Nuclear winter (disambiguation)

The Nuclear power programme in Pakistan started with the Karachi Nuclear Power Plant, also known as KANUPP, inaugurated November 28, 1972. Pakistan is the first Muslim country in the world to construct and operate civil nuclear power plants.

Nuclear run-on

Nuclei salivatorius

Nuclear resonant inelastic x-ray scattering

Nuclear race

Nuclei pontis

As a member of the nuclear non-proliferation treaty, South Africa uses nuclear science for peaceful means. South Africa's nuclear programme includes both nuclear energy and nuclear medicine. In the past there was also a military component.

Nuclearism

Nuclear warhead

Nuclear weapons proliferations

Nuclei of the solitary tract

Nuclear time

Nuclear weapons program of North Korea

Nuclear tourism

Nuclear ratio

Nuclei accessorii nervi oculomotorii

A nuclear star cluster (NSC) or compact stellar nucleus (sometimes called young stellar nucleus) is a star cluster with high density and high luminosity near the center of mass of most galaxies.NSCs are the central massive objects of fainter, low-mass galaxies where supermassive black holes (SMBHs) are not present or are of negligible mass. In the most massive galaxies, NSCs are entirely absent.

Nuclear weapons tests

Nuclear weapon programme

Since about 2001 the term nuclear renaissance has been used to refer to a possible nuclear power industry revival, driven by rising fossil fuel prices and new concerns about meeting greenhouse gas emission limits.In the 2009 World Energy Outlook, the International Energy Agency stated that:A nuclear renaissance is possible but cannot occur overnight. Nuclear projects face significant hurdles, including extended construction periods and related risks, long licensing processes and manpower shortages, plus long‐standing issues related to waste disposal, proliferation and local opposition. The financing of new nuclear power plants, especially in liberalized markets, has always been difficult and the financial crisis seems almost certain to have made it even more so. The huge capital requirements, combined with risks of cost overruns and regulatory uncertainties, make investors and lenders very cautious, even when demand growth is robust.The World Nuclear Association reported that nuclear electricity generation in 2012 was at its lowest level since 1999.In 2015:Ten new reactors were connected to the grid, the highest number since 1990, but expanding Asian nuclear programs are balanced by retirements of aging plants and nuclear reactor phase-outs.Seven reactors were permanently shut down.441 operational reactors had a worldwide net capacity of 382,855 megawatts of electricity. However, some reactors are classified as operational, but are not producing any power.67 new nuclear reactors were under construction, including four EPR units. The first two EPR projects, in Finland and France, were meant to lead a nuclear renaissance but both are facing costly construction delays. Construction commenced on two Chinese EPR units in 2009 and 2010. The Chinese units were to start operation in 2014 and 2015, but the Chinese government halted construction because of safety concerns.March 2017 saw a setback for nuclear renaissance when producer of the AP1000 reactor Westinghouse Electric Company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. Four months later the bankruptcy together with delays and cost overruns caused cancellation of the two AP1000 reactors under construction at the Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Generating Station.

Nuclear power plants in the United States

Nuclear weapons of Britain

Nuclear spin

Nuclear power plants in New Jersey

Nuclear safety in the US

Nuclease protection assay is a laboratory technique used in biochemistry and genetics to identify individual RNA molecules in a heterogeneous RNA sample extracted from cells. The technique can identify one or more RNA molecules of known sequence even at low total concentration.

Nuclear torpedoes

Nuclear weapons

Nuclearia

Nuclear reactors in Iran

Nuclear weapon program

Nuclear powers

Nucleate endonuclease

Understanding the structure of the atomic nucleus is one of the central challenges in nuclear physics.

Nuclear reaction rate

Nuclear tactics

Nuclearfission

Nuclease protection assay

Nuclear reactor physics

Nucleases

Nuclearator

Nucleic

Nuclear weapon detonation

Nuclear states

Nuclear power weapon

Nuclei cerebelli

Nuclear tests in Australia

Nuclear weapons delivery is the technology and systems used to place a nuclear weapon at the position of detonation, on or near its target. Several methods have been developed to carry out this task.Strategic nuclear weapons are used primarily as part of a doctrine of deterrence by threatening large targets, such as cities. Weapons meant for use in limited military maneuvers, such as destroying specific military, communications, or infrastructure targets, are known as tactical nuclear weapons. In terms of explosive yields, nowadays the former have much larger yield than the latter, even though it is not a rule. The bombs that destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 (with TNT equivalents between 15 and 22 kilotons) were weaker than many of today's tactical weapons, yet they achieved the desired effect when used strategically.

Nuclear weapon abolition

Nuclear weapon testing

Nuclear prelamin A recognition factor like is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NARFL gene.

Nucleariida is a group of amoebae with filose pseudopods, known mostly from soils and freshwater. They are distinguished from the superficially similar vampyrellids mainly by having mitochondria with discoid cristae.

Nuclear transfer is a form of cloning. The steps involve removing the DNA from an oocyte (unfertilised egg), and injecting the nucleus which contains the DNA to be cloned. In rare instances, the newly constructed cell will divide normally, replicating the new DNA while remaining in a pluripotent state. If the cloned cells are placed in the uterus of a female mammal, a cloned organism develops to term in rare instances. This is how Dolly the Sheep and many other species were cloned. Cows are commonly cloned to select those that have the best milk production. On 24 January 2018, two monkey clones were reported to have been created with the technique for the first time.Despite this, the low efficiency of the technique has prompted some researchers, notably Ian Wilmut, creator of Dolly the cloned sheep, to abandon it.

Nuclear weapons armament

Nuclear wessels

Nuclear resonance fluorescence (NRF) is a nuclear process in which a nucleus absorbs and emits high-energy photons called gamma rays. NRF interactions typically take place above 1 MeV, and most NRF experiments target heavy nuclei such as uranium and thoriumThis process is used for scanning cargo for contraband. Its far more effective than just using x-rays because x-rays can only see the shape of the item in question.

In mathematics, a nuclear space is a topological vector space with many of the good properties of finite-dimensional vector spaces. The topology on them can be defined by a family of seminorms whose unit balls decrease rapidly in size.

