An arthropod (, from Greek ἄρθρον arthron, "joint" and πούς pous, "foot" (gen. ποδός)) is an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton (external skeleton), a segmented body, and paired jointed appendages. Arthropods form the phylum Euarthropoda, which includes insects, arachnids, myriapods, and crustaceans. The term Arthropoda as originally proposed refers to a proposed grouping of Euarthropods and the phylum Onychophora. Arthropods are characterized by their jointed limbs and cuticle made of chitin, often mineralised with calcium carbonate. The arthropod body plan consists of segments, each with a pair of appendages. The rigid cuticle inhibits growth, so arthropods replace it periodically by moulting. Arthropods are bilaterally symmetrical and their body possesses an external skeleton. Some species have wings. Their versatility has enabled arthropods to become the most species-rich members of all ecological guilds in most environments. They have over a million described species, making up more than 80 percent of all described living animal species, some of which, unlike most other animals, are very successful in dry environments. Arthropods range in size from the microscopic crustacean Stygotantulus up to the Japanese spider crab. Arthropods' primary internal cavity is a haemocoel, which accommodates their internal organs, and through which their haemolymph – analogue of blood – circulates; they have open circulatory systems. Like their exteriors, the internal organs of arthropods are generally built of repeated segments. Their nervous system is "ladder-like", with paired ventral nerve cords running through all segments and forming paired ganglia in each segment. Their heads are formed by fusion of varying numbers of segments, and their brains are formed by fusion of the ganglia of these segments and encircle the esophagus. The respiratory and excretory systems of arthropods vary, depending as much on their environment as on the subphylum to which they belong. Their vision relies on various combinations of compound eyes and pigment-pit ocelli: in most species the ocelli can only detect the direction from which light is coming, and the compound eyes are the main source of information, but the main eyes of spiders are ocelli that can form images and, in a few cases, can swivel to track prey. Arthropods also have a wide range of chemical and mechanical sensors, mostly based on modifications of the many bristles known as setae that project through their cuticles. Arthropods' methods of reproduction and development are diverse; all terrestrial species use internal fertilization, but this is often by indirect transfer of the sperm via an appendage or the ground, rather than by direct injection. Aquatic species use either internal or external fertilization. Almost all arthropods lay eggs, but scorpions give birth to live young after the eggs have hatched inside the mother. Arthropod hatchlings vary from miniature adults to grubs and caterpillars that lack jointed limbs and eventually undergo a total metamorphosis to produce the adult form. The level of maternal care for hatchlings varies from nonexistent to the prolonged care provided by scorpions. The evolutionary ancestry of arthropods dates back to the Cambrian period. The group is generally regarded as monophyletic, and many analyses support the placement of arthropods with cycloneuralians (or their constituent clades) in a superphylum Ecdysozoa. Overall, however, the basal relationships of animals are not yet well resolved. Likewise, the relationships between various arthropod groups are still actively debated. Arthropods contribute to the human food supply both directly as food, and more importantly indirectly as pollinators of crops. Some species are known to spread severe disease to humans, livestock, and crops.

Robert Pinot (28 January 1862 – 24 February 1926) was a French sociologist from the conservative Le Playist school who became a highly effective lobbyist for heavy industry owners.He was the long-term secretary-general of the Comité des forges, an association of iron and steel manufacturers that was influential in setting industrial policy, particularly during World War I (1914–18).

Legislative Assembly election was held in Haryana on 21 October 2019 to elect 90 members of the Haryana Legislative Assembly. The results will be announced on 24 October 2019.

