Protolechia melicrata

Protogrammus is a genus of dragonets found in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

Protolechia euprepta

Protokylol

*Papilio leucaspis lamis (Rothschild & Jordan, 1906) (preocc. (Cramer, 1779))

The prōtoierakarios or prōtohierakarios (Greek: πρωτοϊερακάριος, "first falconer"), also prōthierakarios (πρωθιερακάριος), was a Byzantine court office and honorific title in the 13th–15th centuries.

Protolanguage (disambiguation)

Protolechia loxodesma

Protofection is the transfection of foreign mitochondrial DNA into the mitochondria of cells in a tissue to supplement or replace the native mitochondrial DNA already present. As mitochondrial DNA becomes progressively more damaged with age, this may provide a method of at least partially rejuvenating mitochondria in old tissue, restoring them to their original, youthful function. Protofection is also a basis for constructing gene therapies for inherited genetic diseases such as Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy in which mitochondrial DNA is mutated. One hypothesis is that mitochondrial damage and dysfunction play an important role in aging. Protofection could be applied to modified or artificial mitochondria. Mitochondria would be modified to produce few or no free radicals without compromising energy production. Mitochondrial transplants may be useful to rejuvenate dead or dying tissue, such as in heart attacks, for which the mitochondria is the first part of the cell that dies.

Protographium celadon, the Cuban kite swallowtail, is a butterfly of the family Papilionidae. It is endemic to Cuba. Occasional strays can be found on the Florida Keys. The wingspan is 66–85 mm. Adults are on wing from July to October in two generations.

Protolechia mechanistis

*Eurytides philolaus f. vazquezae (Beutelspacher, 1976)
*Papilio philolaus ab. felicis (Fruhstorfer, 1904)

Protolechia compsochroa

Western blue beauty

Protogygia pectinata is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in the White Sands National Monument, Otero County, New Mexico.

Protogoniomorpha anacardii nebulosa

Protognathosaurus (meaning "early jaw lizard") is a genus of herbivorous dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic. It was a sauropod found at Dashanpu in Sichuan in what is present-day China. In 1988 named and described the type species Protognathus oxyodon. The generic name was derived from Greek πρῶτος, protos, "first", and γνάθος, gnathos, "jaw". The specific name is derived from Greek ὀξύς, oxys, "sharp", and ὀδών, odon, "tooth". However, the generic name was preoccupied, already in use, by a genus of beetle, Protognathus Basilewsky 1950. The species was therefore renamed into the combinatio nova Prognathosaurus oxyodon by George Olshevsky in 1991.

Protolechia trimetropis

Protolithosia

Protogospel

Protogenes stumpffii

Protolechia pyrrhica

Protolipan

Protogermanic

Protolechia ochrobathra

Protogaea

Ireland can be said to have had a protohistorical period, when, in prehistory, the literate cultures of Greece and Rome began to take notice of it, and a further proto-literate period of ogham epigraphy, before the early historical period began in the 5th century. Attempts have been made to reconstruct the political developments of this period by reference to early medieval Irish genealogical texts.

Protogynous

Protographium asius is a butterfly of the family Papilionidae. It is found in the Neotropical ecozone southeastern Brazil (Bahia, Minas Gerais, Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul), Paraguay)

Protoichnites is an ichnogenus describing arthropod trackways.

Protolechia pelogramma

Protogrypa

Protographium

Protoginella laseroni is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.

The Protolepidodendrales are an extinct order of lycopsids that flourished from the Devonian to the lower Carboniferous (Mississippian) periods. Leclercqia is one of the best-known genera.

Protolechia eumela

Protographium dioxippus lacandones

Protogynanisa probsti

Protographium leucaspis is a species of butterfly found in the Neotropical ecozone

Protogygia is a genus of moths of the Noctuidae family.

Protolabeo protolabeo is a species of cyprinid fish endemic to the in Yunnan, China. It is the only member of its genus.

The Cousin German (Protolampra sobrina) is a moth of the Noctuidae family. It is found in most of Europe, east to Siberia, Altai, Irkutsk, Kamchatka and Korea. The wingspan is 34–39 mm. Adults are on wing from July to August. The larvae feed on Rosa acicularis, Sorbus aucuparia, Calluna vulgaris and Vaccinium uliginosum.