A nuclear salt-water rocket (NSWR) is a theoretical type of nuclear thermal rocket which was designed by Robert Zubrin. In place of traditional chemical propellant, such as that in a chemical rocket, the rocket would be fueled by salts of 20 percent enriched uranium or plutonium. The solution would be contained in a bundle of pipes coated in boron carbide (for its properties of neutron absorption). Through a combination of the coating and space between the pipes, the contents would not reach critical mass until the solution is pumped into a reaction chamber, thus reaching a critical mass, and being expelled through a nozzle to generate thrust.

Nuclei pulvinaris

Nuclear weapons debate

In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, the nuclear shell model is a model of the atomic nucleus which uses the Pauli exclusion principle to describe the structure of the nucleus in terms of energy levels. The first shell model was proposed by Dmitry Ivanenko (together with E. Gapon) in 1932. The model was developed in 1949 following independent work by several physicists, most notably Eugene Paul Wigner, Maria Goeppert Mayer and J. Hans D.

Nuclear spindle

Nuclear protein (histone) N-methyltransferase

Nucleic Acid metabolism

Nuclear rocketry

The nuclear receptor co-repressor 1 also known as thyroid-hormone- and retinoic-acid-receptor-associated co-repressor 1 (TRAC-1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NCOR1 gene.NCOR1 is a transcriptional coregulatory protein which contains several nuclear receptor interacting domains. In addition, NCOR1 appears to recruit histone deacetylases to DNA promoter regions.

Nucleator

Nuclear recycling

A nucleic acid inhibitor is a type of antibacterial that acts by inhibiting the production of nucleic acids. There are two major classes: DNA inhibitors and RNA inhibitors. The antifungal flucytosine acts in a similar manner.

Nuclear summer

Nuclear weapons and the united kingdom

Nuclear power stations

The nuclear receptor co-repressor 1 also known as thyroid-hormone- and retinoic-acid-receptor-associated co-repressor 1 (TRAC-1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NCOR1 gene.NCOR1 is a transcriptional coregulatory protein which contains several nuclear receptor interacting domains. In addition, NCOR1 appears to recruit histone deacetylases to DNA promoter regions. Hence NCOR1 assists nuclear receptors in the down regulation of gene expression.Loss of function of this protein significantly increases the strength and power of mouse muscles.

Nuclear weapons ban

Nucleic acid code

Nuclear research

Nuclear strategy
Nuclear strategy involves the development of doctrines and strategies for the production and use of nuclear weapons.As a sub-branch of military strategy, nuclear strategy attempts to match nuclear weapons as means to political ends. In addition to the actual use of nuclear weapons whether in the battlefield or strategically, a large part of nuclear strategy involves their use as a bargaining tool.Some of the issues considered within nuclear strategy include:Under what conditions does it serve a nation's interest to develop nuclear weapons?What types of nuclear weapons should be developed?When and how should such weapons be used?Many strategists argue that nuclear strategy differs from other forms of military strategy. The immense and terrifying power of the weapons makes their use, in seeking victory in a traditional military sense, impossible.Perhaps counterintuitively, an important focus of nuclear strategy has been determining how to prevent and deter their use, a crucial part of mutual assured destruction.In the context of nuclear proliferation and maintaining the balance of power, states also seek to prevent other states from acquiring nuclear weapons as part of nuclear strategy.

Nuclear reactor control

Since their public debut in August 1945, nuclear weapons and their potential effects have been a recurring motif in popular culture, to the extent that the decades of the Cold War are often referred to as the "atomic age".

Nuclear umbrella refers to a guarantee by a nuclear weapons state to defend a non-nuclear allied state. The phrase is usually used in reference to the security alliances of the United States with Japan, South Korea, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (much of Europe, Turkey, Canada), and Australia, originating with the Cold War with the Soviet Union. For some countries, it was an alternative to acquiring nuclear weapons themselves; other alternatives include regional Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones or Nuclear Sharing.

Aspergillus nuclease S1

A nuclear power plant emergency response team (ERT) is an incident response team composed of plant personnel and civil authority personnel specifically trained to respond to the occurrence of an accident at a nuclear power plant.Each nuclear power plant is required to have a detailed emergency plan.

Nuclear sap

Aspergillus nuclease S1 is an endonuclease enzyme derived from Aspergillus oryzae that splits single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and RNA into oligo- or mononucleotides. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reactionEndonucleolytic cleavage to 5'-phosphomononucleotide and 5'-phosphooligonucleotide end-productsAlthough its primary substrate is single-stranded, it can also occasionally introduce single-stranded breaks in double-stranded DNA or RNA, or DNA-RNA hybrids.

Nuclear prelamin A recognition factor, also known as NARF, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the NARF gene.

Nuclear powered submarine

Nuclear safeguards

Nuclear regulatory commission region one

Nucleated

Nuclear weapons programme of the United Kingdom

Nuclei raphes

Nuclear weapons and the Soviet Union

Nuclear weapon, ca

Nuclear rocket engines

Nuclei intralaminares thalami

Nuclear weapons design

Nucleariids

Nuclear tektite

Nuclear receptor co-repressor 2

Nuclear power reactor

Nucleic Acids Research is an open-access peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Oxford University Press. It covers research on nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, and related work. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal's 2016 impact factor is 10.162. The journal publishes two yearly special issues, one dedicated to biological databases, published in January since 1993, and the other on biological web servers, published in July since 2003.