Akrofi-Christaller Institute alumni

Media companies based in Copenhagen

John Langstaff (December 24, 1920 – December 13, 2005), a concert baritone, and early music revivalist was the founder of the Northeast United States tradition of the Christmas Revels, as well as a respected musician and educator. He attended the Curtis Institute of Music as well as Juilliard. Langstaff's lifelong project, the Christmas Revels, began in 1957 with a show in New York. In 1971 began the longest-running Revels, at Cambridge, Massachusetts. The Revels, an eclectic mix of medieval and modern music and dance (primarily English in basis), involves the audience and the community in a continuation of pagan and older Christian traditions. Revels shows, now spread over the northeastern USA and the world, draw on local talent. Morris dancing, mummers, bagpipers and large choruses of men, women and children celebrate the turning of the Winter Solstice in a cheerful fashion. Throughout his adult life, Langstaff was a dedicated music educator. In 1955 he became the music director at The Potomac School in Washington, DC, and later taught at Shady Hill School in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He wrote twenty-five books, including the Caldecott Medal-winning Frog Went A-Courtin'. He hosted the BBC-TV Schools programme Making Music for five years, and produced a series of videos called Making Music with John Langstaff for parents and teachers. He also published songbooks, , and production guides for the Revels. In the later 1970s and early 1980s, Jack, as he was addressed by some, was associated with the Young Audiences organization in the United States, which creates and presents performance arts in educational settings. Langstaff was Executive Director of Young Audiences of Massachusetts, and collaborated with many cultural, educational, health and community organizations in the Greater Boston area and New England. Langstaff's recording career was varied and long. Beginning with English traditional music in the 1950s, he continued with the founding of , recording primarily children's and traditional music. Several of his early recordings were made in London with noted producer George Martin. In 1943 Langstaff married Diane Hamilton. They divorced in 1947. He was later married to Nancy Trowbridge, a pianist. On May 17, 2006 David Nath's documentary film To Drive The Dark Away, which chronicles Langstaff's life and work with the Christmas Revels, had its world premiere in Arlington, Massachusetts.

The 2019–20 Liga IV Vâlcea, commonly known as Superliga Vâlcea, is the 52nd season of the Liga IV Vâlcea, the fourth tier of the Romanian football league system. The season began on 24 August 2019 and will end in June 2020. The 12 teams will play a regular season, followed by a play-off and play-out. The regular season is a round-robin tournament. At the end of the regular season, the first six teams will play a championship play-off and the last six teams will play a relegation play-out.

Edward Whelan (1824 – December 10, 1867) was one of Prince Edward Island's delegates to the Québec Conference and one of the Fathers of the Canadian Confederation. Whelan was also a journalist, orator and advocate for responsible government.

Government ministers of Pakistan

German digital libraries

The International Computer High School of Bucharest is a private school in Bucharest, Romania. It was formed in 1995 by Lumina Educational Institutions shortly after the establishment of the International Computer High School of Constanta. The school is accredited by the Romanian Ministry of Education and follows the national curriculum. The school celebrated in 2019 its 25 years anniversary with a Gala event at the Romanian Athenaeum in Bucharest and has undergone a significant expansion in recent years.

"Inside Out" is a 1995 song recorded by the German eurodance band Culture Beat. It was released in November 1995 as the first single from their third studio album Inside Out. As for other Culture Beat singles, a CD maxi entirely composed of remixes was added among the available media a short time after.

"You're Still New to Me" is a song written by Paul Davis and Paul Overstreet, and recorded by American country music artist Marie Osmond as a duet with Davis. It was released in July 1986 as the first single from the album I Only Wanted You. "You're Still New to Me" was the only collaboration as a duo for Marie Osmond and Paul Davis (though Davis had written Osmond's other number-one duet, "Meet Me in Montana," for her and Dan Seals) and went to number one on the country chart. The single was number one for one week and spent a total of thirteen weeks on the country chart. When performed live since Davis's death, Jay Osmond, Marie's brother, usually serves as her duet partner.

Lee Mi-seong

পরিবর্তনে অঙ্গিকারবদ্ধ (Committed to Change)

True-Life Adventures is a series of fourteen full length and short subject documentary films produced by Walt Disney Productions roughly between the years 1948 and 1960. The series won eight Academy Awards for the studio including three Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature awards for The Living Desert, The Vanishing Prairie and White Wilderness, and five Best Two Reel Live Action Short awards for Seal Island, In Beaver Valley, Nature's Half Acre, Water Birds, and Bear Country. It inspired a daily panel comic strip that was distributed from 1955 to 1973 and drawn by George Wheeler. Several of the films were adapted in comic book format as one shots in the Dell Comics Four Color series. The films were among the earliest production experience for Roy E. Disney. This film series was the launching pad for Disney's new distributor, Buena Vista International. TV episodes are from Disney's anthology TV series. In 2007, Disney established a new nature film label called Disneynature. Various natural scientists have studied the contents of these films and found out that various sequences in them were staged and fabricated such as lemmings' mass suicide in White Wilderness.

John Langstaff (December 24, 1920 – December 13, 2005), a concert baritone, and early music revivalist was the founder of the Northeast United States tradition of the Christmas Revels, as well as a respected musician and educator. He attended the Curtis Institute of Music as well as Juilliard. Langstaff's recording career was varied and long. Beginning with English traditional music in the 1950s, he continued with the founding of , recording primarily children's and traditional music. Several of his early recordings were made in London with noted producer George Martin.

