Lexicography evolved in order to serve one of two needs i.e. in order to explain in a simple way difficult words and expressions or in order to explain the words and expressions of one language in another. In this case we can trace the tradition of lexicography in Irish back to the 8th century.

Irish filmmaker

Irish head of state from 1936-1949

Irish housing bubble

Irish grid reference system

Irish indentured servants were Irish people who became indentured servants in territories under the control of the British Empire, such as the Caribbean (particularly Barbados, Jamaica and the Leeward Islands), British North America and later Australia. Indentures agreed to provide up to seven years of labor in return for passage to the New World and food, housing, and shelter during their indenture. At the end of this period, their masters were legally required to grant them "freedom dues" in the form of either land or capital. Those transported unwillingly were not indentures. They were political prisoners, vagrants, or people who had been defined as "undesirable" by the English state. Penal transportation of Irish people was at its height during the 17th century, during the Cromwellian conquest and settlement of Ireland (1649-1653). During this period, thousands of Irish people were sent to the Caribbean, or "Barbadosed", against their will. Similar practices continued as late as the Victorian period, where Irish political prisoners were sent to imperial British penal colonies in Tasmania.. Indentures and transportees have been conflated, though they were distinct.

Irish games association

Irish immigration in Saint Kitts and Nevis began in the 1620s with the English settlement of the island, and continued into the 18th century.

Irish independence (disambiguation)

Irish lords

Irish film censor's office

The Irish language originated in Ireland and has historically been the dominant language of the Irish people. They took it with them to a number of other countries and in Scotland and the Isle of Man. It gave rise to Scottish Gaelic and Manx. An interest in the language has persisted among a minority in the diaspora countries, and even in countries where there was never a significant Irish presence. This has been shown in the founding of language classes (including some at tertiary level), in the use of the Internet, and in contributions to journalism and literature.

Irish for Luck

Irish folk music (1980-89)

Irish local elections, 1991

Irish general election, 1987

Irish genetics

Irish gaelic

Irish literary renaissance

Irish hare

Domestic goats in Ireland are generally used for the production of meat, milk and cheese. These goat breeds are typically modern and improved in type and became popular due to the intensification of agricultural practices. Goats in Ireland also exist in a feral state and these herds vary in their breed type. Herds can be made up of improved, modern breeds such as British Alpine, Toggenberg etc. They may meet the standards of native Old Irish Goats or be a mixture of breeds to varying degrees.

Irish famine

Irish folk music (1960 - 1969)

Irish embassy

Irish immigration to Saint Kitts and Nevis

Irish general election, 1982 (disambiguation)

Irish hussar

Irish gypsy

Irish in England

Irish local elections, 1955

Irish literary revival

Irish hunter

Irish famines

Irish in Great Britain

Irish immigrants came to the area around Syracuse, New York between 1776 and 1910. The Irish "Pioneers" came to Onondaga County from various parts of the Union. Some came directly from Ireland, many came from Canada and yet others came from countries to which they had previously emigrated. Like all Irish who settled across the nation, the early Irish settlers in the area came to escape hunger, bad soil, factional murders, repressive English landlords and the bleak future Ireland offered its working class in the 19th century.

Irish mafia

Irish junior football league systems

Irish emigration to England

Irish holocaust

Irish elections, 1922

Irish in New York

Irish hockey team

Irish intelligence agencies

Irish folk music

Irish general election 2007

Irish life and permanent group

Irish flat racing Champion Jockey

Irish folk music (2000 – 2009)

Irish folk music (1980–89)

The Irish in Omaha, Nebraska have constituted a major ethnic group throughout the history of the city, and continue to serve as important religious and leaders. They compose a large percentage of the local population. In 2000 62,349 of the city's 390,112 residents claimed Irish roots on the U.S. Census. The Irish were the third largest ethnic group in South Omaha in 1900, with 1,073 out of 26,001 residents claiming Irish ancestry. By 1909 that area of the city claimed 2,250 out of their 30,000 residents were of Irish descent.

Irish inventions and discoveries

Irish handball

Irish linen

Irish earldom

Irish emigration

Irish given name

Irish jump racing Champion Jockey

Irish immigration to Britain

Irish indentured servitude

Irish local elections, 1934

Irish general election, 1943

The 2009 Irish emergency budget refers to the delivery of an emergency government budget by the Government of Ireland on 7 April 2009, its second in six months. It was also the second overall budget to be delivered by Fianna Fáil's Brian Lenihan as Minister for Finance. The emergency budget announcement involved significant tax rises and a decrease in public spending. Prior to its unveiling, it was predicted to be the most severe budget in decades, with The Independent suggesting in its aftermath that it was the most severe in the country's history.