Nuclear program of Indonesia

Nuclear safety in the United States

In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, the nuclear shell model is a model of the atomic nucleus which uses the Pauli exclusion principle to describe the structure of the nucleus in terms of energy levels. The first shell model was proposed by Dmitry Ivanenko (together with E. Gapon) in 1932. The model was developed in 1949 following independent work by several physicists, most notably Eugene Paul Wigner, Maria Goeppert Mayer and J. Hans D. Jensen, who shared the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physics for their contributions.The shell model is partly analogous to the atomic shell model which describes the arrangement of electrons in an atom, in that a filled shell results in greater stability. When adding nucleons (protons or neutrons) to a nucleus, there are certain points where the binding energy of the next nucleon is significantly less than the last one. This observation, that there are certain magic numbers of nucleons: 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, 126 which are more tightly bound than the next higher number, is the origin of the shell model.The shells for protons and for neutrons are independent of each other. Therefore, one can have "magic nuclei" where one nucleon type or the other is at a magic number, and "doubly magic nuclei", where both are. Due to some variations in orbital filling, the upper magic numbers are 126 and, speculatively, 184 for neutrons but only 114 for protons, playing a role in the search for the so-called island of stability. Some semimagic numbers have been found, notably Z=40 giving nuclear shell filling for the various elements; 16 may also be a magic number.In order to get these numbers, the nuclear shell model starts from an average potential with a shape something between the square well and the harmonic oscillator. To this potential a spin orbit term is added. Even so, the total perturbation does not coincide with experiment, and an empirical spin orbit coupling must be added with at least two or three different values of its coupling constant, depending on the nuclei being studied.Nevertheless, the magic numbers of nucleons, as well as other properties, can be arrived at by approximating the model with a three-dimensional harmonic oscillator plus a spin-orbit interaction. A more realistic but also complicated potential is known as Woods–Saxon potential.

Nuclear rifle

Nuclear sub

Nucleic acid amplification

Nuclear power programme-2050

The nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll program was a series of 23 nuclear devices detonated by the United States between 1946 and 1958 at seven test sites on the reef itself, on the sea, in the air and underwater. The test weapons produced a combined fission yield of 42.2 Mt of explosive power.The United States was engaged in a Cold War Nuclear arms race with the Soviet Union to build bigger and better bombs from 1947 until 1991.

Nuclearfossil

Nucleasome

Nuclear program of Pakistan

Nuclear summit

Nuclear threshold

Nuclear power station barge

Nuclear reactions

Nucleic acid NMR

In astrophysics, the nuclear timescale is an estimate of the lifetime of a star based solely on its rate of fuel consumption. Along with the thermal and dynamical time scales, it is used to estimate the length of time a particular star will remain in a certain phase of its life and its lifespan if hypothetical conditions are met. In reality, the lifespan of a star is greater than what is estimated by the nuclear time scale because as one fuel becomes scarce, another will generally take its place—hydrogen burning gives way to helium burning, etc. However, all the phases after hydrogen burning combined typically add up to less than 10% of the duration of hydrogen burning.

Nuclear state

Nuclear weapons test

Nuclear weapons of France

Nuclear weapons in Iran

Nuclear tipped ballistic missiles

The nuclear receptor co-repressor 2 (NCOR2) is a transcriptional coregulatory protein that contains several nuclear receptor-interacting domains. In addition, NCOR2 appears to recruit histone deacetylases to DNA promoter regions. Hence NCOR2 assists nuclear receptors in the down regulation of target gene expression. NCOR2 is also referred to as a silencing mediator for retinoid or thyroid-hormone receptors (SMRT) or T3 receptor-associating cofactor 1 (TRAC-1).

The Armed Proletarian Cells (Italian: Nuclei Armati Proletari, abbreviated NAP) was far-left terrorist group active in South Italy, from 1974 to 1977, during the so-called "Years of Lead". NAP was responsible for numerous terrorist acts.

Nuclear transparency is the ratio of cross-sections for exclusive processes from the nuclei to those of the nucleons.If the nuclear cross-section is denoted as σ N {\displaystyle \sigma _{N}} and free nucleon cross-section as σ 0 {\displaystyle \sigma _{0}} then nuclear transparency can be defined as T = σ N / A σ 0 {\displaystyle T=\sigma _{N}/A\sigma _{0}} , where σ N {\displaystyle \sigma _{N}} can be parameterized in terms of σ 0 {\displaystyle \sigma _{0}} as σ N = A α σ 0 {\displaystyle \sigma _{N}=A^{\alpha }\sigma _{0}} .Therefore, transparency can be expressed as T = A α − 1 {\displaystyle T=A^{\alpha -1}} .Here nucleon cross-section can be thought of as hydrogen cross-section and nuclei cross-section can be as for other targets.

Nuclei of solitary tract

Nuclear weapons in popular culture

Nuclear receptor co-repressor 1

Nuclear protein

Nuclear reactor safety systems

Nuclear war survival skills

Nuclear reactors

Nuclear quadrupole moment

Nucleated red blood cells

Nuclear weapons programme of France

Nuclear track

Nucleic Acids Res.

Nuclear shells

Nuclear receptor related-1 protein

Nucleic acid alphabet notation

Nuclei cochleares

A nuclear power plant emergency response team (ERT) is an incident response team composed of plant personnel and civil authority personnel specifically trained to respond to the occurrence of an accident at a nuclear power plant.Each nuclear power plant is required to have a detailed emergency plan. In the event of a potential accident (as defined by the International Nuclear Event Scale), the ERT personnel are notified by beeper and have a set time limit for reporting to their duty station.Potential duty stations include:The nuclear power plant's Control RoomThe nuclear power plant's Emergency Operations FacilityAn offsite (i.e., not near the nuclear plant) operations facilityA news centerRoving teams of health physicists who scan for possible radiationPolice traffic directionIn the United States, ERT personnel are required to train twice a year and typically train four times. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) (with support from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and other agencies) grades some of the drills. The drills normally are not announced in advance so as to simulate "surprise" conditions.

Nuclear pyknosis

Nuclear risk

Nuclear strategy involves the development of doctrines and strategies for the production and use of nuclear weapons.As a sub-branch of military strategy, nuclear strategy attempts to match nuclear weapons as means to political ends.

Nuclear regulatory commission region 4

Nuclear radius

The nuclear weapons debate refers to the controversies surrounding the threat, use and stockpiling of nuclear weapons. Even before the first nuclear weapons had been developed, scientists involved with the Manhattan Project were divided over the use of the weapon.

Nuclear programme of South Africa

Nuclear weapons state

Nuclear power plant to be buit in Namiibia

Nuclear program of Germany

Nuclear scientist

Nuclear receptor coregulators are a class of transcription coregulators that have been shown to be involved in any aspect of signaling by any member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. A comprehensive database of nuclear receptor coregulators can be found at the Nuclear Receptor Signaling Atlas website.

