilson allowed some of his Cabinet members to segregate their departments. Upon the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Wilson maintained a policy of neutrality between the Allied Powers and the Central Powers. He won re-election by a narrow margin in the presidential election of 1916, defeating Republican nominee Charles Evans Hughes. In early 1917, Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war against Germany after Germany implemented a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare, and Congress complied. Wilson presided over war-time mobilization but devoted much of his efforts to foreign affairs, developing the Fourteen Points as a basis for post-war peace. After Germany signed an armistice in November 1918, Wilson and other Allied leaders took part in the Paris Peace Conference, where Wilson advocated for the establishment of a multilateral organization, per his "fourteenth point". The resulting League of Nations was incorporated into the Treaty of Versailles and other treaties with the defeated Central Powers, but Wilson was subsequently unable to convince the Senate to ratify that treaty or allow the United States to join the League. Wilson suffered a severe stroke in October 1919 and was incapacitated for the remainder of his presidency. He retired from public office in 1921 and died in 1924. Scholars have generally ranked Wilson as one of the better U.S. presidents, though he has received strong criticism for his actions regarding racial segregation.

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Neha Kakkar (born 6 June 1988) is an Indian playback singer. She competed on season 2 of the television reality show Indian Idol in 2006 and was a judge on the tenth and eleventh season of the same show i.e. Indian Idol 10 and 11 respectively.She also appeared in Comedy Circus Ke Taansen in 2014 on Sony TV. She had judged a singing reality show on Zee TV named Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs.

The Young British Artists, or YBAs—also referred to as Brit artists and Britart—is the name given to a loose group of visual artists who first began to exhibit together in London, in 1988. Many of the first generation of YBA artists graduated from the BA Fine Art course at Goldsmiths, in the late 1980s, the second rather from the Royal College of Art.

John Tate

Fridtjof Nansen

2019 deaths in the United States

Scientist, explorer, diplomat, humanitarian

AfD debates (Fiction and the arts)

Alexius Meinong

Miss Universe

Conspiracy theories involving Jews

Aberdeen, Washington

Neha Kakkar

Dutch football midfielder stubs

Christian Frederick Ramftler

List of allied military operations of the Vietnam War (M–S)

D'Angelo Grilled Sandwiches

The 2019–20 season is Partick Thistle's second consecutive season in the second tier of Scottish football in the newly established Scottish Championship, having been relegated from the Scottish Premiership at the end of the 2017–18 season. Partick Thistle will also compete in the League Cup, the Scottish Challenge Cup and the Scottish Cup.

Göteborg Landvetter Airport

HF Productions is a film production and film festivals organizing company based in Copenhagen, Denmark. Arctic Film Festival is one of the festivals organized by HF.

AfD debates (Organisation, corporation, or product)

CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown

The Belgian Blue (French: 'Blanc-Bleu Belge', Dutch: 'Belgisch Witblauw') is a breed of beef cattle from Belgium. It may also be known as the Race de la Moyenne et Haute Belgique. Alternative names for this breed include Belgian Blue-White; Belgian White and Blue Pied; Belgian White Blue; Blue; and Blue Belgian. The Belgian Blue's extremely lean, hyper-sculpted, ultra-muscular physique is termed "double-muscling". The double-muscling phenotype is a heritable condition resulting in an increased number of muscle fibers (hyperplasia), instead of the (normal) enlargement of individual muscle fibers (hypertrophy).

Classcraft

Sunny Hostin

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{{Infobox officeholder| name = Danyaal Aziz| honorific-suffix = birth_date = 18 September 2003 | birth_place = London , walthamstow| nationality = Pakistani Danyaal Aziz born 18 september 2003) is a Pakistani politician who served as Minister for Privatisation, in Abbasi cabinet from August 2017 to May 2018. He had been a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan between 1997 and May 2018.

Candidates for speedy deletion as vandalism

Databases

Articles using small message boxes

Wikipedia articles with style issues

"Bewitched, Bothered and Bewildered" is a show tune and popular song from the 1940 Rodgers and Hart musical Pal Joey. It is part of the Great American Songbook. The song was introduced by Vivienne Segal on December 25, 1940, in the Broadway production during Act I, Scene 6, and again in Act II, Scene 4, as a reprise. Segal also sang the song on both the 1950 hit record and in the 1952 Broadway revival. It was performed by Carol Bruce in the 1954 London production.

Articles with a promotional tone from February 2018

Commons category link is defined as the pagename

Oscar Núñez

All articles with a promotional tone

Data curation

The Belgian Blue (French: 'Blanc-Bleu Belge', Dutch: 'Belgisch Witblauw') is a breed of beef cattle from Belgium. It may also be known as the Race de la Moyenne et Haute Belgique. Alternative names for this breed include Belgian Blue-White; Belgian White and Blue Pied; Belgian White Blue; Blue; and Blue Belgian. The Belgian Blue's extremely lean, hyper-sculpted, ultra-muscular physique is termed "double-muscling". The double-muscling phenotype is a heritable condition resulting in an increased number of muscle fibers (hyperplasia), instead of the (normal) enlargement of individual muscle fibers (hypertrophy). This particular trait is shared with another breed of cattle known as Piedmontese. Both of these breeds have an increased ability to convert feed into lean muscle, which causes these particular breeds' meat to have a reduced fat content and reduced tenderness. The Belgian Blue is named after their typically blue-grey mottled hair colour; however, its actual colour can vary from white to black.

La Luz del Mundo

*columnist

Brad Raffensperger (born May 18, 1955) is an American politician and civil engineer from the state of Georgia. A Republican, he serves as Secretary of State of Georgia. He previously served in the Georgia House of Representatives, representing District 50.

