Photorecording is a compilation album by American emo band Elliott. The songs were recorded live during the last years of the band's career. The first seven tracks were recorded live, direct-to-tape in December 2003. The album comes with a bonus DVD featuring a documentary about their last tour. The songs recorded are a collection of songs from all their albums, including b-sides and demos.

Photosonic is a light-sound concept originally used for the first time by Jacques Dudon for his 'Photosonic Disks', then adopted by VJ/music producer Julyo for his 'Photosonic Guitar'. The term stands for a synesthesia experience, and color sound music.

Photopic vision is the vision of the eye under well-lit conditions (luminance level 10 to 108 cd/m2). In humans and many other animals, photopic vision allows color perception, mediated by cone cells, and a significantly higher visual acuity and temporal resolution than available with scotopic vision.The human eye uses three types of cones to sense light in three bands of color. The biological pigments of the cones have maximum absorption values at wavelengths of about 420 nm (blue), 534 nm (bluish-green), and 564 nm (yellowish-green). Their sensitivity ranges overlap to provide vision throughout the visible spectrum. The maximum efficiency is 683 lm/W at a wavelength of 555 nm (green).The wavelengths for when a person is in photopic vary with the intensity of light. For the blue-green region (500 nm), 50% of the light reaches the image point of the retina.Adaptation is much faster under photopic vision; it can occur in 5 minutes for photopic vision but it can take 30 minutes to transition from photopic to scotopic.Most older adults lose photopic spatial contrast sensitivity. Adults in their 70s require about three times more contrast to detect high spatial frequencies than adults in their 20s.The human eye uses scotopic vision under low-light conditions (luminance level 10−6 to 10−3.5 cd/m2), and mesopic vision in intermediate conditions (luminance level 10−3 to 100.5 cd/m2).

A photon sieve is a device for focusing light using diffraction and interference. It consists of a flat sheet of material full of pinholes that are arranged in a pattern which is similar to the rings in a Fresnel zone plate, but a sieve brings light to much sharper focus than a zone plate. The sieve concept, first developed in 2001, is versatile because the characteristics of the focusing behaviour can be altered to suit the application by manufacturing a sieve containing holes of several different sizes and different arrangement of the pattern of holes.Photon sieves have applications to photolithography. and are an alternative to lenses or mirrors in telescopes.

Photoperiodism is the physiological reaction of organisms to the length of day or night. It occurs in plants and animals. Photoperiodism can also be defined as the developmental responses of plants to the relative lengths of light and dark periods.

Photon echo

Photos 2.0

Photosensitiser

Photonuclear disintegration

Photosyntesis

Photonic Molecules

Photoscotosia insularis is a species of moth of the Geometridae family. It is found in Taiwan.The wingspan is 40–50 mm.

Photoplotting

Photosensitivity due to drugs

Photoporation

Photophoresis denotes the phenomenon that small particles suspended in gas (aerosols) or liquids (hydrocolloids) start to migrate when illuminated by a sufficiently intense beam of light. The existence of this phenomenon is owed to a non-uniform distribution of temperature of an illuminated particle in a fluid medium. Separately from photophoresis, in a fluid mixture of different kinds of particles, the migration of some kinds of particles may be due to differences in their absorptions of thermal radiation and other thermal effects collectively known as thermophoresis. In laser photophoresis, particles migrate once they have a refractive index different from their surrounding medium. The migration of particles is usually possible when the laser is slightly or not focused. A particle with a higher refractive index compared to its surrounding molecule moves away from the light source due to momentum transfer from absorbed and scattered light photons. This is referred to as a radiation pressure force. This force depends on light intensity and particle size but has nothing to do with the surrounding medium. Just like in Crookes radiometer, light can heat up one side and gas molecules bounce from that surface with greater velocity, hence push the particle to the other side. Under certain conditions, with particles of diameter comparable to the wavelength of light, the phenomenon of a negative indirect photophoresis occurs, due to the unequal heat generation on the laser irradiation between the back and front sides of particles, this produces a temperature gradient in the medium around the particle such that molecules at the far side of the particle from the light source may get to heat up more, causing the particle to move towards the light source.If the suspended particle is rotating, it will also experience the Yarkovsky effect.Discovery of photophoresis is usually attributed to Felix Ehrenhaft in the 1920s, though earlier observations were made by others including Augustin-Jean Fresnel.

Photorespire

Photosymthesis

Photoreferencing

Photonic Chip

Photoshopping

Photoreception

A photonic integrated circuit (PIC) or integrated optical circuit is a device that integrates multiple (at least two) photonic functions and as such is similar to an electronic integrated circuit. The major difference between the two is that a photonic integrated circuit provides functions for information signals imposed on optical wavelengths typically in the visible spectrum or near infrared 850 nm-1650 nm.The most commercially utilized material platform for photonic integrated circuits is indium phosphide (InP), which allows for the integration of various optically active and passive functions on the same chip. Initial examples of photonic integrated circuits were simple 2 section distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) lasers, consisting of two independently controlled device sections - a gain section and a DBR mirror section. Consequently, all modern monolithic tunable lasers, widely tunable lasers, externally modulated lasers and transmitters, integrated receivers, etc. are examples of photonic integrated circuits. Current state-of-the-art devices integrate hundreds of functions onto single chip. Pioneering work in this arena was performed at Bell Laboratories. Most notable academic centers of excellence of photonic integrated circuits in InP are the University of California at Santa Barbara, USA, and the Eindhoven University of Technology in the Netherlands.A 2005 development showed that silicon can, even though it is an indirect bandgap material, still be used to generate laser light via the Raman nonlinearity. Such lasers are not electrically driven but optically driven and therefore still necessitate a further optical pump laser source.

Photoplay

Photon sphere (definition):A photon sphere of a static spherically symmetric metric is a timelike hypersurface { r = r p s } {\displaystyle \{r=r_{ps}\}} if the deflection angle of a light ray with the closest distance of approach r o {\displaystyle r_{o}} diverges as r o → r p s .

The photoreceptor cell-specific nuclear receptor (PNR), also known as NR2E3 (nuclear receptor subfamily 2, group E, member 3), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NR2E3 gene. PNR is a member of the nuclear receptor super family of intracellular transcription factors.

Photon missile

Photonics Center

Photospectrometry

Photoplay music is incidental music, soundtrack music, and themes written specifically for the accompaniment of silent films.

Photon upconversion (UC) is a process in which the sequential absorption of two or more photons leads to the emission of light at shorter wavelength than the excitation wavelength. It is an anti-Stokes type emission. An example is the conversion of infrared light to visible light. Upconversion can take place in both organic and inorganic materials, through a number of different mechanisms.

Photosonic

Photon entanglement is a supplement to the article Bohr-Einstein debates and is designed to help clarify the discussion of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen argument in quantum theory which takes place in the previous article.

Photosynthesis systems are electronic scientific instruments designed for non-destructive measurement of photosynthetic rates in the field. Photosynthesis systems are commonly used in agronomic and environmental research, as well as studies of the global carbon cycle.

Photostimulated luminescence (PSL) is the release of stored energy within a phosphor by stimulation with visible light, to produce a luminescent signal. X-rays may induce such an energy storage. A plate based on this mechanism is called a photostimulable phosphor (PSP) plate and is one type of X-ray detector used in projectional radiography.