Cornelis Pieter "Cees" Veerman (born 8 March 1949) is a retired Dutch politician of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) party and economist. Veerman applied at the Rotterdam School of Economics in May 1967 majoring in Economics obtaining an Bachelor of Economics degree in June 1969 working as a student researcher before obtaining an Master of Economics degree in July 1973. Veerman worked as a economics teacher in Delft from October 1971 until January 1976. Veerman served on the Municipal Council of Nieuw-Beijerland from May 1973 until June 1980 and on the Municipal Council of Korendijk from February 1986 until September 1991. Veerman worked as an associate professor of Economics]] at the Erasmus University Rotterdam from January 1976 until September 1989. Veerman applied at the Wageningen University in April 1979 for a postgraduate education in Economics working as a researcher and got an doctorate as an Doctor of Philosophy in Agricultural economics in August 1983. Veerman worked as a distinguished professor of Agricultural economics at the Tilburg University from September 1989 until July 2002 and as a distinguished professor of Agricultural economics and Public administration at the Erasmus University Rotterdam from May 1990 until August 1997. Veerman also became active in the private sector and public sector and occupied numerous seats as a corporate director and nonprofit director on several boards of directors and supervisory boards (Ernst & Young, LEI Wageningen UR and the General Bank of the Netherlands) and served on several state commissions and councils on behalf of the government (Social and Economic Council). Veerman also served as Chairman of the Education board of the Wageningen University from 1 May 1997 until 22 July 2002.

Allopisothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae.

Alloiothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae.

True-Life Adventures is a series of fourteen full length and short subject documentary films produced by Walt Disney Productions roughly between the years 1948 and 1960. The series won eight Academy Awards for the studio including three Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature awards for The Living Desert, The Vanishing Prairie and White Wilderness, and five Best Two Reel Live Action Short awards for Seal Island, In Beaver Valley, Nature's Half Acre, Water Birds, and Bear Country. In 2007, Disney established a new nature film label called Disneynature.

Lee Mi-seong (born 18 November 1976) is a South Korean field hockey player. She competed in the women's tournament at the 2004 Summer Olympics.

A gang is a group of associates, friends or members of a family with a defined leadership and internal organization that identifies with or claims control over territory in a community and engages, either individually or collectively, in illegal, and possibly violent, behavior. Some members of criminal gangs are "jumped in" (by going through a process of initiation), or have to prove their loyalty and right to belong by committing certain acts, usually theft or violence. A member of a gang may be called a "gangster", a "gang banger", or, less specifically, a "thug".

Wonder is a 2017 American comedy-drama film directed by Stephen Chbosky and written by Jack Thorne, Steven Conrad, and Chbosky. It is based on the 2012 novel of the same name by R. J. Palacio and stars Julia Roberts, Owen Wilson, Jacob Tremblay, Izabela Vidovic, Mandy Patinkin, and Daveed Diggs. The film, which follows a boy with Treacher Collins syndrome trying to fit in, was released in the United States on November 17, 2017, by Lionsgate. It received positive reviews from critics and audiences, with many praising Tremblay and Roberts' performances, direction, writing and musical score and grossed $305 million worldwide on a $20 million budget. At the 90th Academy Awards, the film was nominated for Best Makeup and Hairstyling.

Alloiothrips

Markovian Parallax Denigrate is a series of unexplained word puzzles posted to Usenet in 1996. The posts are often mentioned in conjunction with other bizarre and/or unsolved internet mysteries, such as Sad Satan, cicada 3301, the Publius Enigma and Unfavorable Semicircle. Hundreds of messages were posted, and were initially dismissed as spam. It has been referred to as "The Internet’s oldest and weirdest mystery", and "one of the first great puzzles of the internet".

"Inside Out" is a 1995 song recorded by the German eurodance band Culture Beat. It was released in November 1995 as the first single from their third studio album Inside Out. As for other Culture Beat singles, a CD maxi entirely composed of remixes was added among the available media a short time after. The song was a hit in most of the European countries where it was released, and peaked at number 5 in Germany, its highest position in the various charts. In Denmark, it peaked at number 6 and in Hungary, at number 9. On the Eurochart Hot 100, "Inside Out" reached number 17. Outside Europe, the track peaked at number 2 on the RPM dance music chart in Canada and at number 15 on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart in the US.