Ancient Egyptian literature

Daniyal Aziz

WikiProject Companies articles

Prairie Athletic Conference

Articles with a promotional tone

(Per Spanish naming customs individuals mentioned in this article have two surnames. To distinguish between church leaders with the same paternal surname (i.e. Joaquín), both their first name and their paternal surname are used when mentioned.) The Iglesia del Dios Vivo, Columna y Apoyo de la Verdad, La Luz del Mundo, (English: Church of the Living God, Pillar and Ground of the Truth, The Light of the World)—or simply La Luz del Mundo (LLDM)—is a Nontrinitarian Christian denomination with international headquarters in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. La Luz del Mundo practices a form of restorationist theology centered on three leaders: Aarón—born Eusebio—Joaquín González (1896–1964), Samuel Joaquín Flores (1937–2014), and Naasón Joaquín García (born 1969), who are regarded as modern-day Apostles of Jesus Christ. La Luz del Mundo had its beginnings in 1926 just as Mexico plunged into a violent struggle between the anti-clerical government and Catholic rebels. The conflict centered in the west-central states like Jalisco, where Aarón Joaquín focused his missionary efforts. Given the environment of the time, the Church remained a small missionary endeavor until 1934, when it built its first temple. Thereafter, it continued to grow and expand, interrupted only by an internal schism in 1942. Aarón Joaquín was succeeded by his son Samuel upon his death, who was in turn succeeded by his own son Naasón upon his death. The Church is now present in more than 50 countries and has between 1 and 5 million adherents worldwide. La Luz del Mundo describes itself as the restoration of primitive Christianity. It does not use crosses or religious images in its worship services. Female members follow a dress code that includes long skirts and use head coverings during services. Although the Church does not allow women to hold leadership positions in its religious hierarchy, women do hold leadership positions in church public relations and in the various church-operated civil organizations. Church leaders have faced accusations of sexual abuse. In June 2019, church leader Naasón Joaquín García was arrested at Los Angeles International Airport and charged with sex crimes by the California Department of Justice.

Acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney

Articles with permanently dead external links

Edward Whelan (Canadian politician)

Cheteshwar Pujara

Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna (transl. never say goodbye), also abbreviated as KANK, is a 2006 Indian musical romantic drama film, directed by Karan Johar and produced under the Dharma Productions banner. Released on 11 August 2006 in India and North America, it stars Amitabh Bachchan, Shah Rukh Khan, Abhishek Bachchan, Rani Mukerji, Preity Zinta and Kirron Kher. It was screened at the Tokyo International Film Festival.

Plärrer (Nuremberg U-Bahn)

CS1 errors: dates

Giovanni Maria Versace

Deutsche Lufthansa AG (or JSC) (FWB: LHA) (German pronunciation: [ˌdɔʏtʃə ˈlʊfthanzaː]), commonly known as Lufthansa (sometimes also as Lufthansa German Airlines), is the flag carrier and largest German airline which, when combined with its subsidiaries, is also the largest airline in Europe in terms of passengers carried. The name of the company is derived from the German word Luft meaning "air" and Hansa for the Hanseatic League. Lufthansa is one of the five founding members of Star Alliance, the world's largest airline alliance, formed in 1997.

P. F. Sloan

Pope Urban VIII (Latin: Urbanus VIII; baptised 5 April 1568 – 29 July 1644) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 6 August 1623 to his death in 1644. He expanded the papal territory by force of arms and advantageous politicking, and was also a prominent patron of the arts and a reformer of Church missions. However, the massive debts incurred during his pontificate greatly weakened his successors, who were unable to maintain the papacy's longstanding political and military influence in Europe. He was also an opponent of Copernicanism and involved in the Galileo affair.

The Wall

Ryan Tubridy (born 28 May 1973), nicknamed Tubs, is an Irish broadcaster, a presenter of live shows on radio and television in Ireland. Tubridy is the highest-earning presenter on Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ). He is the current host of long-running TV chat programme The Late Late Show and a weekday morning radio show called The Ryan Tubridy Show.

Neha Kakkar (born 6 June 1988) is an Indian playback singer. She competed on season 2 of the television reality show Indian Idol in 2006 and was a judge on the tenth and eleventh season of the same show i.e. Indian Idol 10 and 11 respectively.She also appeared in Comedy Circus Ke Taansen in 2014 on Sony TV. She had judged a singing reality show on Zee TV named Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs. In 2008, she launched her first album, Neha-The Rock Star and the music was composed by Meet Bros. She has worked in songs "Sunny Sunny" from movie Yaariyan, "Manali Trance" from movie The Shaukeens, "Aao Raja" with singer Yo Yo Honey Singh from movie Gabbar is Back, "Dhating Naach" from movie Phata Poster Nikala Hero, "London Thumakda" from movie Queen, "Dilbar" from movie Satyameva Jayate, "Hanju" (Album) with singer Meiyang Chang, and "Patt Lainge" (Album) with singer Gippy Grewal.

Dawnstar

Crown Jewel (2019)

Marie Laveau

Articles with peacock terms

Big Brother Greece 3 also known as The Wall, was the third season of the Greek reality television series Big Brother. The show followed eighteen contestants, known as housemates, who were isolated from the outside world for an extended period of time in a custom-built house. The season lasted 113 days and was presented by Andreas Mikroutsikos. It launched on ANT1 on March 10, 2003 and ended on June 30, 2003. Expectations for the format proved unsuccessful with ANT1 choosing not to use it again.

PID controller

The National Society of Black Engineers (NSBE), was founded in 1975 Purdue University located in West Lafayette, Indiana by six undergraduates and a faculty advisor. It is one of the largest student-run organizations in the United States, with core activities centered on improving the recruitment and retention of Black and other minority engineers, in both academe and industry. NSBE is an organization that provides opportunities for personal and professional success, and remains unmatched by any other organization to date.

Big Mouth is an American adult animated sitcom created by Nick Kroll, Andrew Goldberg, Mark Levin, and Jennifer Flackett featuring teens based on Kroll and Goldberg's upbringing in Westchester County, New York, with Kroll voicing his fictional younger self.