Photorejuvenation is a skin treatment that uses lasers, intense pulsed light, or photodynamic therapy to treat skin conditions and remove effects of photoaging such as wrinkles, spots, and textures. The process induces controlled wounds on the skin, prompting it to heal itself by creating new cells. This process reverses the signs of photoaging to a certain extent by removing appearances of damage. The technique was invented by Thomas L Roberts, III using CO2 lasers in the 1990s.

Photon radiation

Photosynth

Photophobia (biology)

Photosensitizing agents

The Photostat machine, or Photostat, was an early projection photocopier created in the decade of the 1900s by the Commercial Camera Company, which became the Photostat Corporation. The "Photostat" name, which was originally a trademark of the company, became genericized, and was often used to refer to similar machines produced by the Rectigraph Company.
Photostat machine

Photorefractive Keratotomy

Photosynthate

Photoreference

Photopsia is the presence of perceived flashes of light. It is most commonly associated with posterior vitreous detachment, migraine with aura, migraine aura without headache, retinal break or detachment, occipital lobe infarction, and sensory deprivation (ophthalmopathic hallucinations). Vitreous shrinkage or liquefaction, which are the most common causes of photopsia, cause a pull in vitreoretinal attachments, irritating the retina and causing it to discharge electrical impulses. These impulses are interpreted by the brain as 'flashes'.This condition has also been identified as a common initial symptom of Punctate inner choroiditis (PIC), a rare retinal autoimmune disease believed to be caused by the immune system mistakenly attacking and destroying the retina. During pregnancy, new-onset photopsia is concerning for severe preeclampsia.Photopsia can present as retinal detachment when examined by an optometrist or ophthalmologist. However, it can also be a sign of Uveal melanoma. This condition is extremely rare (5–7 per 1 million people will be affected, typically fair-skinned, blue-eyed northern Europeans). Photopsia should be investigated immediately.

Photostimulated luminescence

Photosynthesis (Frank Turner Song)

Photon transport monte carlo

Photophoretic

Photostability

Photon intensity

Photon polarisation

Photonic cross-connect

Photos of Aylan Kurdi's corpse

Photoscape

Photonic force microscopy (PFM) is an optical-tweezers-based microscopy technique. A small dielectric particle (20 nm to several micrometres) is held by a strongly focused laser beam.The forward scattered light, i.e. the light whose orientation is slightly changed while passing through the particle, and unscattered light are collected by a lens and projected onto a Quadrant Photo-Diode (QPD), i.e. a Position sensitive device (PSD).

The photoplayer is an automatic mechanical orchestra used by movie theatres to produce photoplay music to accompany silent films.

Photoshops

Photosensitivity in animals

In medicine, photopheresis (aka extracorporeal photopheresis or ECP) is a form of apheresis and photodynamic therapy in which blood is treated with a photosensitizing agent and subsequently irradiated with specified wavelengths of light to achieve an effect. Specifically, buffy coat (WBC + platelets) is separated from whole blood, chemically treated with 8-methoxypsoralen (instilled into collection bag or given per os in advance), exposed to ultraviolet light (UVA), and returned to the patient.

Photosynthetic pigments

Photon structure

Light sensitivity or photosensitivity refers to a notable or increased reactivity to light. Apart from vision, human beings have many physiological and psychological responses to light. In rare individuals an atypical response may result in serious discomfort, disease, or injury. Some drugs have a photosensitizing effect.

Photosensitive Ganglion Cell

The photostationary state of a reversible photochemical reaction is the equilibrium chemical composition under a specific kind of electromagnetic irradiation (usually a single wavelength of visible or UV radiation). It is a property of particular importance in photochromic compounds, often used as a measure of their practical efficiency and usually quoted as a ratio or percentage.

First theoretically predicted by Jung-Tsung Shen in 2007, photonic molecules are a natural form of matter which can also be made artificially in which photons bind together to form "molecules". Photonic molecules are formed when individual (massless) photons "interact with each other so strongly that they act as though they have mass". Researchers drew analogies between the phenomenon and the fictional "lightsaber" from Star Wars.

Photoreceptors, microbial

Photon exitance

Photosensitive protecting group

Photonics and Nanostructures

Photorejuvenation

Photoshop CS4

Photosynthetic picoplankton is the fraction of the phytoplankton performing photosynthesis composed by cells between 0.2 and 2 µm (picoplankton). It is especially important in the central oligotrophic regions of the world oceans that have very low concentration of nutrients.

Photopectoralis is a genus of ponyfishes native to the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean.

A photophore is a glandular organ that appears as luminous spots on various marine animals, including fish and cephalopods. The organ can be simple, or as complex as the human eye; equipped with lenses, shutters, color filters and reflectors. The bioluminescence can variously be produced from compounds during the digestion of prey, from specialized mitochondrial cells in the organism, called photocytes ("light producing" cells), or, similarly, associated with symbiotic bacteria in the organism that is cultured.The character of photophores is important in the identification of deep sea fishes. Photophores on fish are used for attracting food or for camouflage from predators by counter-illumination.Photophores are found on some cephalopods, including firefly squid, the sparkling enope or firefly squid, which can create impressive light displays.

Photorefractive keratotomy

Photoperiodic reaction

Photophore

Photosynthetic apparatus

Photonics and Nanostructures - Fundamentals and Applications

Photoreceptor layer

Photonic Sensors

Photon Tide is a science fiction society from Novi Sad, Serbia. They held a first ever Star Trek convention in Serbia, featured in a documentary film "Trekkies 2".

Photopsia

Photonic Crystal

In physics, a photon gas is a gas-like collection of photons, which has many of the same properties of a conventional gas like hydrogen or neon – including pressure, temperature, and entropy. The most common example of a photon gas in equilibrium is black body radiation.A massive ideal gas with only one type of particle is uniquely described by three state functions such as the temperature, volume, and the number of particles.

Photorealists

Photoradioscopy

Photosho (ISSN 1913-0511) is a Canadian magazine that exhibits the photography of Canadian photographers and explores their world. The magazine is published biannually, in September and in April. Each issue contains a theme, and all Canadian photographers are offered a chance to submit an image for consideration in their printed exhibit. Also contained in each issue are several "shocased" artists from across Canada, as well as articles on the culture of Canadian photographers.

Photorhizobium thompsonianum is a bacterium from the genus of Photorhizobium.

Photoshop 2

Photonic lightwave circuit

Photosensitivity in humans

The photon structure function, in quantum field theory, describes the quark content of the photon. While the photon is a massless boson, through certain processes its energy can be converted into the mass of massive fermions. The function is defined by the process e + γ → e + hadrons. It is uniquely characterized by the linear increase in the logarithm of the electronic momentum transfer log Q2 and by the approximately linear rise in x , the fraction of the quark momenta within the photon. These characteristics are borne out by the experimental analyses of the photon structure function.

Photonic Laser Thruster

Photon Paint

Photoshop Elements

Photon Engineering

Photosynthesis and Respiration

Photon torpedoes (Science Fiction)

Photopoulos

Photosensitivity with HIV infection is a skin condition resembling polymorphous light eruption, actinic prurigo, or chronic actinic dermatitis, seen in about 5% of HIV-infected people.