Nuclei saeptales

Nuclear program of South Africa

Nuclear strike

The nuclear weapons debate refers to the controversies surrounding the threat, use and stockpiling of nuclear weapons. Even before the first nuclear weapons had been developed, scientists involved with the Manhattan Project were divided over the use of the weapon. The only time nuclear weapons have been used in warfare was during the final stages of World War II when United States Army Air Forces B-29 Superfortress bombers dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in early August 1945. The role of the bombings in Japan's surrender and the U.S.'s ethical justification for them have been the subject of scholarly and popular debate for decades.Nuclear disarmament refers both to the act of reducing or eliminating nuclear weapons and to the end state of a nuclear-free world. Proponents of disarmament typically condemn a priori the threat or use of nuclear weapons as immoral and argue that only total disarmament can eliminate the possibility of nuclear war. Critics of nuclear disarmament say that it would undermine deterrence and make conventional wars more likely, more destructive, or both. The debate becomes considerably complex when considering various scenarios for example, total vs partial or unilateral vs multilateral disarmament.

Nuclear size

Nuclear utilization target selection (NUTS) is a hypothesis regarding the use of nuclear weapons often contrasted with mutually assured destruction (MAD). NUTS theory at its most basic level asserts that it is possible for a limited nuclear exchange to occur and that nuclear weapons are simply one more rung on the ladder of escalation pioneered by Herman Kahn. This leads to a number of other conclusions regarding the potential uses of and responses to nuclear weapons.

Nuclear power plant in japan

Nuclear shell

Nuclear silos

Nuclear power plant accidents in the United States

Nuclear weapons and the united states

Nuclear reactor for space

A nuclear run-on assay is conducted to identify the genes that are being transcribed at a certain time point. Approximately one million cell nuclei are isolated and incubated with labeled nucleotides, and genes in the process of being transcribed are detected by hybridization of extracted RNA to gene specific probes on a blot. Garcia-Martinez et al. (2004) developed a protocol for the yeast S. cerevisiae (Genomic run-on, GRO) that allows for the calculation of transcription rates (TRs) for all yeast genes to estimate mRNA stabilities for all yeast mRNAs.Alternative microarray methods have recently been developed, mainly PolII RIP-chip: RNA immunoprecipitation of RNA polymerase II with phosphorylated C-terminal domain directed antibodies and hybridization on a microarray slide or chip (the word chip in the name stems from "ChIP-chip" where a special Affymetrix genechip was required). A comparison of methods based on run-on and ChIP-chip has been made in yeast (Pelechano et al., 2009). A general correspondence of both methods has been detected but GRO is more sensitive and quantitative. It has to be considered that run-on only detects elongating RNA polymerases whereas ChIP-chip detects all present RNA polymerases, including backtracked ones.Attachment of new RNA polymerase to genes is prevented by inclusion of Sarkosyl. Therefore only genes that already have an RNA polymerase will produce labeled transcripts. RNA transcripts that were synthesized before the addition of the label will not be detected as they will lack the label. These run on transcripts can also be detected by purifying labeled transcripts by using antibodies that detect the label and hybridizing these isolated transcripts with gene expression arrays or by next generation sequencing (GRO-Seq).Run on assays have been largely supplanted with Global Run on assays that use next generation DNA sequencing as a readout platform. These assays are known as GRO-Seq and provide an incredibly detailed view of genes engaged in transcription with quantitative levels of expression. Array based methods for analyzing Global run on (GRO) assays are being replaced with Next Generation Sequencing which eliminates the design of probes against gene sequences. Sequencing will catalog all transcripts produced even if they are not reported in databases. GRO-seq involves the labeling of newly synthesized transcripts with bromouridine (BrU). Cells or nuclei are incubated with BrUTP in the presence of Sarkosyl which prevents the attachment of RNA polymerase to the DNA. Therefore only RNA polymerase that are already on the DNA before the addition of Sarkosyl will produce new transcripts that will be labeled with BrU. The labeled transcripts are captured with anti-BrU antibody labeled beads, converted to cDNAs and then sequenced by Next Generation DNA sequencing. The sequencing reads are then aligned to the genome and number of reads per transcript provide an accurate estimate of the number of transcripts synthesized.

Nuclear weapons and China

Nuclear power stations in the United Kingdom

The Nuclear receptor related 1 protein (NURR1) also known as NR4A2 (nuclear receptor subfamily 4, group A, member 2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NR4A2 gene. NURR1 is a member of the nuclear receptor family of intracellular transcription factors.NURR1 plays a key role in the maintenance of the dopaminergic system of the brain. Mutations in this gene have been associated with disorders related to dopaminergic dysfunction, including Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and manic depression. Misregulation of this gene may be associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Four transcript variants encoding four distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene. Additional alternate splice variants may exist, but their full-length nature has not been determined.This protein is thought to be critical to development of the dopamine phenotype in the midbrain, as mice without NURR1 are lacking expression of this phenotype. This is further confirmed by studies showing that when forcing NURR1 expression in naïve precursor cells, there is complete dopamine phenotype gene expression.While NURR1 is a key protein, there are other factors required as research shows that solely expressing NURR1 fails to stimulate this phenotypic gene expression. One of these suggested factors is winged-helix transcription factor 2 (Foxa2). Studies have found these two factors to be within the same region of developing dopaminergic neurons, both of these factors were present in order to have expression for the dopamine phenotype.

Nucleation in microcellular foaming

Nuclear science

Nuclear power programme–2050

Nuclear receptor coactivator 3

Nuclear weapons program of the United States

A nuclear protein is a protein found in the cell nucleus.

Nuclear sclerosis

Nucleation point

Nuclear sexing

Nucleating agents

Nucleic Acids

Nuclear weapons abolition

Nuclear stockpile stewardship

Nuclear security

Nuclear regulatory commission region iv

Nuclear tracks

Nuclear strike (disambiguation)

Nuclear weapons of Russia

Nuclear weapons of South Africa

Nuclear waste disposal

Nuclear test

Nuclear salt-water rocket

Nuclear power plant Leibstadt

Nuclear sexing is a technique for genetic sex determination in those species where XX chromosome pair is present. Nuclear sexing can be done by identifying Barr body, a drumstick like appendage located in the rim of the nucleus in somatic cells. Barr body is the inactive X chromosome which lies condensed in the nucleus of somatic cells. A typical human female has only one Barr body per somatic cell, while a typical human male has none. Though a Barr body can be sought in any human nucleated cell, circulating mononuclear cells are commonly used for this purpose. These cells are cultured, and treated with chemicals such as colcemid to arrest mitosis in metaphase.A minimum of 30 percent of sex chromatin indicates genetic female sex.