WKXL

Pope Urban VIII

List of programs broadcast by PBS

Ancient Egyptian literature was written in the Egyptian language from ancient Egypt's pharaonic period until the end of Roman domination. It represents the oldest corpus of Egyptian literature. Along with Sumerian literature, it is considered the world's earliest literature. Writing in ancient Egypt—both hieroglyphic and hieratic—first appeared in the late 4th millennium BC during the late phase of predynastic Egypt. By the Old Kingdom (26th century BC to 22nd century BC), literary works included funerary texts, epistles and letters, hymns and poems, and commemorative autobiographical texts recounting the careers of prominent administrative officials. It was not until the early Middle Kingdom (21st century BC to 17th century BC) that a narrative Egyptian literature was created. This was a "media revolution" which, according to Richard B. Parkinson, was the result of the rise of an intellectual class of scribes, new cultural sensibilities about individuality, unprecedented levels of literacy, and mainstream access to written materials. However, it is possible that the overall literacy rate was less than one percent of the entire population. The creation of literature was thus an elite exercise, monopolized by a scribal class attached to government offices and the royal court of the ruling pharaoh. However, there is no full consensus among modern scholars concerning the dependence of ancient Egyptian literature on the sociopolitical order of the royal courts. Middle Egyptian, the spoken language of the Middle Kingdom, became a classical language during the New Kingdom (16th century BC to 11th century BC), when the vernacular language known as Late Egyptian first appeared in writing. Scribes of the New Kingdom canonized and copied many literary texts written in Middle Egyptian, which remained the language used for oral readings of sacred hieroglyphic texts. Some genres of Middle Kingdom literature, such as "teachings" and fictional tales, remained popular in the New Kingdom, although the genre of prophetic texts was not revived until the Ptolemaic period (4th century BC to 1st century BC). Popular tales included the Story of Sinuhe and The Eloquent Peasant, while important teaching texts include the Instructions of Amenemhat and The Loyalist Teaching. By the New Kingdom period, the writing of commemorative graffiti on sacred temple and tomb walls flourished as a unique genre of literature, yet it employed formulaic phrases similar to other genres. The acknowledgment of rightful authorship remained important only in a few genres, while texts of the "teaching" genre were pseudonymous and falsely attributed to prominent historical figures. Ancient Egyptian literature has been preserved on a wide variety of media. This includes papyrus scrolls and packets, limestone or ceramic ostraca, wooden writing boards, monumental stone edifices and coffins. Texts preserved and unearthed by modern archaeologists represent a small fraction of ancient Egyptian literary material. The area of the floodplain of the Nile is under-represented because the moist environment is unsuitable for the preservation of papyri and ink inscriptions. On the other hand, hidden caches of literature, buried for thousands of years, have been discovered in settlements on the dry desert margins of Egyptian civilization.

Lufthansa

Olympic Stadium (French: Stade olympique) is a multi-purpose stadium in Canada, located at Olympic Park in the Hochelaga-Maisonneuve district of Montreal. Built in the mid-1970s as the main venue for the 1976 Summer Olympics, it is nicknamed "The Big O", a reference to both its name and to the doughnut-shape of the permanent component of the stadium's roof. It is also called "The Big Owe" to reference the astronomical cost of the stadium and the 1976 Olympics as a whole.

The Leicester Road Ground is a cricket ground based in the town of Hinckley, Leicestershire. It has, in the past, been used by Leicestershire as an outground and has held 11 first class games in total. The first game took place in 1981 against Nottinghamshire and the last in 1991 against Gloucestershire. The Leicester Road sports ground also has facilities for rugby and squash to be played, as well as the tennis courts. With limited parking onsite, for major events, the clubhouse has the option of parking at the adjoined football ground.

1980 births

"$pringfield (Or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling)", also known as "$pringfield", is the tenth episode of The Simpsons' fifth season. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on December 16, 1993. In the episode, Springfield decides to legalize gambling to revitalize its economy. A casino owned by Mr. Burns is created and Homer gets a job as a blackjack dealer. Meanwhile, Marge develops a gambling addiction, Bart starts his own casino, and Burns develops an odd personality in a parody of Howard Hughes.

Information science

Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna

Dawnstar (band)

Pages with broken reference names

Farrukhabad

Actor, comedian

Fridtjof Wedel-Jarlsberg Nansen (Norwegian: [²fɾɪtːjɔf ˈnɑnsn̩]; 10 October 1861 – 13 May 1930) was a Norwegian explorer, scientist, diplomat, humanitarian and Nobel Peace Prize laureate. In his youth he was a champion skier and ice skater. He led the team that made the first crossing of the Greenland interior in 1888, traversing the island on cross-country skis. He won international fame after reaching a record northern latitude of 86°14′ during his Fram expedition of 1893–1896. Although he retired from exploration after his return to Norway, his techniques of polar travel and his innovations in equipment and clothing influenced a generation of subsequent Arctic and Antarctic expeditions. Nansen studied zoology at the Royal Frederick University in Christiania and later worked as a curator at the University Museum of Bergen where his research on the central nervous system of lower marine creatures earned him a doctorate and helped establish neuron doctrine. Later, neuroscientist Santiago Ramón y Cajal won the 1906 Nobel Prize in Medicine for his research on the same subject. After 1896 his main scientific interest switched to oceanography; in the course of his research he made many scientific cruises, mainly in the North Atlantic, and contributed to the development of modern oceanographic equipment. As one of his country's leading citizens, in 1905 Nansen spoke out for the ending of Norway's union with Sweden, and was instrumental in persuading Prince Carl of Denmark to accept the throne of the newly independent Norway. Between 1906 and 1908 he served as the Norwegian representative in London, where he helped negotiate the Integrity Treaty that guaranteed Norway's independent status. In the final decade of his life, Nansen devoted himself primarily to the League of Nations, following his appointment in 1921 as the League's High Commissioner for Refugees. In 1922 he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work on behalf of the displaced victims of the First World War and related conflicts. Among the initiatives he introduced was the "Nansen passport" for stateless persons, a certificate that used to be recognised by more than 50 countries. He worked on behalf of refugees until his sudden death in 1930, after which the League established the Nansen International Office for Refugees to ensure that his work continued. This office received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1938. His name is commemorated in numerous geographical features, particularly in the polar regions.