Photonic bandgap

Photos

Photooxidation

Photosensitive drug reaction

Photonic mapping

Photonic curing is the high-temperature thermal processing of a thin film using pulsed light from a flashlamp. When this transient processing is done on a low-temperature substrate such as plastic or paper, it is possible to attain a significantly higher temperature than the substrate can ordinarily withstand under an equilibrium heating source such as an oven. Since the rate of most thermal curing processes (drying, sintering, reacting, annealing, etc.) generally increase exponentially with temperature (i.e. they obey the Arrhenius equation), this process allows materials to be cured much more rapidly than with an oven.It has become a transformative process used in the manufacture of printed electronics as it allows inexpensive and flexible substrates to be substituted for traditional glass or ceramic substrates. Additionally, the higher temperature processing afforded by photonic curing reduces the processing time exponentially, often from minutes down to milliseconds, which increases throughput all while maintaining a small machine footprint.

Photon diffusion is a situation where photons travel through a material without being absorbed, but rather undergoing repeated scattering events which change the direction of their path. The path of any given photon is then effectively a random walk. A large ensemble of such photons can be said to exhibit diffusion in the material, and can be described with a diffusion equation.

A Photoshop contest, or sometimes Photoshop battle, is an online game, in which a website or user of an Internet forum will post a starting image — usually a photograph — and ask others to manipulate the image using some kind of graphics editing software, such as Adobe Photoshop, Corel Photo-Paint, The GIMP, PaintShop Pro, Paint.NET or Microsoft Paint. People can also use video editing software to create these images, such as Adobe Premier Pro or NCH VideoPad.While Photoshop is the industry standard image editing program, Adobe Systems, the publisher of Photoshop, discourages use of "Photoshop" to refer to anything other than their photo editing software, to prevent their trademark from becoming generic.

Photostylus

Photoptarmosis

Light sensitivity or photosensitivity refers to a notable or increased reactivity to light. Apart from vision, human beings have many physiological and psychological responses to light. In rare individuals an atypical response may result in serious discomfort, disease, or injury. Some drugs have a photosensitizing effect. Properties of natural or artificial light that may abnormally affect people include:Timing of light (upset of normal circadian rhythms, seasonal affective disorder, sleep disorders)Intensity of light (photophobia, sunburn, skin cancer)Wavelength of light (in lupus, urticaria)Rapid flickers in intensity of light may trigger or aggravate photosensitive epilepsy, epileptic seizure, or migraine headaches.Conditions that may include sensitivity to light include vertigo and chronic fatigue syndrome.Controlled application of artificial light can be used in a program of light therapy to treat some disorders.

Photorhizobium

Photonic computing

"Photoshop Handsome" is a song by British indie pop band Everything Everything. The track was released in the United Kingdom on 25 May 2009 as the second single from the band's debut studio album, Man Alive (2010).

Photosynthetic antenna molecule

Photoplethysmography

Photorecording

Photosig

Photoshop CS

Photonic rocket

Photosensitivity–ichthyosis–brittle sulfur-deficient hair–impaired intelligence–decreased fertility–short stature syndrome

Photoshop CS3 Extended

Photostream

Photon diffusion equation is a second order partial differential equation describing the time behavior of photon fluence rate distribution in a low-absorption high-scattering medium.Its mathematical form is as follows.

Photoreceptor cells

Photosensitivity-ichthyosis-brittle sulfur-deficient hair-impaired intelligence-decreased fertility-short stature syndrome

Photonics Encyclopedy

Photophor

Photon factory films

Photorealistical

Photonic Sens

The operation of a photon scanning tunneling microscope (PSTM) is analogous to the operation of an electron scanning tunneling microscope (ESTM), with the primary distinction being that PSTM involves tunneling of photons instead of electrons from the sample surface to the probe tip. A beam of light is focused on a prism at an angle greater than the critical angle of the refractive medium in order to induce total internal reflection (TIR) within the prism.

Photon irradiance

Photon number splitting

A Photoshop contest, or sometimes Photoshop battle, is an online game, in which a website or user of an Internet forum will post a starting image — usually a photograph — and ask others to manipulate the image using some kind of graphics editing software, such as Adobe Photoshop, Corel Photo-Paint, The GIMP, PaintShop Pro, Paint.NET or Microsoft Paint.

Photopectoralis aureus, commonly known as the golden ponyfish or false toothed ponyfish, is a marine fish native to the Western Pacific from Taiwan south to Indonesia as well as to the Gulf of Thailand, Timor Sea, and the Arafura Sea. It grows to 10 cm (3.9 in) TL.

Photostimulable Phosphor Plate

Photoromance

Photos (Apple)