Protogenes Queiroz

Protolechia selenia

Protofour or P4 is a set of standards for model railways allowing construction of models to a scale of 4 mm to 1 foot (1:76.2), the predominant scale of model railways of the British prototype. For historical reasons almost all manufacturers of British prototype models use 00 gauge (1:76.2 models running on 16.5 mm (0.65 in) gauge track). There several finescale standards which have been developed to enable more accurate models than 00, and P4 is the most accurate in common use.

Protogygia

Protoevangelium

The Thick-border Kite Swallowtaill, Protographium dioxippus lacandones, is a subspecies of butterfly of the family Papilionidae. It is found in Mexico and Central America. This species is sold to collectors.

Protogygia biclavis is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in the White Sands National Monument, Otero County, New Mexico as well as California, Utah and Arizona. The wingspan is about 30 mm.

Protolechia desmatra

Protokklísi

Protographium marcellus, the zebra swallowtail, (formerly listed under genera Eurytides, Iphiclides, Graphium and Papilio by some authorities) is a swallowtail butterfly native to the eastern United States and southeast Canada. Its distinctive wing shape and long tails make it easy to identify, and its black-and-white-striped pattern is reminiscent of a zebra. The butterflies are closely associated with pawpaws, and are rarely found far from these trees. The green or black caterpillars feed on the leaves of various pawpaw species, while the adults feed on flower nectar and minerals from damp soil.

Protolechia aeolopis

Protokurdish

Protogynanisa probsti is a species of moth in the family Saturniidae. It was described by Thierry Bouyer in 2001. It is found in Tanzania and Kenya.

Protogobiesox asymmetricus, is a species of fish in the family Gobiesocidae endemic to the deep-water off the north coast of Papua New Guinea. This species is the only known member of its genus.

Protolechia phloeodes

Protolechia erudita

Protolechia annularia

Πρωτοκκλήσι

Protogamasellus is a genus of mites in the family Ascidae.

Protofection

Protographium zonaria

Protogeometric Art

Protohertzina is a genus of conodonts (protoconodonts or paraconodonts) or, possibly, Chaetognaths, found at the beginning of the Cambrian explosion. Protoconodonts are an extinct taxonomic group of conodonts. Chaetognaths (also known as arrow worms) were thought possibly to be related to some of the animals grouped with the conodonts. The conodonts themselves, however, are thought to be related to the vertebrates. It is now thought that protoconodont elements (e.g., Protohertzina anabarica Missarzhevsky, 1973), are probably grasping spines of chaetognaths rather than teeth of conodonts.

Protoglossum is a genus of fungus in the Cortinariaceae family. The widespread genus contains eight species. Protoglossum was circumscribed by George Edward Massee in 1891.

Protoheterotrichida is an order of karyorelict ciliates. The term Protoheterotrichida derives from the three ancient greek words πρῶτος (prôtos), meaning "first, earliest, most prominent", ἕτερος (héteros), meaning "another, different", and θρίξ, τριχός (thríx, trikhós), meaning "hair", in reference to the potential evolutionary affinities of these ciliates with the heterotrichs.

Protolechia diplonesa

Protokylol Hydrochloride

Protolechia caminopis

Protohermes grandis is a large, colorful species of dobsonfly occurring in China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. “The TDF for P.grandis larvae suggests that their low TPs in nature were caused by incorporation of vascular plant-derived amino acids (with a different N-15 profile from that of algae) and not by an unusually low TDF or by the effects of the satiation/starvation on amino acid metabolism.

Protolechia liota

Protoginella maestratii is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.

Protoevangelion of James

Protolepis cuprealata

Protogoniomorpha cytora, the western blue beauty, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, and Benin. The habitat consists of open spaces in primary forests and mature secondary forests. The larvae feed on Acanthaceae species.

Protogastraceae

Protographium marcellinus, the Jamaican kite, is a species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae. It is endemic to Jamaica. It is believed to be endangered.

Protogyrinus

Protoliterate period

Protolechia semiographa

Protographium dioxippus

*Papilio arcesilaus (Lucas, 1852) (preocc.)

Protogaea is a work by Gottfried Leibniz on geology and natural history. Unpublished in his lifetime, but made known by Johann Georg von Eckhardt in 1719, it was conceived as a preface to his incomplete history of the House of Brunswick.

Protolechia albifrons

Protogamasellopsis posnaniensis

Protohertzina

Protohelius is a genus of crane fly in the family Limoniidae.