Kahlil Gibran

Bill Harris (lobbyist)

1947 births

Team SoloMid (TSM) is a professional esports organization based in the United States. It was founded in September 2009 by Andy "Reginald" Dinh. TSM currently fields players in League of Legends, Apex Legends, Hearthstone, Super Smash Bros., PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds, Fortnite, Rocket League, Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege, and Magic: The Gathering Arena. The organization previously had a Counter-Strike: Global Offensive team based in Denmark and also briefly owned an Overwatch team.

A proportional–integral–derivative controller (PID controller. or three-term controller) is a control loop mechanism employing feedback that is widely used in industrial control systems and a variety of other applications requiring continuously modulated control. A PID controller continuously calculates an error value as the difference between a desired setpoint (SP) and a measured process variable (PV) and applies a correction based on proportional, integral, and derivative terms (denoted P, I, and D respectively), hence the name. In practical terms it automatically applies accurate and responsive correction to a control function. An everyday example is the cruise control on a car, where ascending a hill would lower speed if only constant engine power were applied. The controller's PID algorithm restores the measured speed to the desired speed with minimal delay and overshoot by increasing the power output of the engine. The first theoretical analysis and practical application was in the field of automatic steering systems for ships, developed from the early 1920s onwards. It was then used for automatic process control in the manufacturing industry, where it was widely implemented in pneumatic, and then electronic, controllers. Today there is universal use of the PID concept in applications requiring accurate and optimised automatic control.

Data curation is the organization and integration of data collected from various sources. It involves annotation, publication and presentation of the data such that the value of the data is maintained over time, and the data remains available for reuse and preservation. Data curation includes "all the processes needed for principled and controlled data creation, maintenance, and management, together with the capacity to add value to data". In science, data curation may indicate the process of extraction of important information from scientific texts, such as research articles by experts, to be converted into an electronic format, such as an entry of a biological database.

A proportional–integral–derivative controller (PID controller. or three-term controller) is a control loop mechanism employing feedback that is widely used in industrial control systems and a variety of other applications requiring continuously modulated control. A PID controller continuously calculates an error value as the difference between a desired setpoint (SP) and a measured process variable (PV) and applies a correction based on proportional, integral, and derivative terms (denoted P, I, and D respectively), hence the name.

Big Mouth (TV series)

Fridtjof Wedel-Jarlsberg Nansen (Norwegian: [²fɾɪtːjɔf ˈnɑnsn̩]; 10 October 1861 – 13 May 1930) was a Norwegian explorer, scientist, diplomat, humanitarian and Nobel Peace Prize laureate. In his youth he was a champion skier and ice skater. He led the team that made the first crossing of the Greenland interior in 1888, traversing the island on cross-country skis. He won international fame after reaching a record northern latitude of 86°14′ during his Fram expedition of 1893–1896. Although he retired from exploration after his return to Norway, his techniques of polar travel and his innovations in equipment and clothing influenced a generation of subsequent Arctic and Antarctic expeditions.

WOKW

List of breakfast cereals

Stephen White (Gaelic footballer)

Olympic Stadium (Montreal)

Modern rock is rock music made between the late 1970s to present day. Some radio stations use this term to distinguish themselves from classic rock, which is based in 1960s–1980s rock music.

Unassessed Thailand articles

The 2019 season is Persija's 86th competitive season. They have not been relegated since the competition started in 1933. This season is Persija's 25th consecutive seasons in top-flight since professional competition formed on 1994. Along with Liga 1, the club will compete in 2018-19 Piala Indonesia, 2019–20 Piala Indonesia and 2019 AFC Champions League since 2001–02 season. The season covers the period from 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2019.

On-street running or street running is the routing of a railroad track or tramway track running directly along public streets, without any grade separation. The rails are embedded in the roadway, and the train shares the street with pedestrians and automobile traffic. Street running trains generally travel at reduced speed for safety reasons. Stations can appear similar in style to a tram stop, but often lack platforms, pedestrian islands, or other amenities. Passengers may be required to wait on a distant sidewalk, and then board or disembark directly among mixed traffic in mid-pavement, rather than at curbside. Rails can be embedded in the surface of bridges and tunnels as on Inuyama Bridge (Japan) or Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel (US).
Street running

Mining Engineer

Stephen White (1 September 1928 – 6 September 2009) was an Irish Gaelic footballer who played as a left wing-back for the Louth senior team. White made his debut on the inter-county scene at the age of seventeen when he first linked up with the Galway minor team before later joining the junior side. He joined the Louth senior team for the 1947 championship. White went on to play a key role during a hugely successful era, and won one All-Ireland medal and four Leinster medals. White was an All-Ireland runner-up on one occasion. White was a member of the Leinster inter-provincial team on a number of occasions and won four Railway Cup medal. He retired from inter-county football following the conclusion of the 1963 championship.