In philately, the denomination is the "inscribed value of a stamp". The denomination is not the same as the value of a stamp on the philatelic market, which is usually different, and the denominations of a country's stamps and money do not necessarily match. For instance, there might be a 47c stamp to pay a particular postal rate but there is unlikely to be a 47c coin.

Wonder is a 2017 American comedy-drama film directed by Stephen Chbosky and written by Jack Thorne, Steven Conrad, and Chbosky. It is based on the 2012 novel of the same name by R. J. Palacio and stars Julia Roberts, Owen Wilson, Jacob Tremblay, Izabela Vidovic, Mandy Patinkin, and Daveed Diggs.

This is a list of Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) response status codes. Status codes are issued by a server in response to a client's request made to the server. It includes codes from IETF Request for Comments (RFCs), other specifications, and some additional codes used in some common applications of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). The first digit of the status code specifies one of five standard classes of responses. The message phrases shown are typical, but any human-readable alternative may be provided. Unless otherwise stated, the status code is part of the HTTP/1.1 standard (). The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) maintains the official registry of HTTP status codes. Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS) sometimes uses additional decimal sub-codes for more specific information, however these sub-codes only appear in the response payload and in documentation, not in the place of an actual HTTP status code. All HTTP response status codes are separated into five classes (or categories). The first digit of the status code defines the class of response. The last two digits do not have any class or categorization role. There are five values for the first digit:
* 1xx (Informational): The request was received, continuing process
* 2xx (Successful): The request was successfully received, understood and accepted
* 3xx (Redirection): Further action needs to be taken in order to complete the request
* 4xx (Client Error): The request contains bad syntax or cannot be fulfilled
* 5xx (Server Error): The server failed to fulfil an apparently valid request

Gary Dennis Danielson (born September 10, 1951) is a former professional American football player and a current college football commentator. Danielson was a quarterback in the National Football League (NFL). He played for the Detroit Lions from 1976 to 1984 and for the Cleveland Browns in 1985, 1987, and 1988. He is currently working for CBS Sports as a commentator for its college football coverage; he previously held the same position for ABC Sports. He has a hard on for University of Alabama football.

Markovian Parallax Denigrate is a series of unexplained word puzzles posted to Usenet in 1996. The posts are often mentioned in conjunction with other bizarre and/or unsolved internet mysteries, such as Sad Satan, cicada 3301, the Publius Enigma and Unfavorable Semicircle. Hundreds of messages were posted, and were initially dismissed as spam. It has been referred to as "The Internet’s oldest and weirdest mystery", and "one of the first great puzzles of the internet". Cryptographers, software developers, and hackers have worked on decoding the puzzles, but have never been successful. In 2016, Susan Lindauer was identified as a possible source of these posts, though she denied being the author, and other possible explanations include an early experimental chat bot or text generator, or a programmer experimenting with Markov chains.

Cornelis Pieter "Cees" Veerman (born 8 March 1949) is a retired Dutch politician of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) party and economist. Veerman applied at the Rotterdam School of Economics in May 1967 majoring in Economics obtaining an Bachelor of Economics degree in June 1969 working as a student researcher before obtaining an Master of Economics degree in July 1973. Veerman worked as a economics teacher in Delft from October 1971 until January 1976. Veerman served on the Municipal Council of Nieuw-Beijerland from May 1973 until June 1980 and on the Municipal Council of Korendijk from February 1986 until September 1991. Veerman worked as an associate professor of Economics]] at the Erasmus University Rotterdam from January 1976 until September 1989. Veerman applied at the Wageninge

The Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856, also Act XV, 1856, enacted on 26 July 1856, legalised the remarriage of Hindu widows in all jurisdictions of India under East India Company rule. It was drafted by Lord Dalhousie and passed by Lord Dalhousie before the Indian Rebellion of 1857. It was the first major social reform legislation after the abolition of Sati by Lord William Bentinck. "Second marriages, after the death of the husband first espoused, are wholly unknown to the Hindu Law; though in practice, among the inferior castes, nothing is so common." — William Hay Macnaghten (1862)