Protolechia blacica

Protohabropoda

Protohadros byrdi

Protolestes

Protoklíssi

Protogeometric pottery

Protolechia arganthes

Protolechia decaspila

Protolepis is an extinct genus of butterfly from the Upper Jurassic of Karatau, Kazakhstan. It contains only one species, Protolepis cuprealata. Its family and superfamily placement is uncertain.

Protofeather

Protolechia trachyphanes

Protogeometric art

Protolechia flexilis

Protolechia autopis

Protogobiesox asymmetricus

Protogynanisa

* Papilio agesilaus agesilaus septemlineatus (Eimer, 1889)

Protogynanisa athletoides is a species of moth in the family Saturniidae. It was described by Rougeot in 1971. It is found in Tanzania and Malawi.

Protographium leosthenes, the four-barred swordtail, is a medium-sized butterfly of the family Papilionidae found in Australia. It is similar to the five-barred (or chain) swordtail (Graphium aristeus) found in both Australia and India.

Protogamasellopsis is a genus of mites in the family Rhodacaridae.

Protognathus oxyodon

Protolechia arenaria

Protolechia crypsicneca

Protolechia gypsocrana

Protoheme ferro-lyase (protoporphyrin-forming)

Protogrammus

A protoiereus (from Greek: πρωτοιερεύς, "first priest", Modern Greek: πρωθιερέας) or protopriest in the Eastern Orthodox Church is a priest usually coordinating the activity of other subordinate priests in a bigger church. The title is roughly equivalent with the title of protopope or archpriest.

Protolechia exarista

Protographium zonaria is a butterfly of the family Papilionidae. It is found in the Neotropical ecozone (Haiti and the Dominican Republic).

Protogygia comstocki is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in the White Sands National Monument, Otero County, New Mexico as well as the Hanford Central and Wahluke dunes in Washington.

Protolechia crotalodes

Protoflight is a portmanteau of "prototype" and "flight hardware". As defined by NASA Technical Standard NASA-STD-7002A, it refers to a strategy where no test-dedicated qualification article exists and all production (flight) hardware is intended for flight. An example of a program using protoflight methods is the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter project.

Protogon

Protolepidodendrales

In physical cosmology, a protogalaxy, which could also be called a "primeval galaxy", is a cloud of gas which is forming into a galaxy. It is believed that the rate of star formation during this period of galactic evolution will determine whether a galaxy is a spiral or elliptical galaxy; a slower star formation tends to produce a spiral galaxy. The smaller clumps of gas in a protogalaxy form into stars.

Protohelius

Protolechia xuthias

Protolechia temenitis

Protogoniopsis

Protogyrinus sculpturatus is a species of beetle in the family Gyrinidae, the only species in the genus Protogyrinus.

Protolechia secta

Protokylol (Asmetil, Caytine, Palison, Ventaire) is a β-adrenergic receptor agonist used as a bronchodilator in Europe and the United States. It is methylenedioxyphenyl-isoproterenol. The PMA analog is twice the potency as the tenamfetamine analog.

Protolechia obscura

Protolechia elpistis

Protohippus is an extinct three-toed genus of horse. It was roughly the size of a modern donkey. Fossil evidence suggests that it lived during the Late Miocene and Early Pliocene, from about 14 Ma to 6 Ma. Analysis of Protohippus'' skull and teeth suggests that it is most closely related to the genus Calippus. Species include:
* P. vetus
* P. perditus
* P. supremus (also P. simus)
* P. gidleyi

Protogynanisa is a genus of moths in the family Saturniidae first described by Rougeot in 1971.

Protolechia polioxysta

Protogoniomorpha duprei

Protogoniomorpha is a genus of nymphalid butterflies found in Africa.

Protographium agesilaus neosilaus, the short-lined kite swallowtail, is a subspecies of butterfly of the family Papilionidae. It is found in Mexico and Central America. Specimens are sold commercially to collectors.