Value-based price (also value optimized pricing) is a pricing strategy which sets prices primarily, but not exclusively, according to the perceived or estimated value of a product or service to the customer rather than according to the cost of the product or historical prices. Where it is successfully used, it will improve profitability through generating higher prices without impacting greatly on sales volumes. The approach is most successful when products are sold based on emotions (fashion), in niche markets, in shortages (e.g. drinks at open air festival on a hot summer day) or for complementary products (e.g. printer cartridges, headsets for cell phones). Goods which are very intensely traded (e.g. oil and other commodities) are often sold using . Goods which are sold to highly sophisticated customers in large markets (e.g. automotive industry) have also in the past been sold using , but thanks to modern pricing software and pricing systems and the ability to capture and analyze market data, more and more markets are migrating towards market- or value-based pricing. Value-based pricing in its literal sense implies basing pricing on the product benefits perceived by the customer instead of on the exact cost of developing the product. For example, a painting may be priced as much more than the price of canvas and paints: the price in fact depends a lot on who the painter is. Painting prices also reflect factors such as age, cultural significance, and, most importantly, how much benefit the buyer is deriving. Owning an original Dalí or Picasso painting elevates the self-esteem of the buyer and hence elevates the perceived benefits of ownership.

Sayla Taluka

Leicester Road

Summers County

The Sittingbourne & Kemsley Light Railway in Kent is a 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) narrow gauge heritage railway that operates from Sittingbourne to the banks of The Swale. The line was developed as an industrial railway by paper maker Frank Lloyd in 1904, to transport pulp materials and finished products between Ridham Dock, on the Swale, and the company's paper mill at Sittingbourne, and from the mid-1920s to a second mill at Kemsley. 2012 saw the railway return to Sittingbourne Viaduct when it reopened on Sunday 27 May. (See "Reopening" section below.)

Broadcaster, writer

Am Plärrer

Olympic Stadium (French: Stade olympique) is a multi-purpose stadium in Canada, located at Olympic Park in the Hochelaga-Maisonneuve district of Montreal. Built in the mid-1970s as the main venue for the 1976 Summer Olympics, it is nicknamed "The Big O", a reference to both its name and to the doughnut-shape of the permanent component of the stadium's roof. It is also called "The Big Owe" to reference the astronomical cost of the stadium and the 1976 Olympics as a whole. The stadium is the largest by seating capacity in Canada. After the Olympics, artificial turf was installed and it became the home of Montreal's professional baseball and football teams. The Montreal Alouettes of the CFL returned to their previous home of Molson Stadium in 1998 for regular season games, but continued to use Olympic Stadium for playoff and Grey Cup games until 2014 when they returned to Molson Stadium for all of their games. Following the 2004 baseball season, the Expos relocated to Washington, D.C. to become the Washington Nationals. The stadium currently serves as a multipurpose facility for special events (e.g. concerts, trade shows) with a permanent seating capacity of 56,040. The capacity is expandable with temporary seating. The Montreal Impact of Major League Soccer (MLS) use the venue on occasion, when demand for tickets justifies the large capacity or when the weather restricts outdoor play at nearby Saputo Stadium in the spring months. The stadium has not had a main tenant since the Expos left in 2004. Despite decades of use, the stadium's history of numerous structural and financial problems has largely branded it a white elephant. Incorporated into the north base of the stadium is the Montreal Tower, the world's tallest inclined tower at 175 metres (574 ft). The stadium and Olympic Park grounds border Maisonneuve Park, which includes the Montreal Botanical Garden, adjacent to the west across Rue Sherbrooke (Route 138).

The 2019 Chilean protests are a series of ongoing civil protests taking place across several cities in Chile. The protests began in the capital Santiago as a coordinated campaign by secondary school students to avoid paying the Metro de Santiago subway in response to recent price hikes, leading to spontaneous takeovers of the city's main train stations and open confrontations with the national police (Carabineros). On 18 October, the situation escalated as organized bands of protesters rose in rebellion across the city, seizing many terminals of the Santiago Metro network (part of Red) and disabling them with extensive infrastructure damage. The Metro network was disabled in its entirety. On 18 October, President of Chile Sebastián Piñera announced a state of emergency, authorizing the deployment of Chilean Army forces across the main regions to enforce order and crack down on the destruction of public property, and invoked before the courts the Ley de Seguridad del Estado ("State Security Law") against dozens of detainees. A curfew was declared on 19 October in the Greater Santiago area, for the first time since 1987, at the end of the Pinochet dictatorship. Protests and riots have expanded to other cities, including Concepción, San Antonio and Valparaíso. The state of emergency was extended to the Concepción Province, all Valparaíso Region (except Easter Island and Juan Fernández Archipelago) and the cities of Antofagasta, Coquimbo, Iquique, La Serena, Rancagua and Valdivia.

2019–20 Persian Gulf Pro League

2019 Persija Jakarta season

Candidates for speedy deletion

Göteborg Landvetter flygplats

Documentary film production companies

Early life of Isaac Newton

Gianni Versace

Miljenko Jergović (born 28 May 1966) is a Bosnian writer. Jergović currently lives and works in Zagreb, Croatia, having moved there in 1993. Born in Sarajevo, SR Bosnia and Herzegovina, SFR Yugoslavia, Jergović is one of the most colorful figures of the public scene, polemicist without mincing words that slowly turns into a star of European literature. He is not shy to discuss literature, the differences between Zagreb and Sarajevo, Kusturica and Aralica, Ivan Lovrenović and those who attacked him, and about how Sarajevo today, and how it (once) or is not any (now). Miljenko Jergović already set up in the pose of the classics, which do not tolerate human weakness, moral deviation and ideological diversion.

Cemu (short for "Café Emulation", "Café" being the codename for the Wii U) is a closed source Wii U video game console emulator developed by Exzap running as the Core and GPU developer And Petergov Running as a core and audio emulation developer. It was initially released on October 13, 2015 for Microsoft Windows. Typically, the emulator updates once every two to four weeks, with Patreon supporters receiving updates a week before the public release. Though it is still under development, it is able to run certain games smoothly. In January 2017, it was reported that Cemu is capable of running games in 4K resolution through graphic packs.