Rail transport in Guangdong

Allopisothrips

Carmen-Helena Téllez (b. Caracas, Venezuela, 25 September 1955) is a Venezuelan-American music conductor, producer and composer. Reviewed as "a quiet force behind contemporary music in the United States today” (www.Sequenza21.com), she has been a pioneer of new modes of classical music presentation, through the exploration of the relationship of music with other arts and technology, and the discovery of underrepresented composers (especially women and Latin American authors) with her performances of contemporary works for chorus, orchestra and new opera. She advocates for the reconsideration of the concept of art music, and she proposes the co-creative role of the listener in the value of music as art. Outside of current professional conventions, Carmen-Helena Téllez has composed new music as her inter-artistic projects have required it. She has conducted in the United States, Europe, Israel and Latin America. After her tenure as Music Director of the , she joined the music faculty at Indiana University in 1992, as Director of the Latin American Music Center and the Contemporary Vocal Ensemble. For these organizations, she commissioned and recorded several new works, produced 14 CDs of Latin American music, and organized several Inter-American Composition Workshops. During the 2001-2002 period, she was the Resident Conductor of the pioneering Contemporary Chamber Players of Chicago and became the Music Director of the Pocket Opera Players in New York City. In 2012, she became Professor of Conducting at the University of Notre Dame, where she founded the doctoral Choral Conducting program and has led a series of musical works with new modes of interdisciplinary presentation. She is known as a conductor of new music, even as she has continued to conduct canonic repertoire. She is the first woman on record to conduct Berlioz's Grande Messe des Morts(Indiana University, 2000). In the year 2001, she conducted the American Midwest premiere of John Adams' El Niño, and in 2002 she conducted Stephen Hartke's Tituli and the second-ever performance of Ralph Shapey's oratorio "Praise". She has been responsible for several commissions and world premieres, including John Eaton's opera Inasmuch and his Mass for vocal-instrumental ensemble. Téllez has also performed the Midwest premieres of many important compositions, including James MacMillan's Seven Last Words, Alfred Schnittke's Requiem and Lou Harrison's Orpheus. In July 2006, conducted the world premiere of MacMillan's Sun-Dogs which she co-commissioned. In October 2007 she conducted the collegiate premiere of Osvaldo Golijov's opera Ainadamar. In August 2008 she produced and conducted the world premiere of Gabriela Ortiz's opera ¡Unicamente la verdad! In 2011 she also premiered a new interdisciplinary version of "Passion with Tropes" by Don Freund. She has also commissioned and premiered the oratorio Paradiso by Robert Kyr, and recorded the anthology of works based on Poetry by Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz by MacArthur Award winner John Eaton. With Chía Patiño, artistic director of Ecuador's Teatro Nacional Sucre, she developed a version in 2018 of The Magic Flute, La flauta mágica de los Andes, featuring aspects of Andean mythology while rewriting and completing a proposed transcription using Ecuadorian instruments. As a scholar and conductor, she has won many grants and awards from the US-Mexico Fund for Culture, the Rockefeller Foundation, the Indiana Arts Commission, the United States Information Agency, and the Circle of Music and Theater Critics of Mexico. She is a respected consultant with international organizations on contemporary composers and on Latin American music, and has written several articles on these subjects for the New Grove Dictionary of Music. Indiana University awarded her the for the integration of creativity and teaching in 2010. In 1996, she founded Aguavá New Music Studio, with composer Cary Boyce. With this organization, she has recorded two CDs. Her current research and performance interests continues to involve the inter-disciplinary presentation of new music, in order to enhance the connection of composers with the concerns of present-day audiences and reassess the ritual role of art in our time. In 2014, she founded the collective Kosmologia, to advance new modes of music presentation. After Carmen-Helena Téllez joined the faculty of the University of Notre Dame in 2012, she won a grant from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation to develop projects in sacred music drama for her research project, Notre Dame Vocale, between 2012 and 2016. Carmen-Helena Téllez holds a Doctor of Music degree from Indiana University, and is the winner of the ACDA Dissertation Award (1991).