Protographium dioxippus is a species of butterfly found in the Neotropical ecozone

Protolirion

Protogamasellopsis leptosomae

Protogygia pectinata

Protolechia leptosticta

Protogautieria

Protohuman language

Protogine Zone

The Protogeometric style (or "Proto-Geometric") is a style of Ancient Greek pottery led by Athens produced between roughly 1050 and 900 BC, the period of the Greek Dark Ages and the beginning of the Archaic period. After the collapse of the Mycenaean-Minoan Palace culture and the ensuing Greek Dark Ages, the Protogeometric style emerged around the mid 11th century BCE as the first expression of a reviving civilization. Following on from the development of a faster potter's wheel, vases of this period are markedly more technically accomplished than earlier Dark Age examples. The decoration of these pots is restricted to purely abstract elements and very often includes broad horizontal bands about the neck and belly and concentric circles applied with compass and multiple brush. Many other s

Protolechia aclera

Protohyaenodon

Protohistoric archaeology

Protolechia plinthactis

Protolechia chiradia

Protolechia cladara

Protohippus

Protolimulus

Protohadros

Protolampra is a genus of moths of the Noctuidae family.

Protolechia phasianis

Protolechia gorgonias

*Papilio xanticles f. scheba (Rothschild & Jordan, 1906)

Protolabis

Protolechia sarisias

Protogygia biclavis

Protogonus

Protognathodus is an extinct conodont genus in the family Idiognathodontidae.

Protolabeo protolabeo

Protolechia emmeles

Protolaurasia

Protoierakarios

Protolechia sodalisella

Cortinomyces (Bougher & Castellano (1993)

Protokklisi (Greek: Modern: Πρωτοκκλήσι meaning the first church, Bulgarian: Башклисе) is a village and a community in the central part of the Evros regional unit in Greece. Protoklissi is in the municipal unit of Orfeas. In 2001 its population was 260 for the village and 790 for the community, including the village Agriani. Protokklisi is located about 15 km northwest of Soufli, in the valley of a right tributary of the river Evros.

Protolechia aversella

Protolenella is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

Protolechia hilara

Protogamasellopsis

Protolechia trochias

Protohermes grandis

Protognathus (preoccupied by Protognathus Basilewsky 1950)

Protohadros (meaning "first hadrosaur") is a genus of herbivorous ornithischian dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian stage), 95 million years ago. Gary Byrd, a part-time palaeontologist, discovered some remains of this euornithopod (ribs and an ungual) during early 1994 at Flower Mound, Denton County, north-central Texas, which was apart of the Appalachian continent at the time. He informed professional palaeontologist of the find, who arranged for the entire preserved fossil to be excavated. It was first reported upon in 1996 by of the Dedman College of Humanities and Sciences, Southern Methodist University. The type species Protohadros byrdi was described and named by Head in 1998. The genus name is derived from Greek πρῶτος, protos, "first", en ἁδρός, hadros, "thick", a reference to the fact that Head considered the species the oldest known hadrosaur. The specific name honours Byrd. The holotype, specimen SMU 74582, of Protohadros, was found in the Woodbine Formation, which dates to the middle Cenomanian. It consists of a partial skull, pieces of ribs, a hand ungual and a neural arch. In 1997 Lee named possible tracks of Protohadros as the ichnospecies Caririchnium protohadrosaurichnos. Due to the paucity of the remains much of the reconstruction of this dinosaur is speculative. The skull is about seventy centimetres long. From this Head estimated the length of the type specimen of Protohadros at seven to eight metres. He pointed out that this specimen was that of a subadult and that fully-grown individuals could have been longer. Protohadros had a massive, very deep set of lower jaws, and the snout was strongly turned down at the front, which according to Head suggested a habit of grazing on low-growing plants, rather than browsing from bushes or overhanging branches. Its diet would then have consisted of the swamp plants which grew in the delta streams in its habitat, scooped up by the broad, down-turned mouth. In some respects Protohadros was intermediate in morphology to more derived hadrosaurids. Like these it did have pleurokinesis, a cranial joint system that produced the food-grinding action, but only partially in that the quadrate at the back of the skull was still relatively immobile. Protohadros' rear legs were probably longer than the front pair, and it could move on all fours or walk and run on its hind legs only. Protohadros was first described as the most basal member of the Hadrosauridae, hence its generic name. However, scientific opinion has since changed and it is now regarded as a non-hadrosaurid iguanodontian, a basal member of the Hadrosauroidea, though one closely related to the Hadrosauridae. The dinosaur's discovery conflicted with the idea that hadrosaurids evolved in Asia, but its reassessment as a less-derived iguanodontian has rendered this discrepancy less problematic.

* Papilio glaucolaus sztolcmani (Prüffer, 1922)

Protoleptoneta is a genus of leptonetids that was first described by C. Deltshev in 1972.