Nucleate transition

Nucleic Acid

Nuclear program of north korea

Nuclei mediani

Nuclear weapons and France

Nuclear submarines

Nuclear thermal propulsion

Nuclear war (disambiguation)

Nuclear transfer

Nuclear weapons states

Nuclear program of North Korea (disambiguation)

Nuclei olivares

Nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy is a synchrotron-based technique that probes vibrational energy levels. The technique, often called NRVS, is specific for samples that contain nuclei that respond to Mössbauer spectroscopy, most commonly iron. The method exploits the high resolution offered by synchrotron light sources, which enables the resolution of vibrational fine structure, especially those vibrations that are coupled to the position of the Fe centre(s).

Nuclear transfer is a form of cloning. The steps involve removing the DNA from an oocyte (unfertilised egg), and injecting the nucleus which contains the DNA to be cloned. In rare instances, the newly constructed cell will divide normally, replicating the new DNA while remaining in a pluripotent state. If the cloned cells are placed in the uterus of a female mammal, a cloned organism develops to term in rare instances. This is how Dolly the Sheep and many other species were cloned.

Nucleic acid alphabet

Nucleariidae

Nuclear process

Nuclear power problems

Nuclear waste management

Nuclear reactor meltdown

Nuclei Armati Proletari

Nuclear weapons and India

Nucleic acid inhibitor

In astrophysics, the nuclear timescale is an estimate of the lifetime of a star based solely on its rate of fuel consumption. Along with the thermal and dynamical time scales, it is used to estimate the length of time a particular star will remain in a certain phase of its life and its lifespan if hypothetical conditions are met.

Nuclear warning

Nuclei septales

Nuclear umbrella

Nuclear weapons program of France

Nuclear whistleblowers

Nuclear problems

Nuclear receptor coactivator 5

Nuclear research and consultancy group

Nucleic acid amplification tests

Nuclear resonance fluorescence

Nuclear program of iran

Aspergillus nuclease S1 is an endonuclease enzyme derived from Aspergillus oryzae that splits single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and RNA into oligo- or mononucleotides. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reactionEndonucleolytic cleavage to 5'-phosphomononucleotide and 5'-phosphooligonucleotide end-productsAlthough its primary substrate is single-stranded, it can also occasionally introduce single-stranded breaks in double-stranded DNA or RNA, or DNA-RNA hybrids. The enzyme hydrolyses single stranded region in duplex DNA such as loops or gaps.

Nuclear weapons convention

Nuclear weapons in fiction

Nuclear umbrella refers to a guarantee by a nuclear weapons state to defend a non-nuclear allied state. The phrase is usually used in reference to the security alliances of the United States with Japan, South Korea, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (much of Europe, Turkey, Canada), and Australia, originating with the Cold War with the Soviet Union.

Nuclear test explosion

Nuclear prelamin A recognition factor

Nuclear symbol

Nuclear program of North Korea

Nuclear test-ban treaty

Nuclear power plants

Nuclear receptors

Nuclear weapons and the USA

Nuclear reactor core

The Nuclear receptor related 1 protein (NURR1) also known as NR4A2 (nuclear receptor subfamily 4, group A, member 2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NR4A2 gene. NURR1 is a member of the nuclear receptor family of intracellular transcription factors.NURR1 plays a key role in the maintenance of the dopaminergic system of the brain.

Nuclear weapons research

Nuclear weapon tests

Nuclear subdivision

Nuclear utilization target selection

Nuclear spaces

Nuclear powerplant

Nuclear weapons and Russia

Nuclear worker

Nucleas

Nuclear spying

Nuclear silo

Nuclease T'

Nuclear waste dump

Nuclear theme

Nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll

Nuclear weaponry

With the exception of mammals, all vertebrate organisms have hemoglobin-containing cells in their blood and all of these red blood cells contain a nucleus. Mammals represent ~5,500 named species out of ~66,000 vertebrate species, and within this ~8% subgroup, red blood cells are known as erythrocytes or RBCs and lack a cell nucleus in mature organisms. In contrast, a nucleated red blood cell (NRBC), also known by several other names, is a mammalian RBC that contains a cell nucleus.

Nuclear spy

Nuclear sexing is a technique for genetic sex determination in those species where XX chromosome pair is present. Nuclear sexing can be done by identifying Barr body, a drumstick like appendage located in the rim of the nucleus in somatic cells. Barr body is the inactive X chromosome which lies condensed in the nucleus of somatic cells. A typical human female has only one Barr body per somatic cell, while a typical human male has none.