New Democratic Party

Run for Cover Records is an American independent record label based in Boston, Massachusetts. Founded in 2004 by Jeff Casazza at the age of 17 with a $1,000 loan, the label functioned as a small one person bedroom operation in Brighton, MA until Casazza graduated Suffolk University in 2010. Known for working with undiscovered young bands from all over the world, RFC can be credited for helping launch the careers of Tigers Jaw, Modern Baseball, Title Fight, Citizen, Turnover, Pinegrove, Basement, Elvis Depressedly and many more, as well as working with already notable acts like (Sandy) Alex G, Camp Cope, mewithoutYou, Teen Suicide and Nothing. 2004-2010: RFC was largely operated out of multiple apartments while Casazza attended Suffolk University. Releasing only 7” EPs and singles up until 2009, in 2010 the label released eight LPs, mostly from bourgeoning northeastern rock bands like Balance and Composure, Tigers Jaw, The Wonder Years and Hostage Calm. The label started gaining traction quickly due to the rising DIY music scenes along the east coast, most notably northeastern Pennsylvania, where Title Fight, Balance and Composure, Tigers Jaw and many more called home. 2011-2013: In 2011 the label moved into a downtown Back Bay apartment rented by Kevin Duquette, owner of Topshelf Records. At this time the label officially hired it’s first employees, label manager Tom Chiari and high school friend Taylor Sullivan to handle mail-order. Later in the year the label released Basement’s debut LP “I Wish I Could Stay Here", eventually hiring guitarist Alex Henery in 2012. Also in 2011 RFC released the “Mixed Signals” compilation consisting of exclusive material from RFC artists, as well as friends and affiliated acts. Including songs from Balance and Composure, The World is a Beautiful Place & I Am No Longer Afraid to Die, the Menzingers, and Tigers Jaw the album was sold in hundreds of stores across the country for $4.99. In 2012 RFC signed Citizen and Turnover, the first bands to officially sign 3 album deals with the label. The first release with the label for both bands was a split 7” EP that quickly became the label's fastest selling release at the time. The label started a subscription vinyl singles series in 2013, consisting of split 7”s featuring Code Orange, Pity Sex, Adventures, Hostage Calm, The World is A Beautiful Place, Tigers Jaw and more. Their YouTube channel, which features songs and videos from artists on their roster, has 112 thousand subscribers and 79 million views (as of September 9th, 2019).

The Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856, also Act XV, 1856, enacted on 26 July 1856, legalised the remarriage of Hindu widows in all jurisdictions of India under East India Company rule. It was drafted by Lord Dalhousie and passed by Lord Dalhousie before the Indian Rebellion of 1857. It was the first major social reform legislation after the abolition of Sati by Lord William Bentinck. To protect what it considered family honour and family property, upper-caste Hindu society had long disallowed the remarriage of widows, even child and adolescent ones, all of whom were expected to live a life of austerity and abnegation. The Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act of 1856, provided legal safeguards against loss of certain forms of inheritance for remarrying a Hindu widow, though, under the Act, the widow forsook any inheritance due her from her deceased husband. Especially targeted in the act were Hindu child widows whose husbands had died before consummation of marriage. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar was the most prominent campaigner. He petitioned the Legislative council, but there was a counter petition against the proposal with nearly four times more signatures by Radhakanta Deb and the Dharma Sabha. But Lord Dalhousie personally finalised the bill despite the opposition and it being considered a flagrant breach of Hindu customs as prevalent then. "Second marriages, after the death of the husband first espoused, are wholly unknown to the Hindu Law; though in practice, among the inferior castes, nothing is so common." — William Hay Macnaghten (1862) "The problem of widows—and especially of child widows—was largely a prerogative of the higher Hindu castes among whom child marriage was practised and remarriage prohibited. Irrevocably, eternally married as a mere child, the death of the husband she had perhaps never known left the wife a widow, an inauspicious being whose sins in a previous life had deprived her of her husband, and her parents-in-law of their son, in this one. Doomed to a life of prayer, fasting, and drudgery, unwelcome at the celebrations and auspicious occasions that are so much a part of Hindu family and community life, her lot was scarcely to be envied.On the other hand, the lower, particularly Sudra, castes and the (so-called) 'Un-touchables'—who represented approximately 80 percent of the Hindu population—neither practised child marriage nor prohibited the remarriage of widows." — Lucy Carroll (1983)

A gang is a group of associates, friends or members of a family with a defined leadership and internal organization that identifies with or claims control over territory in a community and engages, either individually or collectively, in illegal, and possibly violent, behavior. Some members of criminal gangs are "jumped in" (by going through a process of initiation), or have to prove their loyalty and right to belong by committing certain acts, usually theft or violence. A member of a gang may be called a "gangster", a "gang banger", or, less specifically, a "thug". A number of gangs have gained notoriety in the course of history, including the Italian Mafia, the Greek mafia, the Bosnian mafia, the Russian mafia, the French mafia, the Armenian mafia, the Macedonian mafia, the Irish mob, the Jewish mob, the Triads and crime syndicates in East Asia, the Jamaican Shower Posse and Yardies, the African-American Supreme Team, Bloods, Crips, Gangster Disciples, Black Disciples, Vice Lords, Black P Stones and Four Corner Hustlers, Latino gangs such as the Latin Kings, MS-13, Norteños, Sureños, and Trinitarios, white supremacist gangs such as the Aryan Brotherhood, Aryan Nations and biker gangs like Hells Angels and Comanchero.