Protoflight is a portmanteau of "prototype" and "flight hardware". As defined by NASA Technical Standard NASA-STD-7002A, it refers to a strategy where no test-dedicated qualification article exists and all production (flight) hardware is intended for flight. An example of a program using protoflight methods is the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter project. A protoflight approach carries a higher technical risk approach compared to a full qualification test program since it has no demonstrated life capability over the anticipated life cycle of the hardware, but is a technology development design process that utilizes higher risk tolerances, agile management practices, and quick responsiveness that are needed for certain prototype flight projects or missions.

Protogenia

Protographium anaxilaus is a butterfly of the family Papilionidae. It is found in Panama, northern Venezuela and eastern and northern Colombia.

Protogoniomorpha

Protolechia hedana

Protolenella

Protolechia diplanetis

Protolechia chionoprora

Protographium philolaus

Protognathosaurus oxyodon

Protographium philolaus, the dark zebra swallowtail or dark kite-swallowtail, is a butterfly of the family Papilionidae. It is found from southern Texas to northern South America. The wingspan is 90–95 mm. There are broad black bars on the upper surface of the forewings of the males. Females are similar, although some are almost completely black. Both sexes have long tails. Adults feed on flower nectar. "Antenna black; the 7. pale green band of the forewing only represented by a spot; hindwing with 2 red spots posteriorly; on the under surface the red line of the hindwing edged with black at both sides, undulate anteriorly. Scent-scales of the male short, broad, irregular, produced in a number of filaments. The female is in 2 forms: female f. philolaus Boisd. similar to the male, the underside paler, female f. niger Eimer (nigrescens Eimer; felicis Fruhst.) the pale green bands of the membrane of the wings scaled with black, the wings therefore black with slight traces of the bands."

Protohabropoda is an extinct genus of bees in the family Apidae known from a fossil found in Europe. The genus currently contains a single described species Protohabropoda pauli.

Protokoly sionskix mudrecov

Protographium agesiaus neosilaus

Protolechia hylias

Protofeathers

Protognathodus

Protofilament

Protohertzina is a genus of conodonts (protoconodonts or paraconodonts) or, possibly, Chaetognaths, found at the beginning of the Cambrian explosion. Protoconodonts are an extinct taxonomic group of conodonts. Chaetognaths (also known as arrow worms) were thought possibly to be related to some of the animals grouped with the conodonts. The conodonts themselves, however, are thought to be related to the vertebrates. It is now thought that protoconodont elements (e.g., Protohertzina anabarica Missarzhevsky, 1973), are probably grasping spines of chaetognaths rather than teeth of conodonts. Protohertzina fossils have been found in the Ingta Formation of Canada.

Protolechia acricula

Protokklisi

Protogenes

Protokklisi, Greece

Protolechia englypta

Protogabunia

Protolechia psephias

Protolechia trichroma

Protolechia creperrima

Protokouropalates

Protogabunia latifolia

Protogaster

Protogoniomorpha parhassus aethiops

Protohistoric

Protogenia escheri

Protogondwana

Protolechia nephelota

Protolanguage

Protolechia prisca

Protographium philolaus, the dark zebra swallowtail or dark kite-swallowtail, is a butterfly of the family Papilionidae. It is found from southern Texas to northern South America. The wingspan is 90–95 mm. There are broad black bars on the upper surface of the forewings of the males. Females are similar, although some are almost completely black. Both sexes have long tails. Adults feed on flower nectar.

Protographium celadon

Protolechia phloeopola

Protoklíssi, Greece

Protoleucania

* Papilio autosilaus var. multesilaus (Ehrmann, 1919)

Protohistory of Ireland

Protogeometric style

Protogenic

Protolechia banausodes

Protolechia trichalina

Protolechia thyridota

Protolechia subnexella

Protohadros (meaning "first hadrosaur") is a genus of herbivorous ornithischian dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian stage), 95 million years ago. Gary Byrd, a part-time palaeontologist, discovered some remains of this euornithopod (ribs and an ungual) during early 1994 at Flower Mound, Denton County, north-central Texas, which was apart of the Appalachian continent at the time. He informed professional palaeontologist of the find, who arranged for the entire preserved fossil to be excavated. It was first reported upon in 1996 by of the Dedman College of Humanities and Sciences, Southern Methodist University. The type species Protohadros byrdi was described and named by Head in 1998. The genus name is derived from Greek πρῶτος, protos, "first", en ἁδρός, hadros, "thick", a refer

Protolechia furcifera

Protographium anaxilaus

Protoiereus

Protofection is the transfection of foreign mitochondrial DNA into the mitochondria of cells in a tissue to supplement or replace the native mitochondrial DNA already present. As mitochondrial DNA becomes progressively more damaged with age, this may provide a method of at least partially rejuvenating mitochondria in old tissue, restoring them to their original, youthful function. Protofection is also a basis for constructing gene therapies for inherited genetic diseases such as Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy in which mitochondrial DNA is mutated.