Irish election 2007

Irish in Barbados

Irish local elections, 1925

The term Irish Flute refers to a conical-bore, simple-system wooden flute of the type favoured by classical flautists of the early 19th century, or to a flute of modern manufacture derived from this design (often with modifications to optimize its use in Irish Traditional Music or Scottish Traditional Music). The vast majority of traditional Irish flute players use a wooden, simple-system flute. Although it was, and is, played in every county in Ireland, the flute has a very strong heartland in the mid-western counties of Roscommon, Leitrim and Sligo, with South Fermanagh, East Galway, Clare and West Limerick also having a reputation. It thrives in the river Shannon delta of Ireland, that is, in the counties adjacent or near to the river, or its lakes.

Irish marsh orchid

Irish folk

Irish invasions of Wales

The term Irish Flute refers to a conical-bore, simple-system wooden flute of the type favoured by classical flautists of the early 19th century, or to a flute of modern manufacture derived from this design (often with modifications to optimize its use in Irish Traditional Music or Scottish Traditional Music). The vast majority of traditional Irish flute players use a wooden, simple-system flute.

Irish jam

The Irish language (also known as Irish Gaelic) (Irish: Gaeilge) is a recognised minority language in Northern Ireland. The dialect spoken there is known as Ulster Irish. Protection for the Irish language in Northern Ireland stems largely from the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. According to the 2011 UK Census, in Northern Ireland 184,898 (10.65%) claim to have some knowledge of Irish, of whom 104,943 (6.05%) can speak the language to varying degrees. Some 4,130 people (0.2%) use Irish as their main home language.

Irish in Philadelphia

Irish intelligence

Irish in Boston

Irish hunger striker

Irish folk music (1900 – 1949)

Irish general election, 1922

Irish immigration to Barbados

Irish fiddlers

Ireland has no formal honours system. Proposals to introduce one have been made by various groups at different times. The Order of St. Patrick, established by the British monarchy in the Kingdom of Ireland in 1783, has been in abeyance for decades. The Constitution mandates that "Titles of nobility shall not be conferred by the State."

Irish folk music (1980 – 1989)

Irish ethnicity

Irish general election, 1951

Irish folk music (1900–49)

Irish general election, 1937

Irish immigration to Montserrat dates back to the 17th century during the period of plantation owners and slavery. Montserrat is a Caribbean island and overseas territory of the United Kingdom. It is also known as "The Emerald Isle of The Caribbean" due to the large population of people with Irish descent living there. Irish people first arrived to the island in 1632 and people of mixed race with Irish descent still live on the island.

Irish indentured servants were Irish people who became indentured servants in territories under the control of the British Empire, such as the Caribbean (particularly Barbados, Jamaica and the Leeward Islands), British North America and later Australia. Indentures agreed to provide up to seven years of labor in return for passage to the New World and food, housing, and shelter during their indenture. At the end of this period, their masters were legally required to grant them "freedom dues" in the form of either land or capital.

Irish folk music (1980 - 1989)

Irish ghillies

Irish kinship is a system of kinship terminology (descended from the original Celtic practices) which shows a bifurcate collateral pattern. This system is used by a minority of people living in the Gaeltacht regions of Ireland. Irish kinship terminology varies from English kinship as it focuses on gender and generation, with less emphasis on differentiating lineal vs. collateral.

Irish in Omaha

Irish general election, 1989

Irish fish

Irish kilt

Irish flu

The Irish donkey is a medium-sized breed of donkey native to Ireland. It was introduced to different parts of the UK including England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. In England the Irish donkey is found and kept in the New Forest by commoners and in The Donkey Sanctuary in Sidmouth as well as the Isle of Wight Donkey Sanctuary.

Irish lady's-tresses

Irish elections, 2014

Irish local elections, 2004

Irish genealogies

Irish insurrection of 1798

Irish history

Irish general election, 1982

Irish kiss

Irish folk music (1970–79)

Irish for Luck is a 1936 British comedy film directed by Arthur B. Woods and starring Athene Seyler, Margaret Lockwood and Patric Knowles. It was also known as Meet the Duchess. It was adapted from a novel by L.A.G. Strong. In the film, an impoverished Irish Duchess tries to survive on her small income. The film was made at Teddington Studios by the British subsidiary of Warner Brothers.

Irish local elections, 1899

Irish goodwill lunar displays

Irish football league

Irish genealogy

Irish general election, February 1982

Irish general election, June 1927

Irish general election, 1713

Irish local election, 1979

Irish football (disambiguation)

Irish daylight saving time

Irish local elections, 2014

Irish general election results

Irish general election, 1852

Irish jam sessions

Irish folk music (1950–59)

Irish folk music (1970-79)

Irish immigration

The Irish grid reference system is a system of geographic grid references used for paper mapping in Ireland (both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland). The Irish grid partially overlaps the British grid, and uses a similar co-ordinate system but with a meridian more suited to its westerly location.