Photopolymerization-based signal amplification

Photon antibunching generally refers to a light field with photons more equally spaced than a coherent laser field, a signature being signals at appropriate detectors which are anticorrelated . More specifically, it can refer to sub-Poissonian photon statistics, that is a photon number distribution for which the variance is less than the mean. A coherent state, as output by a laser far above threshold has Poissonian statistics yielding random photon spacing; while a thermal light field has super-Poissonian statistics and yields bunched photon spacing. In the thermal (bunched) case, the number of fluctuations is larger than a coherent state; for an antibunched source they are smaller.The variance of the photon number distribution is V n = ⟨ Δ n 2 ⟩ = ⟨ n 2 ⟩ − ⟨ n ⟩ 2 = ⟨ ( a † a ) 2 ⟩ − ⟨ a † a ⟩ 2 . {\displaystyle V_{n}=\langle \Delta n^{2}\rangle =\langle n^{2}\rangle -\langle n\rangle ^{2}=\left\langle \left(a^{\dagger }a\right)^{2}\right\rangle -\langle a^{\dagger }a\rangle ^{2}.} Using commutation relations, this can be written as V n = ⟨ ( a † ) 2 a 2 ⟩ + ⟨ a † a ⟩ − ⟨ a † a ⟩ 2 . {\displaystyle V_{n}=\langle {(a^{\dagger }})^{2}a^{2}\rangle +\langle a^{\dagger }a\rangle -\langle a^{\dagger }a\rangle ^{2}.} This can be written as V n − ⟨ n ⟩ = ⟨ ( a † ) 2 a 2 ⟩ − ⟨ a † a ⟩ 2 . {\displaystyle V_{n}-\langle n\rangle =\langle (a^{\dagger })^{2}a^{2}\rangle -\langle a^{\dagger }a\rangle ^{2}.} The second-order intensity correlation function (for zero delay time) is defined as g ( 2 ) ( 0 ) = ⟨ ( a † ) 2 a 2 ⟩ ⟨ a † a ⟩ 2 . {\displaystyle g^{(2)}(0)={{\langle (a^{\dagger })^{2}a^{2}\rangle } \over {\langle a^{\dagger }a\rangle ^{2}}}.} This quantity is basically the probability of detecting two simultaneous photons, normalized by the probability of detecting two photons at once for a random photon source. Here and after we assume stationary counting statistics.Then we have 1 ( ⟨ n ⟩ ) 2 ( V n − ⟨ n ⟩ ) = g ( 2 ) ( 0 ) − 1. {\displaystyle {{1} \over {(\langle n\rangle )^{2}}}(V_{n}-\langle n\rangle )=g^{(2)}(0)-1.} Then we see that sub-Poisson photon statistics, one definition of photon antibunching, is given by g ( 2 ) ( 0 ) < 1 {\displaystyle g^{(2)}(0)<1} . We can equivalently express antibunching by Q < 0 {\displaystyle Q<0} where the Mandel Q Parameter is defined as Q ≡ V n ⟨ n ⟩ − 1. {\displaystyle Q\equiv {\frac {V_{n}}{\langle n\rangle }}-1.} If the field had a classical stochastic process underlying it, say a positive definite probability distribution for photon number, the variance would have to be greater than or equal to the mean. This can be shown by an application of the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality to the definition of g ( 2 ) ( 0 ) {\displaystyle g^{(2)}(0)} . Sub-Poissonian fields violate this, and hence are nonclassical in the sense that there can be no underlying positive definite probability distribution for photon number (or intensity).Photon antibunching by this definition was first observed by Kimble, Mandel, and Dagenais in resonance fluorescence. A driven atom cannot emit two photons at once, and so in this case g ( 2 ) ( 0 ) = 0 {\displaystyle g^{(2)}(0)=0} . An experiment with more precision that did not require subtraction of a background count rate was done for a single atom in an ion trap by Walther et al.A more general definition for photon antibunching concerns the slope of the correlation function away from zero time delay. It can also be shown by an application of the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality to the time dependent intensity correlation function g ( 2 ) ( τ ) = ⟨ a † ( 0 ) a † ( τ ) a ( τ ) a ( 0 ) ⟩ ⟨ a † a ⟩ 2 . {\displaystyle g^{(2)}(\tau )={{\langle a^{\dagger }(0)a^{\dagger }(\tau )a(\tau )a(0)\rangle } \over {\langle a^{\dagger }a\rangle ^{2}}}.} It can be shown that for a classical positive definite probability distribution to exist (i.e. for the field to be classical) g ( 2 ) ( τ ) ≤ g ( 2 ) ( 0 ) {\displaystyle g^{(2)}(\tau )\leq g^{(2)}(0)} . Hence a rise in the second order intensity correlation function at early times is also nonclassical. This initial rise is photon antibunching.Another way of looking at this time dependent correlation function, inspired by quantum trajectory theory is g ( 2 ) ( τ ) = ⟨ a † a ⟩ C ⟨ a † a ⟩ {\displaystyle g^{(2)}(\tau )={{\langle a^{\dagger }a\rangle _{C}} \over {\langle a^{\dagger }a\rangle }}} where ⟨ O ⟩ C ≡ ⟨ Ψ C | O | Ψ C ⟩ . {\displaystyle \langle O\rangle _{C}\equiv \langle \Psi _{C}|O|\Psi _{C}\rangle .} with | Ψ C ⟩ {\displaystyle |\Psi _{C}\rangle } is the state conditioned on previous detection of a photon at time τ = 0 {\displaystyle \tau =0} .

Photosensitive

The photorefractive effect is a nonlinear optical effect seen in certain crystals and other materials that respond to light by altering their refractive index. The effect can be used to store temporary, erasable holograms and is useful for holographic data storage. It can also be used to create a phase-conjugate mirror or an optical spatial soliton.

Photoshop masking

Photosynthese

Photophores

Photosensitive ganglion cell

Photon Quantum

Photorealism is a genre of art that encompasses painting, drawing and other graphic media, in which an artist studies a photograph and then attempts to reproduce the image as realistically as possible in another medium. Although the term can be used broadly to describe artworks in many different media, it is also used to refer specifically to a group of paintings and painters of the American art movement that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s.

Photonic crystal fibres

The operation of a photon scanning tunneling microscope (PSTM) is analogous to the operation of an electron scanning tunneling microscope (ESTM), with the primary distinction being that PSTM involves tunneling of photons instead of electrons from the sample surface to the probe tip. A beam of light is focused on a prism at an angle greater than the critical angle of the refractive medium in order to induce total internal reflection (TIR) within the prism. Although the beam of light is not propagated through the surface of the refractive prism under TIR, an evanescent field of light is still present at the surface.The evanescent field is a standing wave which propagates along the surface of the medium and decays exponentially with increasing distance from the surface. The surface wave is modified by the topography of the sample, which is placed on the surface of the prism. By placing a sharpened, optically conducting probe tip very close to the surface (at a distance <λ), photons are able to propagate through the space between the surface and the probe (a space which they would otherwise be unable to occupy) through tunneling, allowing detection of variations in the evanescent field and thus, variations in surface topography of the sample. In this manner, PSTM is able to map the surface topography of a sample in much the same way as in ESTM.One major advantage of PSTM is that an electrically conductive surface is no longer necessary. This makes imaging of biological samples much simpler and eliminates the need to coat samples in gold or another conductive metal. Furthermore, PSTM can be used to measure the optical properties of a sample and can be coupled with techniques such as photoluminescence, absorption, and Raman spectroscopy.

Photorhabdus

Photoplethysmogram variability

Photon number

Photonsail

Photonic curing is the high-temperature thermal processing of a thin film using pulsed light from a flashlamp. When this transient processing is done on a low-temperature substrate such as plastic or paper, it is possible to attain a significantly higher temperature than the substrate can ordinarily withstand under an equilibrium heating source such as an oven.

Photopectoralis aureus

Photosensitivity is an abnormal skin reaction to direct sunlight exposure. It is unrelated to a sunburn. These reactions are due to photosensitization, the accumulation of photosensitive compounds beneath the skin. In some cases, the photodynamic substances come from ingested plants or drugs, after being metabolized or not. In other cases, the photodynamic substances may be produced in the body itself due to inborn errors in pigment metabolism, especially those involving the heme synthesis. Photosensitivity reactions are usually seen in herbivorous or omnivorous animals, though such reactions are not uncommon among carnivores.

Photon bubble

Photosynthesising

Photon gas

Photostatic

Photosensitive drug reaction (or drug-induced photosensitivity) secondary to medications may cause phototoxic, photoallergic, and lichenoid reactions, and photodistributed telangiectasias, as well as pseudoporphyria.Drugs involved include naproxen and doxycycline.

Photoshop plugins

In biology, photophobia (adjective: photophobic) refers to negative response to light.Photophobia is a behavior demonstrated by insects or other animals which seek to stay out of the light.In botany, the term photophobia/photophobic describes shade-loving plants that thrive in low light conditions.Photophobia (or photophobic response) may also refer to a negative phototaxis or phototropism response.

Photosynthesis system

Photonic

A photon bubble is a type of radiation-driven instability that can occur in the magnetized, radiation-supported gas surrounding neutron stars, black hole accretion disks or at the edge of ultra-compact HII regions around young, massive stars. The instability occurs as follows. A compressive magnetohydrodynamical wave propagating at right angles to the direction of propagation of the radiation creates variations in the density of the gas.