Protolechia taracta

Protolechia mesochra

Protolechia argocentra

Protofeminist

Protolira thorvaldssoni

Protogamasellopsis corticalis

*Papilio philolaus ajax (Eimer, 1889) (preocc. (Linnaeus, 1758))

Protoginella maestratii

Protolechia aspetodes

Protoginella

Protolechia pacifica

Protogeometric

Protogabunia letestui

Protolampra

Protolechia vacatella

Protogenea

Protohynobius puxiongensis

Jamaican kite

Protographium leosthenes

Protogoniomorpha temora, the blue mother-of-pearl or eastern blue beauty, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Nigeria, Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, Angola, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya, Sudan and Ethiopia. The habitat consists of dense forests and riverine thicket. The larvae feed on , , , Justicia, Asystasia and species.

Protofour or P4 is a set of standards for model railways allowing construction of models to a scale of 4 mm to 1 foot (1:76.2), the predominant scale of model railways of the British prototype. For historical reasons almost all manufacturers of British prototype models use 00 gauge (1:76.2 models running on 16.5 mm (0.65 in) gauge track). There several finescale standards which have been developed to enable more accurate models than 00, and P4 is the most accurate in common use. The P4 standards specify a scale model track gauge of 18.83 mm (0.741 in) for standard gauge railways. Joe Brook Smith was the first to propose use of an exact scale track gauge in July 1964, when also the term “Protofour” was invented by Malcolm Cross. The standards were later published in Model Railway News by the Model Railway Study Group in August 1966. Just as in the prototype railway, on a model the wheel-rail interface is the fundamental aspect of reliable operation. So as well as a track gauge, P4 also specifies the wheel profile and track parameters to use, which are largely a scaled-down version of real-life standards with some allowances for practical manufacturing tolerances. P4 standards have been extended to several other prototypes. Broader than standard gauges have been modelled using P4 standards, including Brunel's 7 ft 1⁄4 in (2,140 mm) gauge, modelled with 28.08 mm (1.106 in) track and Irish P4, the 5 ft 3 in (1,600 mm) Irish broad gauge modelled in P4 in 4 mm scale with 21 mm (0.827 in) gauge track. Several successful models of narrow gauge prototypes with a correspondingly accurate track gauges have also been produced to P4 standards. P4 standards are promoted worldwide by the Scalefour Society, which is based in the United Kingdom. The EM Gauge Society also provides support for modelling to P4 standards: many P4 modellers belong to both societies. The standards document is hosted by the Scalefour Society and the society's Central London Area Group (CLAG) make a HTML version available.

Protoichnites

Protoklissi

Protographium leucaspis

*Salamis temora virescens (Suffert, 1904)

Protolechia chalazodes

Protolampra sobrina

Protolira valvatoides is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Skeneidae.

Protolechia loemias

Protogyrinus sculpturatus

Protolechia nothrodes

Protolechia sodalella

Protogamasellus

The Protogine Zone is a geological boundary zone in western Sweden. There are two slightly different definitions of the Protogine Zone. In the lithological definition it forms the limit between the gneisses of western Sweden and the relatively underformed eastern granites. As such it makes up the limit of deformation and metamorphism attributed to the Sveconorwegian orogeny. In the tectonic definition it is a zone of strong deformation that follows roughly the same course as the lithological Protogine Zone. In the two definitions of the Protogine Zone it runs from Scania across Lake Vättern into the upper course of Klarälven and then into Norway. The tectonic Protogine Zone has anastomosing branches and splits south of Lake Vättern into various diverging arms. The two westernmost of these

Protoginella is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.