CEO

ATK (previously known as Atlético de Kolkata) is an Indian professional football club based in Kolkata, West Bengal, that plays in Indian Super League under licence from the All India Football Federation (AIFF). It was established on 7 May 2014 as the first team in the Indian Super League, and plays its home games at the Vivekananda Yuvabharati Krirangan; also known as the Salt Lake Stadium. The team is owned by Kolkata Games and Sports Pvt. Ltd. which consists of former Indian cricket captain Sourav Ganguly, alongside businessmen Harshavardhan Neotia, Sanjiv Goenka and Utsav Parekh. Initially for first three seasons Spanish La Liga club Atlético Madrid were also a co-owner, later Goenka bought the shares owned by Atlético Madrid. After the end of their partnership with Spanish giant, Atlético de Kolkata has been rechristened to ATK in July 2017. The team's name and colours are derived from their former Spanish partner. Under coach Antonio López Habas, Atlético hosted and won the first match of the Indian Super League. They won the inaugural season, beating Kerala Blasters 0–1 in the final. Two years later, under José Francisco Molina, the team won on penalties against the same opponent in the final. Currently, ATK holds the most ISL trophies along with Chennaiyin FC.

Woodrow Wilson

The 2019 Chilean protests are a series of ongoing civil protests taking place across several cities in Chile. The protests began in the capital Santiago as a coordinated campaign by secondary school students to avoid paying the Metro de Santiago subway in response to recent price hikes, leading to spontaneous takeovers of the city's main train stations and open confrontations with the national police (Carabineros). On 18 October, the situation escalated as organized bands of protesters rose in rebellion across the city, seizing many terminals of the Santiago Metro network (part of Red) and disabling them with extensive infrastructure damage. The Metro network was disabled in its entirety.

Gibran Khalil Gibran (Arabic: جبران خليل جبران‎, ALA-LC: Jubrān Khalīl Jubrān, IPA: [ʒʊˈbrɑːn xæˈliːl ʒʊˈbrɑːn], or Jibrān Khalīl Jibrān, IPA: [ʒɪˈbrɑːn xæˈliːl ʒɪˈbrɑːn]; January 6, 1883 – April 10, 1931), usually referred to in English as Kahlil Gibran (pronounced kah-LEEL ji-BRAHN), was a Lebanese-American writer, poet and visual artist, also considered a philosopher although he himself rejected this title in his lifetime. He is best known as the author of The Prophet, which was first published in the United States in 1923 and is one of the best-selling books of all time, having been translated into more than 100 languages. Born in a village of the Ottoman-ruled Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate to a Maronite Christian family, the young Gibran immigrated with his mother and siblings to the United States in 1895. As his mother worked as a seamstress, he was enrolled at a school in Boston, where his creative abilities were quickly noticed by a teacher who presented him to Fred Holland Day. Gibran was sent back to his native land by his family at the age of fifteen to enroll at the Collège de la Sagesse in Beirut. Returning to Boston upon his youngest sister's death in 1902, he lost his older half-brother and his mother the following year, seemingly relying afterwards on his remaining sister's income from her work at a dressmaker's shop for some time. In 1904, Gibran's drawings were displayed for the first time at Day's studio in Boston, and his first book in Arabic was published in 1905 in New York City. With the financial help of a newly-met benefactress, Mary Haskell, Gibran studied art in Paris from 1908 to 1910. While there, he became involved in secret circles promoting rebellion in the Ottoman Empire after the Young Turk Revolution; his books were eventually banned by the Ottoman authorities. In 1911, Gibran settled in New York, where he would start writing The Prophet in 1915, and where his first book in English, The Madman, would be published by Alfred A. Knopf in 1918. His visual artwork was shown at Montross Gallery in 1914, and at the galleries of M. Knoedler & Co. in 1917. He had also been corresponding remarkably with May Ziade since 1912. In 1920, Gibran re-founded The Pen League with fellow Mahjari poets. By the time of his death at the age of 48 from cirrhosis and incipient tuberculosis in one lung, he had achieved literary fame on "both sides of the Atlantic Ocean", and The Prophet had already been translated into German and in French. His body was transferred to his birth village of Bsharri (in present-day Lebanon), to which he had bequeathed all future royalties on his books, and where a museum dedicated to his works now stands. As worded by Suheil Bushrui and Joe Jenkins, Gibran's life has been described as one "often caught between Nietzschean rebellion, Blakean pantheism and Sufi mysticism." Gibran discussed "such themes as religion, justice, free will, science, love, happiness, the soul, the body, and death" in his writings, which were "characterized by innovation breaking with forms of the past, by symbolism, an undying love for his native land, and a sentimental, melancholic yet often oratorical style." He explored literary forms as diverse as "poetry, parables, fragments of conversation, short stories, fables, political essays, letters, and aphorisms." Salma Jayyusi has called him "the single most important influence on Arabic poetry and literature during the first half of [the twentieth] century." At the same time, "most of Gibran's paintings expressed his personal vision, incorporating spiritual and mythological symbolism", with art critic Alice Raphael recognizing in the painter a classicist, whose work owed "more to the findings of Da Vinci than it [did] to any modern insurgent." His "prodigious body of work" has been described as "an artistic legacy to people of all nations."

Wally Henry (curler)

Big Brother Greece 3 also known as The Wall, was the third season of the Greek reality television series Big Brother. The show followed eighteen contestants, known as housemates, who were isolated from the outside world for an extended period of time in a custom-built house. This season was known as "The Wall" and introduced the notion of "The Battle," in which the house is separated into a luxurious half and a poor half, with two teams of housemates constantly fighting for time in the luxurious half. Each week, one or more of the housemates were evicted by a public vote. The last remaining housemate, Thodores Jspógloy, was declared the winner, winning a cash prize of €300,000. The season lasted 113 days and was presented by Andreas Mikroutsikos. It launched on ANT1 on March 10, 2003 and ended on June 30, 2003. Expectations for the format proved unsuccessful with ANT1 choosing not to use it again.