Photoshop battle

Photoshop Document

Photon Torpedo

Photostimulated luminescence (PSL) is the release of stored energy within a phosphor by stimulation with visible light, to produce a luminescent signal. X-rays may induce such an energy storage. A plate based on this mechanism is called a photostimulable phosphor (PSP) plate and is one type of X-ray detector used in projectional radiography. Creating an image requires illuminating the plate twice: the first exposure, to the radiation of interest, "writes" the image, and a later, second illumination (typically by a visible-wavelength laser) "reads" the image. The device to read such a plate is known as a phosphorimager (occasionally spelled phosphoimager, perhaps reflecting its common application in molecular biology for detecting radiolabeled phosphorylated proteins and nucleic acids).Projectional radiography using a photostimulable phosphor plate as an X-ray detector can be called "phosphor plate radiography" or "computed radiography" (not to be confused with computed tomography which uses computer processing to convert multiple projectional radiographies to a 3D image).

Photoprylad

Photonics masts

Photonic Chrystal

Photoshop Elements 4.0

Photopollution

Photoshoot

Photonic chrystal

Photosinthesis

Photosmart M425

The photostationary state of a reversible photochemical reaction is the equilibrium chemical composition under a specific kind of electromagnetic irradiation (usually a single wavelength of visible or UV radiation). It is a property of particular importance in photochromic compounds, often used as a measure of their practical efficiency and usually quoted as a ratio or percentage. The position of the photostationary state is primarily a function of the irradiation parameters, the absorbance spectra of the chemical species, and the quantum yields of the reactions. The photostationary state can be very different from the composition of a mixture at thermodynamic equilibrium. As a consequence, photochemistry can be used to produce compositions that are "contra-thermodynamic." For instance, although cis-stilbene is "uphill" from trans-stilbene in a thermodynamic sense, irradiation of trans-stilbene results in a mixture that is predominantly the cis isomer. As an extreme example, irradiation of benzene at 237 to 254 nm results in formation of benzvalene, an isomer of benzene that is 71 kcal/mol higher in energy than benzene itself.

Photophoresis denotes the phenomenon that small particles suspended in gas (aerosols) or liquids (hydrocolloids) start to migrate when illuminated by a sufficiently intense beam of light. The existence of this phenomenon is owed to a non-uniform distribution of temperature of an illuminated particle in a fluid medium.

Photon antibunching generally refers to a light field with photons more equally spaced than a coherent laser field, a signature being signals at appropriate detectors which are anticorrelated . More specifically, it can refer to sub-Poissonian photon statistics, that is a photon number distribution for which the variance is less than the mean.

Photoplethysmograph

Photoradiation therapy

Photoshop Handsome

Photoplay is an album by Sherbet released in 1977.

Photoshop keyboards

Photonic curing

Photonic force microscope

A photophore is a glandular organ that appears as luminous spots on various marine animals, including fish and cephalopods. The organ can be simple, or as complex as the human eye; equipped with lenses, shutters, color filters and reflectors.

Photoshop plug-in

Photon counter

Photosensitizers

Photos 1.5

Photosynthetic picoplankton

Photon Doppler velocimetry

Photopolymerization

Photophoresis

Photosynthetic (EP)

Photoswitchable peptide

Photopharmacology is an emerging approach in medicine in which drugs are activated and deactivated with light. The energy of light is used to change for shape and chemical properties of the drug, resulting in different biological activity. This is done to ultimately achieve control when and where drugs are active in a reversible manner, to prevent side effects and exposure to the environment of antibiotics. Switching drugs 'on' and 'off' is achieved by introducing photoswitches such as azobenzene, spiropyran or diarylethene into the drug. By introducing the photoswitch, the drug has two different states between which can be switched with light. Since both states have a different structure, the activity of the drug is different hence the 'on' and 'off' state of the drug An example is photostatin, which is an inhibitor that can be switched on and off in vivo, to optically control microtubule dynamics.

Photoresistive opto-isolator

Photorealistic

Photonic integrated circuit

The photoplethysmogram (PPG) measurement made at a peripheral site, such as the finger, ear or forehead represents the volume of blood in the vessel at the site of measurement. The PPG signal consists of pulses that reflect the change in vascular blood volume with each cardiac beat. Beat-to-beat fluctuations, known as photoplethysmogram variability (PPGV) are found in the signal baseline and amplitude which reflects various physiological influences such as respiration and regulation of vascular tone by the sympathetic nervous system.

Photonics and Nanostructures: Fundamentals and Applications

Photoreceptor cell-specific nuclear receptor

Photosensitive ganglia

Photoneutron

A photon sieve is a device for focusing light using diffraction and interference. It consists of a flat sheet of material full of pinholes that are arranged in a pattern which is similar to the rings in a Fresnel zone plate, but a sieve brings light to much sharper focus than a zone plate.

Photoplankton

A photonic integrated circuit (PIC) or integrated optical circuit is a device that integrates multiple (at least two) photonic functions and as such is similar to an electronic integrated circuit.

Photosynthasis

Photoreceptor

Photon upconversion (UC) is a process in which the sequential absorption of two or more photons leads to the emission of light at shorter wavelength than the excitation wavelength. It is an anti-Stokes type emission. An example is the conversion of infrared light to visible light. Upconversion can take place in both organic and inorganic materials, through a number of different mechanisms. Organic molecules that can achieve photon upconversion through triplet-triplet annihilation are typically polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Inorganic materials capable of photon upconversion often contain ions of d-block or f-block elements. Examples of these ions are Ln3+, Ti2+, Ni2+, Mo3+, Re4+, Os4+, and so on.

Photon Number

Photopic lux

Photorhabdus luminescens

Photon underproduction crisis

Photoshop CS2

In physics, a photon gas is a gas-like collection of photons, which has many of the same properties of a conventional gas like hydrogen or neon – including pressure, temperature, and entropy. The most common example of a photon gas in equilibrium is black body radiation.A massive ideal gas with only one type of particle is uniquely described by three state functions such as the temperature, volume, and the number of particles. However, for a black body, the energy distribution is established by the interaction of the photons with matter, usually the walls of the container. In this interaction, the number of photons is not conserved. As a result, the chemical potential of the black body photon gas is zero. The number of state variables needed to describe a black body state is thus reduced from three to two (e.g. temperature and volume).

Photoreflector

Photopic vision

Photosensitivity induced by drugs

Photonic Sens.

Photos (Windows)

Photoshop Contests

Photoshop cs3

Photon scanning microscopy

Photonsphere

Photopass

Photon torpedo (science fiction)

Photon Project

Photoshop (disambiguation)

In physical cosmology, the photon epoch was the period in the evolution of the early universe in which photons dominated the energy of the universe. The photon epoch started after most leptons and anti-leptons were annihilated at the end of the lepton epoch, about 10 seconds after the Big Bang. Atomic nuclei were created in the process of nucleosynthesis which occurred during the first few minutes of the photon epoch.

Photos bank

Photon energy

Photosensitive seizures

Photonic Mapping

Photorhabdus luminescens (previously called Xenorhabdus luminescens) is a Gammaproteobacterium, belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae, and is a lethal pathogen of insects.It lives in the gut of an entomopathogenic nematode of the family Heterorhabditidae. When the nematode infects an insect, P. luminescens is released into the blood stream and rapidly kills the insect host (within 48 hours) by producing toxins, such as the high molecular weight insecticidal protein complex Tca. P.

Photoreading

Photostimulable Luminescence

Photopectoralis

Photonic computer

Photopic vision is the vision of the eye under well-lit conditions (luminance level 10 to 108 cd/m2). In humans and many other animals, photopic vision allows color perception, mediated by cone cells, and a significantly higher visual acuity and temporal resolution than available with scotopic vision.The human eye uses three types of cones to sense light in three bands of color.