Irish fifty pence (decimal coin)

Irish elections, 2014 (disambiguation)

Irish manual alphabet

Irish fiction

Irish half-crown coin

Irish heather

Irish fiddling

Irish local elections, 1999

Irish halfpenny coin

Irish general election, 1981

Irish folk music (1970 - 1979)

Irish folk music (1960 – 1969)

Irish lace

Irish immigration to Montserrat

Irish language (disambiguation)

Irish disestablishment

Irish fry

Irish indentured servants

Irish language revitalisation

Irish diplomatic missions

Irish manuscript 23 N 10

Irish football team

Irish defence forces

Irish ex-servicemen

Irish green

Irish declension

Irish jig

Irish general election, 1923

Irish farthing coin

Irish folk music (1500 – 1899)

Irish ferries

Irish deer

Irish hurling

The Popery Act (Penal Law) of 1704 required land held (typically in tenancy) by Roman Catholics to be divided equally between all a landholder's sons, both legitimate and illegitimate, on his death. This had formerly been normal under the law of gavelkind, a law abolished by the Dublin administration in 1604. Known assub-division, this inheritance practice continued by tradition until the middle of the 19th century. From the 1870s the practice arose of passing a holding to one child only, which with the benefits of the Irish Land Acts, meant that the survivors prospered.

Irish general election, 1982 (February)

Irish heath

Irish folk music (1500–1899)

Irish general election of 2011

The Popery Act (Penal Law) of 1704 required land held (typically in tenancy) by Roman Catholics to be divided equally between all a landholder's sons, both legitimate and illegitimate, on his death. This had formerly been normal under the law of gavelkind, a law abolished by the Dublin administration in 1604. Known assub-division, this inheritance practice continued by tradition until the middle of the 19th century. The growth of population inevitably caused subdivision. Population grew from a level of about 500,000 in 1000 AD to about 2 million by 1700, and 5 million by 1800. On the eve of the Great Famine the population of Ireland had risen to 8 million, most people living on ever-smaller farms and depending on the potato as a staple diet. By the 1840s, many farms had become so small that the only food source that could be grown in sufficient quantity to feed a family was potatoes. This was to have disastrous effects when, in the period 1847-50 a series of potato blight struck, making much of the potatoes grown inedible. This period came to be known as the Great Famine and led to the deaths of a million people. From the 1870s the practice arose of passing a holding to one child only, which with the benefits of the Irish Land Acts, meant that the survivors prospered. A secondary effect of the prohibition of sub-division was that other children, who would previously have inherited part of the family farm tenancy or married into a similar small farm, were forced to seek employment elsewhere. Many emigrated. Many entered religious life, as Roman Catholic priests, nuns or monks, such options becoming available due to a re-organisation of the Roman Catholic Church in Ireland under Cardinal Cullen from the 1850s. This influx of young people into the religious life, thanks to the disappearance of sub-division, in part explains the massive growth in clerical numbers in Ireland in the period. Irish landholdings underwent further massive change in the period between the 1880s and the 1930s when a series of Land Acts by the Irish Land Commission and Congested Districts Board for Ireland broke up the previous large estates from which tenant farmers rented property and who were empowered by British and (later) Irish government grants and loans to buy their farms instead of renting them.
* First Irish Land Act 1870: this had little if any practical effect.
* 1881 Irish Land Act: Gave tenants real security ("the Three Fs": Fair Rent, Fixity of Tenure and Free Sale). It was too little, too late: by this time the Irish were demanding full proprietorship.
* Wyndham's Land Purchase Act 1903: offered generous inducement to landlords to sell their estates to the Land Commission, which would then collect land annuities instead of rents.

Irish film industry

Irish general election, September 1927

Irish general election, November 1982

Irish emergency budget, 2009

Irish election results

Irish logarithm

Irish international rules

Irish general election, 1918

Irish folk music (1960–69)

Irish halfpenny (decimal coin)

Irish frogmen

Irish expatriate

Irish ex servicemen

Irish language revitalization

Irish harp

Irish life and permanent

Irish folk music (1950-59)

Irish marsh-orchid

Irish general election

Irish ivy

Irish elections 2007

Irish elections, 1921

Irish jaunting car

Irish expedition to Scotland

Irish heath is a common name for two closely related species of flowering plants in the heather family Ericaceae:-
* Daboecia cantabrica
* Erica erigena

Irish goat

Irish hunger strike

Irish general election, 1927 (September)

Irish elections, 2019

Irish kings

Irish general election 1981

Irish law

Irish hunger strikers

Irish holidays

Irish language revivalism

Irish isles

Irish kingdoms

Irish hip hop is the response to the hip hop cultural movement that originated in New York City in the 1970s which, at that time, was most popular with members of the African-American community. In the 1980s, breakdancing and graffiti were the first elements of hip hop culture to preface the Irish hip hop movement, which had started to emerge in Ireland.