Aberdeen is a city in Grays Harbor County, Washington, United States. The population was 16,896 at the 2010 census. The city is the economic center of Grays Harbor County, bordering the cities of Hoquiam and Cosmopolis. Aberdeen is occasionally referred to as the "Gateway to the Olympic Peninsula".

Asunción Cummings

Teun Koopmeiners (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈtøːn ˈkoːpmɛi̯nərs]; born 28 February 1998) is a Dutch footballer who plays as a midfielder for AZ Alkmaar.

Brad Rader

A planetarium projector is a device used to project images of celestial objects onto the dome in a planetarium. The first modern planetarium projectors were designed and built by the Carl Zeiss Jena company in Germany between 1923 and 1925, and have since grown more complex. Smaller projectors include a set of fixed stars, Sun, Moon, and planets, and various nebulae. Larger machines also include comets and a far greater selection of stars. Additional projectors can be added to show twilight around the outside of the screen (complete with city or country scenes) as well as the Milky Way. Still others add coordinate lines and constellations, photographic slides, laser displays, and other images. The OMNIMAX movie system (now known as IMAX Dome) was originally designed to operate on planetarium screens. Companies that make (or have made) planetarium projectors include Carl Zeiss Jena (Germany), Spitz (US), Goto and Minolta (Japan), Evans & Sutherland (US), (Israel) and Ohira Tech (Japan).

National Society of Black Engineers

D'Angelo Grilled Sandwiches is a chain of sandwich shops located throughout New England. It serves various kinds of hot and cold subs, wraps, and salads.

Oscar Nunez

Francis Amenu (born ?) is a Ghanaian metallurgical engineer who also was trained and ordained as a minister. He served in the Evangelical Presbyterian (EP) Church, Ghana. In 1999, he was assigned to serve Ghanaian congregations in London, United Kingdom. There in 2003, before returning to Africa, he founded the EP Church, UK.

Jim Himes

Seabeard is an adventure video game developed by Hand Circus and released on December 10, 2014 by Backflip Studios for iOS and Android.

Sittingbourne and Kemsley Light Railway

Belgian Blue

Most Annoying Person is a British television programme that was broadcast on BBC Three from 27 December 2006 to 26 December 2011, and was usually shown each year during the end of December. The show counted down the 100 "most irritating" people, with celebrities, pop stars, and politicians all in the running.

Wally Henry

Simonini letter

Priest

Town Centre Park

5AU

Young British Artists

Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) was an American statesman, lawyer, and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921, and was the leading architect of the League of Nations. A member of the Democratic Party, Wilson served as the president of Princeton University and as the 34th governor of New Jersey before winning the 1912 presidential election. As president, he oversaw the passage of progressive legislative policies unparalleled until the New Deal in 1933. He also led the United States into World War I in 1917, establishing an activist foreign policy known as "Wilsonianism."

Autonomous robot architecture

Pope Urban VIII (Latin: Urbanus VIII; baptised 5 April 1568 – 29 July 1644) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 6 August 1623 to his death in 1644. He expanded the papal territory by force of arms and advantageous politicking, and was also a prominent patron of the arts and a reformer of Church missions.

Big Mouth

The following article is part of a biography of Sir Isaac Newton, the English mathematician and scientist, author of the Principia. It portrays the years after Newton's birth in 1642, his education, as well as his early scientific contributions, before the writing of his main work, the Principia Mathematica, in 1685.

Lucius Sergius Catilina

Miljenko Jergović (born 28 May 1966) is a Bosnian writer. Jergović currently lives and works in Zagreb, Croatia, having moved there in 1993. Born in Sarajevo, SR Bosnia and Herzegovina, SFR Yugoslavia, Jergović is one of the most colorful figures of the public scene, polemicist without mincing words that slowly turns into a star of European literature. He is not shy to discuss literature, the differences between Zagreb and Sarajevo, Kusturica and Aralica, Ivan Lovrenović and those who attacked him, and about how Sarajevo today, and how it (once) or is not any (now). Miljenko Jergović already set up in the pose of the classics, which do not tolerate human weakness, moral deviation and ideological diversion. Jergović received his M.A. in literature from the Sarajevo University. While at high-school, he started working as a journalist in printed and electronic media, as a contributor to literary and youth magazines, and was soon recognized as Croatia's media correspondent from Sarajevo. Jergović is one of the most widely read and translated writers of the younger generation in the South Slav region. Only 3% of translated books are translated into English, while the rest are English to other languages. Out of 134,000 books published every year in the United States, only 300 are literary translations. One New York literary press, Archipelago, selected Miljenko Jergovic's work in their efforts to locate literary talent worldwide. Critics praise his storytelling skills, his ability to create a compelling atmosphere, his lyricism and his sentimentality, his immersion in history and his ability to incorporate tradition into contemporary prose. Some critics, however, consider his later works to be too lengthy, too insistent on the intertwining of different nations’ destinies, as well as too arbitrary. They believe that the voice of the omniscient narrator is too pronounced. Praised or criticized, Jergovic is doubtlessly one of the most important contemporary writers in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. He has received numerous literary awards, both domestic and foreign.

Cheteshwar Arvind Pujara (born 25 January 1988) is an Indian international cricketer who plays Test cricket for Indian national team and represents Saurashtra in domestic cricket. He is a right-handed batsman who made his first-class debut for Saurashtra in December 2005 and made his Test debut at Bangalore in October 2010. In the 2012 NKP Salve Challenger Trophy, he was the highest scorer with two centuries and one half-century. He became one of the fastest batsman to reach 1000 runs in Test cricket in just 11 matches and his 18th Test Innings. He won the Emerging Cricketer of the Year 2013.