Photoperiodism

Photosensitivity disorders

Photoperiodic plant

A photooxygenation is a light-induced oxidation reaction in which molecular oxygen is incorporated into the product(s). Initial research interest in photooxygenation reactions arose from Oscar Raab's observations in 1900 that the combination of light, oxygen and photosensitizers is highly toxic to cells.

Photorealist

Photon energy is the energy carried by a single photon. The amount of energy is directly proportional to the photon's electromagnetic frequency and inversely proportional to the wavelength. The higher the photon's frequency, the higher its energy. Equivalently, the longer the photon's wavelength, the lower its energy.Photon energy is solely a function of the photon's wavelength. Other factors, such as the intensity of the radiation, do not affect photon energy. In other words, two photons of light with the same color and therefore, same frequency, will have the same photon energy, even if one was emitted from a wax candle and the other from the Sun.Photon energy can be represented by any unit of energy. Among the units commonly used to denote photon energy are the electronvolt (eV) and the joule (as well as its multiples, such as the microjoule). As one joule equals 6.24 × 1018 eV, the larger units may be more useful in denoting the energy of photons with higher frequency and higher energy, such as gamma rays, as opposed to lower energy photons, such as those in the radiofrequency region of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Photosmart

Photos (software)

Photostory

Photosensor

Photoshop Tennis

Photon structure function

Photoshop Express

Photon epoch

Photonic Mixer Device

Photorefractive effect

Photosniper

Photopolymerization-based signal amplification (PBA) is a method of amplifying detection signals from molecular recognition events in an immunoassay by utilizing a radical polymerization initiated through illumination by light. To contrast between a negative and a positive result, PBA is linked to a colorimetric method, thereby resulting in a change in color when a targeted analyte is detected, i.e., a positive signal.

Photos app

Photoorganotroph

Photoresists

Photorealism

Photonic Network on Chip

Photoshop.com

Photoscan

Photoshop Actions

Photoshop 3.0

Photon coupler

Photoreactive amino acid

Photonic metamaterials

Photoshop cs6

Photon torpedoes

Photoneutronicating

Photosensors

Photon sphere (definition):A photon sphere of a static spherically symmetric metric is a timelike hypersurface { r = r p s } {\displaystyle \{r=r_{ps}\}} if the deflection angle of a light ray with the closest distance of approach r o {\displaystyle r_{o}} diverges as r o → r p s . {\displaystyle r_{o}\rightarrow r_{ps}.} For a general static spherically symmetric metric g = − β ( r ) d t 2 − α ( r ) d r 2 − σ ( r ) r 2 ( d θ 2 + sin 2 ⁡ θ d ϕ 2 ) , {\displaystyle g=-\beta \left(r\right)dt^{2}-\alpha (r)dr^{2}-\sigma (r)r^{2}(d\theta ^{2}+\sin ^{2}\theta d\phi ^{2}),} the photon sphere equation is: 2 σ ( r ) β + r d σ ( r ) d r β ( r ) − r d β ( r ) d r σ ( r ) = 0. {\displaystyle 2\sigma (r)\beta +r{\frac {d\sigma (r)}{dr}}\beta (r)-r{\frac {d\beta (r)}{dr}}\sigma (r)=0.} The concept of a photon sphere in a static spherically metric was generalized to a photon surface of any metric.Photon surface (definition) :A photon surface of (M,g) is an immersed, nowhere spacelike hypersurface S of (M, g) such that, for every point p∈S and every null vector k∈TpS, there exists a null geodesic γ {\displaystyle {\gamma }} :(-ε,ε)→M of (M,g) such that γ ˙ {\displaystyle {\dot {\gamma }}} (0)=k, |γ|⊂S.Both definitions give the same result for a general static spherically symmetric metric.Theorem:Subject to an energy condition, a black hole in any spherically symmetric spacetime must be surrounded by a photon sphere. Conversely, subject to an energy condition, any photon sphere must cover more than a certain amount of matter, a black hole, or a naked singularity.

Photonic crystal fibers

Photon Sails

Photosynth is a discontinued app and service from Microsoft Live Labs and the University of Washington that analyzes digital photographs and generates a three-dimensional model of the photos and a point cloud of a photographed object. Pattern recognition components compare portions of images to create points, which are then compared to convert the image into a model. Users are able to view and generate their own models using a software tool available for download at the Photosynth website.

Photoredox catalyst

Photostitch

Photoremovable protecting group

Photoshop tennis

Photonic crystal fiber

Photon computer

Photos 1.0.1

Photons

Photosynthesis System

Photosensitize

Photoshop

Photon Tide

Photon Sail

Photos 1.2

Photoreactive

Photosensitivity is an abnormal skin reaction to direct sunlight exposure. It is unrelated to a sunburn. These reactions are due to photosensitization, the accumulation of photosensitive compounds beneath the skin. In some cases, the photodynamic substances come from ingested plants or drugs, after being metabolized or not. In other cases, the photodynamic substances may be produced in the body itself due to inborn errors in pigment metabolism, especially those involving the heme synthesis.

Photorealistic art

Photonic-crystal fiber

Photon etc

Photon molecule

Photonic sintering

Photonic matter

Photosensitivity - ichthyosis - brittle sulfur-deficient hair - impaired intelligence - decreased fertility - short stature syndrome

Photonics mast

Photoplayer

Photonic logic

Photostationary state

R&PC «Photoprylad»

Photoscotosia insularis

Photoshere

Photon sieve

lightgrey

Photoplay music

Photopheresis

Photos 3.0

Photonic cannon

A photonics mast (or optronics mast) is a sensor on a submarine which functions similarly to a periscope without requiring a periscope tube, thus freeing design space during construction and limiting risks of water leakage in the event of damage.

Photon antibunching

Photoplay (album)

Photon diffusion equation

The photon structure function, in quantum field theory, describes the quark content of the photon. While the photon is a massless boson, through certain processes its energy can be converted into the mass of massive fermions. The function is defined by the process e + γ → e + hadrons. It is uniquely characterized by the linear increase in the logarithm of the electronic momentum transfer log Q2 and by the approximately linear rise in x , the fraction of the quark momenta within the photon.

Photosternutatory reflex

Photosynthetic

Photon entanglement

Photoshop elements

Photoselective vaporization of the prostate

Photoperiodic

Photos (application)

Photon correlation spectroscopy

Photon diffusion equation is a second order partial differential equation describing the time behavior of photon fluence rate distribution in a low-absorption high-scattering medium.Its mathematical form is as follows. ∇ ( D ( r ) ⋅ ∇ ) Φ ( r → , t ) − v μ a ( r → ) Φ ( r → , t ) + v S ( r → , t ) = ∂ Φ ( r → , t ) ∂ t {\displaystyle \nabla (D(r)\cdot \nabla )\Phi ({\vec {r}},t)-v\mu _{a}({\vec {r}})\Phi ({\vec {r}},t)+vS({\vec {r}},t)={\frac {\partial \Phi ({\vec {r}},t)}{\partial t}}} where Φ {\displaystyle \Phi } is photon fluence rate (W/cm2), μ a {\displaystyle \mu _{a}} is absorption coefficient (cm−1), D {\displaystyle D} is diffusion constant, v {\displaystyle v} is the speed of light in the medium (m/s), and S {\displaystyle S} is an isotropic source term (W/cm3).Its main difference with diffusion equation in physics is that photon diffusion equation has an absorption term in it.

