The lapse rate is the rate at which an atmospheric variable, normally temperature in Earth's atmosphere, changes with altitude. Lapse rate arises from the word lapse, in the sense of a gradual change.It corresponds to the vertical component of the spatial gradient of temperature.Although this concept is most often applied to the Earth's troposphere, it can be extended to any gravitationally supported parcel of gas.

Stephen P. Shao

The Pretoria Pit disaster was a mining accident on 21 December 1910, when an underground explosion occurred at the Hulton Colliery Bank Pit No. 3, known as the Pretoria Pit, in Over Hulton, Westhoughton, then in the historic county of Lancashire, in North West England. A total of 344 men and boys lost their lives.

Stephen Pinyee Shao, Sr. (January 24, 1924 – September 5, 2013) was a Chinese-American professor of business management, an international author and speaker, and humanitarian. He was born in Zarkow, China, on January 24, 1924 (Agricultural Calendar December 19, 1923).

Jennifer Kaye Ringley (born August 10, 1976) is an Internet personality and former lifecaster. She is known for creating the popular website JenniCam. Previously, live webcams transmitted static shots from cameras aimed through windows or at coffee pots. Ringley's innovation was simply to allow others to view her daily activities. She was the first web-based "lifecaster". She retired from lifecasting at the end of 2003. In June 2008, CNET hailed JenniCam as one of the greatest defunct websites in history.