Protographium agesilaus neosilaus

Protographium leosthenes leosthenes

*Papilio philolaus f. niger (Eimer, 1889)

Protogeometric period

Protographium marcellus

Protoge

Protohepialus comstocki

*Papilio xanticles var. phileonra (Haase, 1892)

Protolechia trichosema

Protolechia voluta

Protogobiesox

Protogygia whitesandsensis

Protolechia catarrhacta

Protogastraceae is a family of fungi in the order Boletales that contains the single genus Protogaster. The genus in turn contains the single species Protogaster rhizophilus, found on the roots of Viola in the USA. The family was described by American mycologist Sanford Myron Zeller in 1934, the genus and species by Roland Thaxter.

Protolechia obeliscota

Protolechia tridecta

Protographium leosthenes geimbia

Protographium marcellinus

Protogenos

The Protogeometric style (or "Proto-Geometric") is a style of Ancient Greek pottery led by Athens produced between roughly 1050 and 900 BC, the period of the Greek Dark Ages and the beginning of the Archaic period. After the collapse of the Mycenaean-Minoan Palace culture and the ensuing Greek Dark Ages, the Protogeometric style emerged around the mid 11th century BCE as the first expression of a reviving civilization. Following on from the development of a faster potter's wheel, vases of this period are markedly more technically accomplished than earlier Dark Age examples. The decoration of these pots is restricted to purely abstract elements and very often includes broad horizontal bands about the neck and belly and concentric circles applied with compass and multiple brush. Many other simple motifs can be found, but unlike many pieces in the following Geometric style, typically much of the surface is left plain. Like many pieces, the example illustrated includes a colour change in the main band, arising from a firing fault. Both the red and black colour use the same clay, differently levigated and fired. As the Greeks learnt to control this variation, the path to their distinctive three-phase firing technique opened. Some of the innovations included some new Mycenean influenced shapes, such as the belly-handled amphora, the neck handled amphora, the krater, and the lekythos. Attic artists redesigned these vessels using the fast wheel to increase the height and therefore the area available for decoration. From Athens the style spread to several other centres.

Protolechia mesopsamma

Protohistory of Scotland

Protographium asius

Protoleucania is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Protolechia xanthocephala

Protohertzina anabarica

Protoindoeuropean

Protolechia penthicodes

Protogrypa is a genus of moth in the family Cosmopterigidae. It contains only one species, Protogrypa citromicta, which is found in Sri Lanka.

Protolechia

Protoginella laseroni

Protolechia tetraploa

Protolechia scytina

Protogygia comstocki

Protogautieria is a genus of fungi in the Gomphaceae family. The genus contains two species found in North America.

Protolira thorvaldssoni is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Skeneidae.

Zebra swallowtail

In physical cosmology, a protogalaxy, which could also be called a "primeval galaxy", is a cloud of gas which is forming into a galaxy. It is believed that the rate of star formation during this period of galactic evolution will determine whether a galaxy is a spiral or elliptical galaxy; a slower star formation tends to produce a spiral galaxy. The smaller clumps of gas in a protogalaxy form into stars. The term "protogalaxy" itself is generally accepted to mean "Progenitors of the present day (normal) galaxies, in the early stages of formation." However, the "early stages of formation" is not a clearly defined phrase. It could be defined as: "The first major burst of star formation in a progenitor of a present day elliptical galaxy"; "The peak merging epoch of dark halos of the fragments which assemble to produce an average galaxy today"; "A still gaseous body before any star formation has taken place."; or " an over-dense region of dark matter in the very early universe, destined to become gravitationally bound and to collapse."

Protolechia enchotypa

Protolechia ananeura

Protolechia sisyraea

* Papilio agesilaus (Guérin-Méneville & Percheron, 1835)

Protohepialus

*Papilio pausanias (Fruhstorfer, 1938) (preocc. (Hewitson, 1852))

Protographium agesilaus, the short-lined kite swallowtail, is a medium-sized butterfly of the family Papilionidae.