Photosan 3

Photon Statistics

Photonic Sail

Photonuclear reaction

Photonic propulsion

Photon Doppler velocimetry (PDV) is a one-dimensional Fourier transform analysis of a heterodyne laser interferometry, used in the shock physics community to measure velocities in dynamic experiments with high temporal precision. PDV was developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory by Strand.

Photosculpture

Photoplay is a dated term for a motion picture that can also refer to a type of novel popular during the silent era of Hollywood.Photoplay was one of the first American film fan magazines. It was founded in 1911 in Chicago, the same year that J. Stuart Blackton founded Motion Picture Story, a magazine also directed at fans. For most of its run, Photoplay was published by Macfadden Publications.

Photorearrangement

Photonic switch

Photorhabdus luminescens (previously called Xenorhabdus luminescens) is a Gammaproteobacterium, belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae, and is a lethal pathogen of insects.It lives in the gut of an entomopathogenic nematode of the family Heterorhabditidae. When the nematode infects an insect, P. luminescens is released into the blood stream and rapidly kills the insect host (within 48 hours) by producing toxins, such as the high molecular weight insecticidal protein complex Tca. P. luminescens also produces a proteic toxin through the expression of a single gene called makes caterpillars floppy (mcf).It also secretes enzymes which break down the body of the infected insect and bioconvert it into nutrients which can be used by both nematode and bacteria. In this way, both organisms gain enough nutrients to replicate (or reproduce in the case of the nematode) several times. The bacteria enter the nematode progeny as they develop.3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-trans-stilbene is produced by P. luminescens bacterial symbiont of the nematode Heterorhabditis megidis. Experiments with Galleria mellonella infected larvae supports the hypothesis that the compound has antibiotic properties that help minimize competition from other microorganisms and prevents the putrefaction of the nematode-infected insect cadaver.P. luminescens is bioluminescent; however, the purpose of this is not yet properly understood. It has been reported that infection by this bacterium of the wounds of soldiers in the American Civil War caused the wounds to glow, and that this aided the survival of the soldiers due to the production of antibiotics by P. luminescens. This led to the phenomenon's nickname "Angel's Glow."P. luminescens genome has been sequenced. It contains a MACPF protein, however, this molecule appears non-lytic. It also contains the gcvB RNA gene which encodes a small non-coding RNA involved in the regulation of a number of amino acid transport systems as well as amino acid biosynthetic genes.A deletion of the hfq gene causes loss of secondary metabolite production.It is a source for bioluminescence imaging.

A Photoreflector is a light emitting diode and a phototransistor housed in a compact package that can be used for detection of proximity and colour of objects.They are a popular component in line following robots and other robotics.

Photon density

Photon orbit

Photosite

Photonics Nanostructures: Fundam Appl

Photorhabdus is a genus of bioluminescent, gram-negative bacilli which lives symbiotically within entomopathogenic nematodes, hence the name photo (which means light-producing) and rhabdus (rod-shape). Photorhabdus is known to be pathogenic to a wide range of insects and has been used as biopesticide in agriculture.

Photonic-crystal fiber (PCF) is a new class of optical fiber based on the properties of photonic crystals. Because of its ability to confine light in hollow cores or with confinement characteristics not possible in conventional optical fiber, PCF is now finding applications in fiber-optic communications, fiber lasers, nonlinear devices, high-power transmission, highly sensitive gas sensors, and other areas.

Photopolymerisation

Photoshop Masking

Photosyntheis

Photonic sails

Photon pressure

Photopolymerization-based signal amplification (PBA) is a method of amplifying detection signals from molecular recognition events in an immunoassay by utilizing a radical polymerization initiated through illumination by light. To contrast between a negative and a positive result, PBA is linked to a colorimetric method, thereby resulting in a change in color when a targeted analyte is detected, i.e., a positive signal. PBA is also used to quantify the concentration of the analyte by measuring intensity of the color.

Photonic molecule

Photon radiance

Photopoulou

In physical cosmology, the photon epoch was the period in the evolution of the early universe in which photons dominated the energy of the universe. The photon epoch started after most leptons and anti-leptons were annihilated at the end of the lepton epoch, about 10 seconds after the Big Bang. Atomic nuclei were created in the process of nucleosynthesis which occurred during the first few minutes of the photon epoch. For the remainder of the photon epoch, the universe contained a hot dense plasma of nuclei, electrons and photons. 377,000 years after the Big Bang the temperature of the universe fell to the point where nuclei could combine with electrons to create neutral atoms. As a result, photons no longer interacted frequently with matter, the universe became transparent and the cosmic microwave background radiation was created and then structure formation took place.

Photooxygenation

Photosintesis

Photonasty

Photorefractive

Photon diffusion

A photooxygenation is a light-induced oxidation reaction in which molecular oxygen is incorporated into the product(s). Initial research interest in photooxygenation reactions arose from Oscar Raab's observations in 1900 that the combination of light, oxygen and photosensitizers is highly toxic to cells. Early studies of photooxygenation focused on oxidative damage to DNA and amino acids, but recent research has led to the application of photooxygenation in organic synthesis and photodynamic therapy.Photooxygenation reactions are initiated by a photosensitizer, which is a molecule that enters an excited state when exposed to light of a specific wavelength (e.g. dyes and pigments). The excited sensitizer then reacts with either a substrate or ground state molecular oxygen, starting a cascade of energy transfers that ultimately result in an oxygenated molecule. Consequently, photooxygenation reactions are categorized by the type and order of these intermediates (as type I, type II, or type III reactions).

Photon upconversion

Photoreceptors

Photoproteins

Photonics Nanostructures: Fundam. Appl.

Photosensitive eczema

Photophobic

Photorhizobium thompsonianum

Photorefractive Effect

Photonic cross connect

Photopsia is the presence of perceived flashes of light. It is most commonly associated with posterior vitreous detachment, migraine with aura, migraine aura without headache, retinal break or detachment, occipital lobe infarction, and sensory deprivation (ophthalmopathic hallucinations). Vitreous shrinkage or liquefaction, which are the most common causes of photopsia, cause a pull in vitreoretinal attachments, irritating the retina and causing it to discharge electrical impulses.

Photoshoot (song)

Photoshop CS3

Photon energy is the energy carried by a single photon. The amount of energy is directly proportional to the photon's electromagnetic frequency and inversely proportional to the wavelength. The higher the photon's frequency, the higher its energy. Equivalently, the longer the photon's wavelength, the lower its energy.Photon energy is solely a function of the photon's wavelength. Other factors, such as the intensity of the radiation, do not affect photon energy.

Photon sail

Photonics and Nanostructures: Fundamentals and Applications is a peer-reviewed scientific journal, published quarterly by Elsevier. The editors-in-chief are H. Benisty, (Campus Polytechnique), T.F. Krauss (University of St Andrews), E. Ozbay (Bilkent University), and C.M. Soukoulis (Iowa State University).