Nuclear whistleblower

The nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll program was a series of 23 nuclear devices detonated by the United States between 1946 and 1958 at seven test sites on the reef itself, on the sea, in the air and underwater. The test weapons produced a combined fission yield of 42.2 Mt of explosive power.The United States was engaged in a Cold War Nuclear arms race with the Soviet Union to build bigger and better bombs from 1947 until 1991. The first series of tests over Bikini Atoll in July 1946 was code named Operation Crossroads. The first test was dropped from an aircraft and detonated 520 ft (160 m) above the target fleet. The second, Baker, was suspending under a barge. It produced a large Wilson cloud and contaminated all of the target ships. Chemist Glenn T. Seaborg, the longest-serving chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission, called the second test "the world's first nuclear disaster."The second series of tests in 1954 was codenamed Operation Castle. The first detonation, Castle Bravo, was a new design utilizing a dry fuel thermonuclear hydrogen bomb. It was detonated at dawn on March 1, 1954. Scientists miscalculated and the 15 megaton (Mt) nuclear explosion far exceeded the expected yield of 4 to 8 Mt (6 Mt predicted), and was about 1,000 times more powerful than each of the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II. The scientists and military authorities were shocked by the size of the explosion and many of the instruments they had put in place to evaluate the effectiveness of the device were destroyed.The military authorities and scientists had promised the Bikini Atoll's native residents that they would be able to return home after the nuclear tests. A majority of the island's family heads agreed to leave the island, and most of the residents were moved to the Rongerik Atoll and later to Kili Island. Both locations proved unsuitable to sustaining life, resulting in starvation and requiring the residents to receive ongoing aid.Despite the promises made by authorities, this and further nuclear tests (Redwing in 1956 and Hardtack in 1958) rendered Bikini unfit for habitation, contaminating the soil and water, making subsistence farming and fishing too dangerous. The United States later paid the islanders and their descendants $125 million in compensation for damage caused by the nuclear testing program and their displacement from their home island. As of 2014, it may be technically possible for the former residents and their descendents to live on the atoll's islands, but virtually none of those alive today have ever lived on the atoll and very few want to move there. A 2016 investigation found radiation levels on Bikini Atoll as high as 639 mrem yr−1, well above the established safety standard threshold for habitation of 100 mrem yr−1. However, in 2017, Stanford University scientists reported "an abundance of marine life apparently thriving in the crater of Bikini Atoll." Research is being undertaken on how marine organisms are surviving in a radiation-filled environment, which could lead to improved understanding of cancer and increased human longevity.

With the exception of mammals, all vertebrate organisms have hemoglobin-containing cells in their blood and all of these red blood cells contain a nucleus. Mammals represent ~5,500 named species out of ~66,000 vertebrate species, and within this ~8% subgroup, red blood cells are known as erythrocytes or RBCs and lack a cell nucleus in mature organisms. In contrast, a nucleated red blood cell (NRBC), also known by several other names, is a mammalian RBC that contains a cell nucleus. NRBCs occur in normal development as progenitor cells in the erythropoietic lineage and in pathological states.Normally, nucleated RBCs are found only in the circulation of fetuses and newborn infants. After infancy, RBCs normally only contain a nucleus during the very early stages of the cell's life, and the nucleus is ejected as a normal part of cellular differentiation before the cell is released into the bloodstream. Thus, if NRBCs are seen on an adult's peripheral blood smear, it suggests that there is a very high demand for the bone marrow to produce RBCs, and immature RBCs are being released into circulation. Possible pathologic causes include anemia, myelofibrosis, thalassemia, miliary tuberculosis, cancers involving bone marrow (myelomas, leukemias, lymphomas), and in chronic hypoxemia.

Nuclei pulvinares

Nuclear weapons delivery is the technology and systems used to place a nuclear weapon at the position of detonation, on or near its target. Several methods have been developed to carry out this task.Strategic nuclear weapons are used primarily as part of a doctrine of deterrence by threatening large targets, such as cities. Weapons meant for use in limited military maneuvers, such as destroying specific military, communications, or infrastructure targets, are known as tactical nuclear weapons.

Nuclear receptor subfamily 0, group B, member 1

Nuclear sector

Nuclear shell model

Nuclear sclerosis is an age-related change in the density of the crystalline lens nucleus that occurs in all older animals. It is caused by compression of older lens fibers in the nucleus by new fiber formation. The denser construction of the nucleus causes it to scatter light. Although nuclear sclerosis may describe a type of early cataract in human medicine, in veterinary medicine the term is also known as lenticular sclerosis and describes a bluish-grey haziness at the nucleus that usually does not affect vision, except for unusually dense cases. Immature senile cataract has to be differentiated with nuclear sclerosis while making its diagnosis.

Nuclear regulatory commission region IV

Nuclei of hypothalamus

Nucleated settlement

Nuclear safety in the U.S.

Nuclear refueling

Nucleate boiling is a type of boiling that takes place when the surface temperature is hotter than the saturated fluid temperature by a certain amount but where the heat flux is below the critical heat flux. For water, as shown in the graph below, nucleate boiling occurs when the surface temperature is higher than the saturation temperature (TS) by between 10 °C (18 °F) to 30 °C (54 °F). The critical heat flux is the peak on the curve between nucleate boiling and transition boiling. The heat transfer from surface to liquid is greater than that in film boiling.

Nuclear shaped charges refers to nuclear weapons that focus the energy of their explosion into certain directions, as opposed to a spherical explosion. Edward Teller referred to such concepts as third-generation weapons, the first generation being the atom bomb and the second the H-bomb.The basic concept has been raised on several occasions, with the first known references being part of the Project Orion nuclear-powered spacecraft project in the 1960s. This used beryllium oxide to convert the X-rays released by a small bomb into infrared light, which explosively vaporized a tamper material, normally tungsten, causing it to carry away much of the bomb's energy as kinetic energy in the form of tungsten plasma. The same concept was explored as a weapon in the Casaba Howitzer proposals.The ideas were explored by Los Alamos National Laboratory as part of the Strategic Defense Initiative.

Nucleating

Nuclear resonance fluorescence (NRF) is a nuclear process in which a nucleus absorbs and emits high-energy photons called gamma rays. NRF interactions typically take place above 1 MeV, and most NRF experiments target heavy nuclei such as uranium and thoriumThis process is used for scanning cargo for contraband. Its far more effective than just using x-rays because x-rays can only see the shape of the item in question. With nuclear resonance fluorescence its possible to see what the molecular structure is and thus, distinguish between salt and cocaine without even opening the container. (from National Geographic Magazine, February 2018, article: They Are Watching Us, by Robert Draper)

Nuclear weapons of India

Nuclear recognition sequence

Nuclear weapons in Canada

Nucleic acid heteroduplexes

Nuclear testing in space

Nuclease protection assay is a laboratory technique used in biochemistry and genetics to identify individual RNA molecules in a heterogeneous RNA sample extracted from cells. The technique can identify one or more RNA molecules of known sequence even at low total concentration. The extracted RNA is first mixed with antisense RNA or DNA probes that are complementary to the sequence or sequences of interest and the complementary strands are hybridized to form double-stranded RNA (or a DNA-RNA hybrid). The mixture is then exposed to ribonucleases that specifically cleave only single-stranded RNA but have no activity against double-stranded RNA. When the reaction runs to completion, susceptible RNA regions are degraded to very short oligomers or to individual nucleotides; the surviving RNA fragments are those that were complementary to the added antisense strand and thus contained the sequence of interest.