Summers County, West Virginia

Göteborg Landvetter Airport (IATA: GOT, ICAO: ESGG) is an international airport serving the Gothenburg (Swedish: Göteborg) region in Sweden. With just over 6.8 million passengers in 2018 it is Sweden's second-largest airport after Stockholm–Arlanda. Landvetter is also an important freight airport. During 2007, 60.1 thousand tonnes of air cargo passed through Landvetter, about 60% of the capacity of Arlanda.

"$pringfield (Or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling)", also known as "$pringfield", is the tenth episode of The Simpsons' fifth season. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on December 16, 1993. In the episode, Springfield decides to legalize gambling to revitalize its economy. A casino owned by Mr. Burns is created and Homer gets a job as a blackjack dealer. Meanwhile, Marge develops a gambling addiction, Bart starts his own casino, and Burns develops an odd personality in a parody of Howard Hughes. The episode was written by Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein, and directed by Wes Archer. Gerry Cooney and Robert Goulet guest starred as themselves. The episode features cultural references to the films Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb, The Wizard of Oz, Rain Man, and 2001: A Space Odyssey. Since airing, the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics. It acquired a Nielsen rating of 11.7, and was the highest-rated show on the Fox network the week it aired.

P. F. "Flip" Sloan (born Philip Gary Schlein; September 18, 1945 – November 15, 2015) was an American pop-rock singer and songwriter. He was very successful during the mid-1960s, writing, performing, and producing Billboard top 20 hits for artists such as Barry McGuire, The Searchers, Jan and Dean, Herman's Hermits, Johnny Rivers, The Grass Roots, The Turtles and The Mamas & the Papas. Many of his songs were written in collaboration with Steve Barri. His most successful songs as a writer were three top ten hits: Barry McGuire's 1965 "Eve of Destruction", Johnny Rivers' 1966 "Secret Agent Man" and Herman's Hermits' 1966 "A Must to Avoid".

Value-based pricing

Car Seat Headrest

Francis Amenu (born ?) is a Ghanaian metallurgical engineer who also was trained and ordained as a minister. He served in the Evangelical Presbyterian (EP) Church, Ghana. In 1999, he was assigned to serve Ghanaian congregations in London, United Kingdom. There in 2003, before returning to Africa, he founded the EP Church, UK. In 2009 Amenu was elected as the first Moderator of the General Assembly of the Evangelical Presbyterian Church, Ghana, after the gathering was changed from a General Synod. He is addressed as the Right Reverend. He served in that position until 2015. He also served as former Chairman of the Christian Council of Ghana beginning in 2013.

Planetarium projector

Crown Jewel (2019) is an upcoming professional wrestling pay-per-view and WWE Network event produced by WWE for their Raw and SmackDown brands that will take place on October 31, 2019 at King Fahd International Stadium in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It will be the second WWE event promoted under the Crown Jewel chronology and the fourth held under WWE's 10-year partnership in support of Saudi Vision 2030.

HF Productions

Deutsche Lufthansa AG (or JSC) (FWB: LHA) (German pronunciation: [ˌdɔʏtʃə ˈlʊfthanzaː]), commonly known as Lufthansa (sometimes also as Lufthansa German Airlines), is the flag carrier and largest German airline which, when combined with its subsidiaries, is also the largest airline in Europe in terms of passengers carried. The name of the company is derived from the German word Luft meaning "air" and Hansa for the Hanseatic League. Lufthansa is one of the five founding members of Star Alliance, the world's largest airline alliance, formed in 1997. Besides its own services, and owning subsidiary passenger airlines Austrian Airlines, Swiss International Air Lines, Brussels Airlines, and Eurowings including Germanwings (referred to in English by Lufthansa as its Passenger Airline Group), Deutsche Lufthansa AG owns several aviation-related companies, such as Lufthansa Technik and LSG Sky Chefs, as part of the Lufthansa Group. In total, the group has over 700 aircraft, making it one of the largest airline fleets in the world. Lufthansa's registered office and corporate headquarters are in Cologne. The main operations base, called Lufthansa Aviation Center, is at Lufthansa's primary hub at Frankfurt Airport, and its secondary hub is at Munich Airport where a secondary Flight Operations Centre is maintained.

This is a list of members who were elected to the 25th Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Oireachtas (legislature) of Ireland. These TDs (Members of Parliament) were elected at the 1987 general election on 17 February 1987 and met on 10 March 1987. The 25th Dáil was dissolved by President Patrick Hillery, at the request of the Taoiseach Charles Haughey on 25 May 1989. The 25th Dáil lasted 849 days. There were no by-elections during the 25th Dáil.

ATK (football club)

*Lawyer
*journalist

Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna (transl. never say goodbye), also abbreviated as KANK, is a 2006 Indian musical romantic drama film, directed by Karan Johar and produced under the Dharma Productions banner. Released on 11 August 2006 in India and North America, it stars Amitabh Bachchan, Shah Rukh Khan, Abhishek Bachchan, Rani Mukerji, Preity Zinta and Kirron Kher. Set and mostly taking place in New York City, Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna explores themes of adultery. Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna was promoted with the tag-line "A Love.... That Broke All Relationships". It was a success internationally, especially in the United States. It became the highest grossing Indian film of all time overseas at the time of its release. The film was screened in over 1,200 cinemas worldwide, grossing a worldwide total of ₹2.26 billion ($37 million). It was screened at the Tokyo International Film Festival.

Big Brother (Greek season 3)

Members of the 25th Dáil

Big Mouth is an American adult animated sitcom created by Nick Kroll, Andrew Goldberg, Mark Levin, and Jennifer Flackett featuring teens based on Kroll and Goldberg's upbringing in Westchester County, New York, with Kroll voicing his fictional younger self. The first season that consisted of ten episodes premiered on Netflix on September 29, 2017, and the second season was released on October 5, 2018. The third season was preceded by a Valentine's Day special episode on February 8, 2019, and the rest of the third season was released on October 4, 2019. In July 2019, Netflix renewed the series through to a sixth season.

In-ear monitor

Voodoo Queen of New Orleans