Photoreceptor (disambiguation)

Photoshop cs

Photosensitivity – ichthyosis – brittle sulfur-deficient hair – impaired intelligence – decreased fertility – short stature syndrome

Photosynthesise

Photon Doppler velocimetry (PDV) is a one-dimensional Fourier transform analysis of a heterodyne laser interferometry, used in the shock physics community to measure velocities in dynamic experiments with high temporal precision. PDV was developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory by Strand. In recent years PDV has achieved popularity in the shock physics community as an adjunct or replacement for Velocity Interferometer System for Any Reflector (VISAR), another time-resolved velocity interferometry system. Modern data acquisition technology and off-the-shelf optical telecommunications devices now enable the assembly of PDV systems within reasonable budgets.

Photosensitivity with HIV infection

Photosynthetic Pigments

Photon surface

Photopharmacology

Photoprotective

In medicine, photopheresis (aka extracorporeal photopheresis or ECP) is a form of apheresis and photodynamic therapy in which blood is treated with a photosensitizing agent and subsequently irradiated with specified wavelengths of light to achieve an effect. Specifically, buffy coat (WBC + platelets) is separated from whole blood, chemically treated with 8-methoxypsoralen (instilled into collection bag or given per os in advance), exposed to ultraviolet light (UVA), and returned to the patient. Activated 8-methoxypsoralen crosslinks DNA in exposed cells, ultimately resulting apoptosis of nucleated cells. The photochemically damaged T-cells returned to the patient appear to induce cytotoxic effects on T-cell formation. The mechanism of such “antitumor” action has not been elucidated.Photopheresis involving 8-methoxypsoralen was first described in a 1987 New England Journal of Medicine publication. Photopheresis is currently standard therapy approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Evidence suggests that this treatment might be effective in the treatment of graft-versus-host disease, though this evidence is largely observational and controlled trials are needed to support this use. Photopheresis has also been used successfully in the treatment of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita when all other treatments have been ineffective.Minimal observed side effects for patients receiving photopheresis include hypotension and syncope resulting from volume shifts during leukapheresis phase of treatment. Photopheresis is also used as an experimental treatment in patients with cardiac, pulmonary and renal allograft rejection, graft-versus-host disease, autoimmune diseases, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and ulcerative colitis.

Photoshop cs2

Photosho

Microsoft Photosynth

Photonics Letters of Poland

Photoplay edition

Photon flux

Photonic-crystal fiber (PCF) is a new class of optical fiber based on the properties of photonic crystals. Because of its ability to confine light in hollow cores or with confinement characteristics not possible in conventional optical fiber, PCF is now finding applications in fiber-optic communications, fiber lasers, nonlinear devices, high-power transmission, highly sensitive gas sensors, and other areas. More specific categories of PCF include photonic-bandgap fiber (PCFs that confine light by band gap effects), holey fiber (PCFs using air holes in their cross-sections), hole-assisted fiber (PCFs guiding light by a conventional higher-index core modified by the presence of air holes), and Bragg fiber (photonic-bandgap fiber formed by concentric rings of multilayer film). Photonic crystal fibers may be considered a subgroup of a more general class of microstructured optical fibers, where light is guided by structural modifications, and not only by refractive index differences.

Photonsails

Photonovel

Photonic crystal fibre

A photonics mast (or optronics mast) is a sensor on a submarine which functions similarly to a periscope without requiring a periscope tube, thus freeing design space during construction and limiting risks of water leakage in the event of damage. A photonics mast replaces the mechanical, line-of-sight viewing system with digital equipment, similar to a digital camera array, and it has fewer locational and dimensional constraints than a traditional periscope.Unlike a periscope, it need not be located directly above its user, and it requires only a small pressure hull penetration for cabling. This allows the photonics mast to fit entirely within the sail of the submarine and means the control room need not be placed directly below the sail.A photonics mast operates by rising above the water similarly to a telescoping car-antenna and provides information through an array of sensors, such as high-definition low-light and thermographic cameras. Images and information can appear on display panels for analysis. The photonics mast can also support the navigation, electronic warfare, and communications functions of a conventional optical-periscope mast.The Royal Navy tested an optronic mast on the Trafalgar-class HMS Trenchant in 1998. Boats of the Astute class currently under construction as of 2012 each have two optronic masts manufactured by Thales Optronics.

Photopharmacology is an emerging approach in medicine in which drugs are activated and deactivated with light. The energy of light is used to change for shape and chemical properties of the drug, resulting in different biological activity. This is done to ultimately achieve control when and where drugs are active in a reversible manner, to prevent side effects and exposure to the environment of antibiotics.

Photon induced electric field poling

Photoshop contest

Photosho (ISSN 1913-0511) is a Canadian magazine that exhibits the photography of Canadian photographers and explores their world. The magazine is published biannually, in September and in April. Each issue contains a theme, and all Canadian photographers are offered a chance to submit an image for consideration in their printed exhibit. Also contained in each issue are several "shocased" artists from across Canada, as well as articles on the culture of Canadian photographers. The magazine is headquartered in Ottawa.

Photon momentum

Cover of the December 1921 issue featuringLillian Gishpainted byRolf Armstrong

Photoshopped

A photon bubble is a type of radiation-driven instability that can occur in the magnetized, radiation-supported gas surrounding neutron stars, black hole accretion disks or at the edge of ultra-compact HII regions around young, massive stars. The instability occurs as follows. A compressive magnetohydrodynamical wave propagating at right angles to the direction of propagation of the radiation creates variations in the density of the gas. More radiation is able to pass through the low density regions than through the high density regions, and the imbalance in radiation pressure acts to drive gas out of the low density regions, along the magnetic field lines. This further decreases the density of the low density regions, which in turn allows more radiation to propagate through them, leading to runaway growth of the instability.

Photonic force microscopy (PFM) is an optical-tweezers-based microscopy technique. A small dielectric particle (20 nm to several micrometres) is held by a strongly focused laser beam.The forward scattered light, i.e. the light whose orientation is slightly changed while passing through the particle, and unscattered light are collected by a lens and projected onto a Quadrant Photo-Diode (QPD), i.e. a Position sensitive device (PSD). These two components interfere in the detector and produce signals, which permit the detection of the bead's position in three dimensions. The precision is very good (as low as 0.1 nm) and the recording speed is very high (up to 1 MHz). Brownian motion deflects the bead from the resting position. A time sequence of measured positions allows one to derive the optical potential in which the particle is held.The PFM is sensitive to the environment of the particle and has been used in a variety of different experiments that e.g. monitor space that can be filled by particles inside agarose or the fate of small latex beads captured by macrophages.A similar concept of scanning a bead with and optical trap over a surface was invented in 1993 by Ghislain and W. W. Webb. The name of photonic force microscope was first used in 1997 by Ernst-Ludwig Florin, Arnd Pralle, J. Heinrich Hoerber and Ernst H.K. Stelzer during their stays at EMBL, when they developed 3D position detection and began using the Brownian motion as scanner.

Photonic crystal biosensor

Photosensitive seizure

Photoshop CC

Photoperiodicity

The photoplethysmogram (PPG) measurement made at a peripheral site, such as the finger, ear or forehead represents the volume of blood in the vessel at the site of measurement. The PPG signal consists of pulses that reflect the change in vascular blood volume with each cardiac beat.