Nuclear power programme in Pakistan

Nuclear power plant emergency response team

Nuclear waste storage

Nuclear powered

A nuclear star cluster (NSC) or compact stellar nucleus (sometimes called young stellar nucleus) is a star cluster with high density and high luminosity near the center of mass of most galaxies.NSCs are the central massive objects of fainter, low-mass galaxies where supermassive black holes (SMBHs) are not present or are of negligible mass. In the most massive galaxies, NSCs are entirely absent. Some galaxies, including the Milky Way, are known to contain both a NSC and a SMBH of comparable mass.

Nuclear weapons and South Africa

Nuclear star cluster

Nuclear salt water rocket

Nuclear speckles

Nuclear terrorism refers to an act of terrorism in which a person or people belonging to a terrorist organization detonates a nuclear device. Some definitions of nuclear terrorism include the sabotage of a nuclear facility and/or the detonation of a radiological device, colloquially termed a dirty bomb, but consensus is lacking.

Nuclear scanning

Nuclear powered aircraft

In mathematics, a nuclear space is a topological vector space with many of the good properties of finite-dimensional vector spaces. The topology on them can be defined by a family of seminorms whose unit balls decrease rapidly in size. Vector spaces whose elements are "smooth" in some sense tend to be nuclear spaces; a typical example of a nuclear space is the set of smooth functions on a compact manifold.All finite-dimensional vector spaces are nuclear (because every operator on a finite-dimensional vector space is nuclear). There are no Banach spaces that are nuclear, except for the finite-dimensional ones. In practice a sort of converse to this is often true: if a "naturally occurring" topological vector space is not a Banach space, then there is a good chance that it is nuclear.Much of the theory of nuclear spaces was developed by Alexander Grothendieck while investigating the Schwartz kernel theorem and published in (Grothendieck 1955).

Nucleation particle

Nuclear yield

Nuclear weapon delivery systems

Nuclear weapons tests by North Korea

Nuclear weapons and the United States of America

Nuclear weapons delivery

Nuclear weapon effects

Nuclear terrorism refers to an act of terrorism in which a person or people belonging to a terrorist organization detonates a nuclear device. Some definitions of nuclear terrorism include the sabotage of a nuclear facility and/or the detonation of a radiological device, colloquially termed a dirty bomb, but consensus is lacking. In legal terms, nuclear terrorism is an offense committed if a person unlawfully and intentionally “uses in any way radioactive material … with the intent to cause death or serious bodily injury; or with the intent to cause substantial damage to property or to the environment; or with the intent to compel a natural or legal person, an international organization or a State to do or refrain from doing an act”, according to the 2005 United Nations International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism.The possibility of terrorist organizations using nuclear weapons (including those of a small size, such as those contained within suitcases) is something which is known of within U.S. culture, and at times previously discussed within the political settings of the U.S. It is considered plausible that terrorists could acquire a nuclear weapon. However, despite thefts and trafficking of small amounts of fissile material, all low-concern and less than Category III Special nuclear material (SNM), there is no credible evidence that any terrorist group has succeeded in obtaining Category I SNM, the necessary multi-kilogram critical mass amounts of weapons grade plutonium required to make a nuclear weapon.

A nuclear reactor core is the portion of a nuclear reactor containing the nuclear fuel components where the nuclear reactions take place and the heat is generated. Typically, the fuel will be low-enriched uranium contained in thousands of individual fuel pins. The core also contains structural components, the means to both moderate the neutrons and control the reaction, and the means to transfer the heat from the fuel to where it is required, outside the core.

Nuclei olivares inferiores

Nuclear shaped charges refers to nuclear weapons that focus the energy of their explosion into certain directions, as opposed to a spherical explosion. Edward Teller referred to such concepts as third-generation weapons, the first generation being the atom bomb and the second the H-bomb.The basic concept has been raised on several occasions, with the first known references being part of the Project Orion nuclear-powered spacecraft project in the 1960s.

Nuclear tests by North Korea

Nuclear utilisation target selection

Nuclei of the cranial nerves

Nuclear spent fuel

Nuclear weapons proliferation

Nuclear pumped laser

Nuclei of the solitary tracts

Nuclear threshold state

Nuclearity

Nuclear stress test

Nuclease T

Nuclear shelter

Nuclear power policy of the United States

Nuclear spectroscopy

Nuclear strong force

Nuclear waste site

Nuclear receptor related 1 protein

Nuclear sciences

Nuclear waste

Nucleic Acids Research

Nuclear rockets

Nuclear programme of Iran

Nuclear saltwater rocket

Nuclear reactors in Belgium

Nuclear threat

Nuclear prelamin A recognition factor like

Nuclear transparency

Nuclei campi perizonalis

Nuclear weapon ban

A nuclear weapons convention is a proposed multilateral treaty to outlaw nuclear weapons. This may include the possession, development, testing, production, stockpiling, transfer, use and threat of use of nuclear weapons, as well as provide for their elimination. It could be similar to existing conventions outlawing other categories of weapons, such as biological weapons, chemical weapons, anti-personnel mines and cluster bombs.

A nuclear salt-water rocket (NSWR) is a theoretical type of nuclear thermal rocket which was designed by Robert Zubrin. In place of traditional chemical propellant, such as that in a chemical rocket, the rocket would be fueled by salts of 20 percent enriched uranium or plutonium. The solution would be contained in a bundle of pipes coated in boron carbide (for its properties of neutron absorption).

Nuclear warheads

Nuclei of the motor cranial nerves

Nuclear testing

Nuclear valley

Nuclear test site

Nucleate boiling

Nucleic Acid Test

Nuclear safety and control act

Nucleariida

Nuclear structure

Nuclear safety systems

Nuclear reactor physics is the branch of science that deals with the study and application of chain reaction to induce a controlled rate of fission in a nuclear reactor for the production of energy. Most nuclear reactors use a chain reaction to induce a controlled rate of nuclear fission in fissile material, releasing both energy and free neutrons.