*Papilio lacandones diores (Rothschild & Jordan, 1906)

Protognathosaurus

Protolechia iochlaena

Protolechia micropa

Protohominids

The Protogine Zone is a geological boundary zone in western Sweden. There are two slightly different definitions of the Protogine Zone. In the lithological definition it forms the limit between the gneisses of western Sweden and the relatively underformed eastern granites. As such it makes up the limit of deformation and metamorphism attributed to the Sveconorwegian orogeny. In the tectonic definition it is a zone of strong deformation that follows roughly the same course as the lithological Protogine Zone. In the two definitions of the Protogine Zone it runs from Scania across Lake Vättern into the upper course of Klarälven and then into Norway. The tectonic Protogine Zone has anastomosing branches and splits south of Lake Vättern into various diverging arms. The two westernmost of these arms follow the valleys of the Nissan and Lagan rivers. A more eastern branch is reflected in the alignment of the lakes , and . The origin of the Protogine Zone has been traced to the Mesoproterozoic when it was a zone of weakness in the crust. About 1575–1562 Ma ago the Progine Zone was intruded by mafic magma during the same time spans as Rapakivi granites intruded more easterly domains in Fennoscandia. Later 1224–1215 and ca. 1204 Ma ago the progine zone was subject to extensional tectonics perhaps being a back-arc basin. The Protogine Zone obtained its final configuration during the Sveconorwegian orogeny 1130–950 Ma ago.

Protofour

Protolechia hormodes

* Neographium agesilaus tenebricosus (Möhn, 2002)

Protogenes (; Greek: Πρωτογένης; fl. 4th century BC) was an ancient Greek painter, a contemporary rival of Apelles. As with the other famous ancient Greek painters, none of his work has survived, and it is known only from literary references and (brief) descriptions.

Protolechia microdora

Protolechia eustephana

*Papilio asius f. albofasciatus (Zikán, 1937)

Protohuman

Protogalaxy

Protogynous hermaphrodites

Protolira valvatoides

Protoflight

Protolechia hypoleuca

Protolechia cosmotis

Protolechia ceramica

Protogygia whitesandsensis is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in the White Sands National Monument, Otero County, New Mexico.The length of the forewings is 14–17 mm.

Protolechia megalosticta

Protokylol hydrochloride

Protoklissi, Greece

* Papilio agesilaus ab. fermata (Bryk, 1930)

Protolechia cephalota

Protogenia escheri is a fossil species of beetles in the family Buprestidae, the only species in the genus Protogenia.

Protohepialus is an extinct genus of moth in the family Hepialidae. It contains only one species, Protohepialus comstocki, which was described from a Tortonian marine shale (Upper Miocene) in the Puente Formation of California.

Protogamasellopsis transversus

Protogynous hermaphrodite

Protogamasellopsis granulosus

Protolechia hypocneca

Protolechia invalida

Protogoniomorpha cytora

Protognathosaurus (meaning "early jaw lizard") is a genus of herbivorous dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic. It was a sauropod found at Dashanpu in Sichuan in what is present-day China. In 1988 named and described the type species Protognathus oxyodon. The generic name was derived from Greek πρῶτος, protos, "first", and γνάθος, gnathos, "jaw". The specific name is derived from Greek ὀξύς, oxys, "sharp", and ὀδών, odon, "tooth". However, the generic name was preoccupied, already in use, by a genus of beetle, Protognathus Basilewsky 1950. The species was therefore renamed into the combinatio nova Prognathosaurus oxyodon by George Olshevsky in 1991. Protognathosaurus is known only from a fragmentary lower jaw, holotype CV 00732 (= ChM V732) found in a layer of the Shaximiao Formation dating from the Bathonian-Callovian. The fragment consists of the front left dentary and shows eighteen tooth positions, some still containing sharp replacement teeth, after which the genus was named. Most researchers consider Protognathosaurus to be a nomen dubium.

Protoglossum

Protolabis is an extinct genus of camelid endemic to North America. It lived from the Late Oligocene to the Late Miocene 20.4—5.3 mya, existing for approximately 15 million years. Fossil distribution is widespread from Nicaragua, Central America to Montana and throughout the western U.S.

Protographium is a genus of mostly Neotropical swallowtail butterflies in the subfamily Papilioninae.

Protographium agesilaus

Protoleptoneta

Protogyny

*Papilio anaxilaus (C. & R. Felder, 1865)

Protohynobius

Protolechia orthanotos

Protolechia actinota

Protolechia amphiplaca

Protolechia stratifera

*Eurytides dioxippus marae (Racheli, Bollino & Sala, 1990)

Protoheterotrichida

Protogynanisa athletoides

Protolepis

*Papilio philolaus nigrescens (Eimer, 1889)

Protogon (file system)

*Papilio (Cosmodesmus) ab. drueti (Dufrane, 1946)

Protogospel of James

Protolechia mitophora

Protolechia cryptosperma

Protogoniomorpha temora

Protolechia neurosticha