Nuclear weapon debate

Nuclear shaped charge

Nuclear weapons program of the Soviet Union

Nuclear weaponsman

Nuclear powered concept cars

Nuclear terror

Nuclear weapon test

Nuclear weapons in Libya

Nuclear receptor coregulators

Nucleic acid analogs

Nuclear reactor fuel

Since about 2001 the term nuclear renaissance has been used to refer to a possible nuclear power industry revival, driven by rising fossil fuel prices and new concerns about meeting greenhouse gas emission limits.In the 2009 World Energy Outlook, the International Energy Agency stated that:A nuclear renaissance is possible but cannot occur overnight.

Nuclear receptor subfamily 5, group A, member 1

Nucleated red blood cell

Nuclear technology in Canada

Nuclear safety

Nuclear researcher

Nuclear power plants in Russia

Nucleatide

Nucleate boiling is a type of boiling that takes place when the surface temperature is hotter than the saturated fluid temperature by a certain amount but where the heat flux is below the critical heat flux. For water, as shown in the graph below, nucleate boiling occurs when the surface temperature is higher than the saturation temperature (TS) by between 10 °C (18 °F) to 30 °C (54 °F). The critical heat flux is the peak on the curve between nucleate boiling and transition boiling.

Nuclear weapon state

Nuclear reactor physics is the branch of science that deals with the study and application of chain reaction to induce a controlled rate of fission in a nuclear reactor for the production of energy. Most nuclear reactors use a chain reaction to induce a controlled rate of nuclear fission in fissile material, releasing both energy and free neutrons. A reactor consists of an assembly of nuclear fuel (a reactor core), usually surrounded by a neutron moderator such as regular water, heavy water, graphite, or zirconium hydride, and fitted with mechanisms such as control rods that control the rate of the reaction.The physics of nuclear fission has several quirks that affect the design and behavior of nuclear reactors. This article presents a general overview of the physics of nuclear reactors and their behavior.

Nuclear tests

Nucleasas con dedos de zinc

Nuclear regulatory commission region four

Nuclear power station

Nucleation in Microcellular plastic is an important stage which decides the final cell size, cell density and cell morphology of the foam. In the recent past, numerous researchers have put their efforts in studying the cell nucleation phenomenon in microcellular polymers.Studies were performed with the ultrasound induced nucleation during microcellular foaming of Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene polymers. M.C.Guo studied nulceation under the shear action. As the shear got enhanced, the cell size diminished and thereby increased the cell density in the foam.

Nuclear renaissance

Nuclear sclerosis is an age-related change in the density of the crystalline lens nucleus that occurs in all older animals. It is caused by compression of older lens fibers in the nucleus by new fiber formation. The denser construction of the nucleus causes it to scatter light.

Nucleation in Microcellular plastic is an important stage which decides the final cell size, cell density and cell morphology of the foam. In the recent past, numerous researchers have put their efforts in studying the cell nucleation phenomenon in microcellular polymers.Studies were performed with the ultrasound induced nucleation during microcellular foaming of Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene polymers. M.C.Guo studied nulceation under the shear action.

Nuclear power stations in the UK

Nuclear weapons and Pakistan

Nuclear war

The nuclear receptor coactivator 3 also known as NCOA3 is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the NCOA3 gene. NCOA3 is also frequently called 'amplified in breast 1' (AIB1), steroid receptor coactivator-3 (SRC-3), or thyroid hormone receptor activator molecule 1 (TRAM-1).

Nuclear weapons in the Netherlands

Nucleation particles

Nuclear weapons and the UK

Nuclear tipped ballistic missile

A nuclear pumped laser is a laser pumped with the energy of fission fragments. The lasing medium is enclosed in a tube lined with uranium-235 and subjected to high neutron flux in a nuclear reactor core. The fission fragments of the uranium create excited plasma with inverse population of energy levels, which then lases. Other methods, e.g.

Nuclei mediani thalami

A nuclear run-on assay is conducted to identify the genes that are being transcribed at a certain time point. Approximately one million cell nuclei are isolated and incubated with labeled nucleotides, and genes in the process of being transcribed are detected by hybridization of extracted RNA to gene specific probes on a blot. Garcia-Martinez et al. (2004) developed a protocol for the yeast S.

Nuclear safety in the U. S.

A nuclear pumped laser is a laser pumped with the energy of fission fragments. The lasing medium is enclosed in a tube lined with uranium-235 and subjected to high neutron flux in a nuclear reactor core. The fission fragments of the uranium create excited plasma with inverse population of energy levels, which then lases. Other methods, e.g. the He-Ar laser, can use the He(n,p)H reaction, the transmutation of helium-3 in a neutron flux, as the energy source, or employing the energy of the alpha particles.This technology may achieve high excitation rates with small laser volumes.Some example lasing media:carbon dioxide3helium-argon3helium-krypton3helium-xenon

Nuclear radiation

Nuclei of the vestibular nerve

Nuclear weapons of Pakistan

Nucleic Acid Amplification

Nuclear rocket

Nuclear terrorism

Nuclear weapons and the United States

Nuclear weapon control treaties

Nuclear spies

Nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy is a synchrotron-based technique that probes vibrational energy levels. The technique, often called NRVS, is specific for samples that contain nuclei that respond to Mössbauer spectroscopy, most commonly iron. The method exploits the high resolution offered by synchrotron light sources, which enables the resolution of vibrational fine structure, especially those vibrations that are coupled to the position of the Fe centre(s). The method is popularly applied to problems in bioinorganic chemistry, materials science, and geophysics. A novel aspect of the method is the ability to determine the 3D-trajectory of iron atoms within vibrational modes, providing a unique appraisal of DFT-prediction accuracy. Other names for this method include nuclear inelastic scattering (NIS), nuclear inelastic absorption (NIA), nuclear resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (NRIXS), and phonon assisted Mössbauer effect.

Nuclear program of saudi arabia

Nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy

Nuclear timescale

Nuclear powered ship

Nuclear powered icebreaker

Nuclear strategies

Nucleic acid analogues

Nuclear space

Nuclear west central papuan languages

Nuclear space propulsion

Nuclei of cranial nerves

Nucleation site