Irish general election, 1761

Irish flag

Irish folk music (1950 - 1959)

Irish elections of 1921

Irish jokes

The Champion Jockey of flat racing in Ireland is the jockey who has ridden the most winning horses during a season. The list below shows the Champion Jockey for each year since 1950.

Irish elections, 2011 (disambiguation)

Irish folk song

The Irish manual alphabet is the manual alphabet used in Irish Sign Language. Compared with other manual alphabets based on the Latin alphabet, it has unusual forms for the letters G, K, L, P, and Q. Irish manual alphabet
* A
* B
* C
* D
* E
* F
* G
* H
* I
* J
* K
* L
* M
* N
* O
* P
* Q
* R
* S
* T
* U
* V
* W
* X
* Y
* Z

Irish folk music (1970 – 1979)

Irish in Wales

Irish fleabane

Irish folk music (1960-69)

Irish general election, 1783

Irish lace has always been an important part of the Irish needlework tradition. Both needlepoint and Bobbin-laces were made in Ireland before the middle of the eighteenth century, but never, apparently, on a commercial scale. It was promoted by Irish aristocrats such as Lady Arabella Denny, the famous philanthropist, who used social and political connections to support the new industry and promote the sale of Irish lace abroad. Lady Denny, working in connection with the Dublin Society, introduced lace-making into the Dublin workhouses, especially among the children there. It is thought that it was an early form of Crochet, imitating the appearance of Venetian Gros Point lace.

Irish in Saint Paul, Minnesota

Irish general election, 1948

Irish jam session

Irish language in Northern Ireland

The Irish galley was a vessel in use in the West of Ireland down to the seventeenth century, and was propelled both by oars and sail. In fundamental respects it resembled the Scottish galley or bìrlinn, their mutual ancestor being the Viking longship. Both the Irish and Scottish versions were colloquially known as "longa fada" (longships). The Irish galley was commonly an eight or twelve-oared vessel and was used for both warfare and trade. It was notable for its speed when rowed.

Irish in Saint Paul

Irish hip hop

Irish general election timetable

Irish language in Britain

Irish in the New York City metropolitan region

Irish drinking song

Irish famine of 1847

Irish general election, 1797

Irish independant

Irish folk music (2000–09)

Irish history 1801-1922

Irish life assurance

Irish embassy in London

Irish general election, 1933

Irish general elections

Irish gay marriage referendum, 2015

Irish mammals

Irish local elections, 1994

Irish general election, 1927 (disambiguation)

Irish hobby

Irish language Wikipedia

Irish folk music (1990 – 1999)

Irish donkey

Irish language revival

Irish european election, 2004

Irish experiment

Irish giant deer

Irish general election, 1954

Irish linen (Irish: Línéadach Éireannach) is the brand name given to linen produced in Ireland. Linen is cloth woven from, or yarn spun from the flax fibre, which was grown in Ireland for many years before advanced agricultural methods and more suitable climate led to the concentration of quality flax cultivation in northern Europe (Most of the world crop of quality flax is now grown in Northern France, Belgium and the Netherlands). Since about the 1950s to 1960s the flax fibre for Irish Linen yarn has been, almost exclusively, imported from France, Belgium and the Netherlands. It is bought by spinners who produce yarn and this, in turn, is sold to weavers (or knitters) who produce fabric. Irish linen spinning has now virtually ceased, yarns being imported from places such as the Eastern p

From the 16th to the 19th centuries, there was considerable Irish immigration to Puerto Rico for a number of reasons. During the 16th century, many Irishmen, who were known as "Wild Geese", escaped from forced service in the English Army and joined the Spanish Army. They did so either in Europe or when they could "jump ship" off the coast of Puerto Rico (whenever English ships came to trade or when the English Navy was engaged in attacks against the Spanish colonial forces on the island), at which time they joined the Spanish colonial army, mainly in San Juan. Many of these men who served in the Spanish colonial army in Puerto Rico remained in the service of Spain after their military service was completed and decided to stay on the island, most often sending for extended family members from Ireland or Spain. Some married local women. Field Marshal Alejandro O'Reilly and Colonel Tomás O'Daly, among other Irish military figures, were sent to Puerto Rico from Spain during the 18th century in order to improve the capital's fortifications. This led to an increase in Irish immigration as family members were brought to the island by these Irish serving in the Spanish colonial army. In 1797, the Spanish governor of Puerto Rico, Ramón de Castro, ordered the expulsion of the Irish from the island. This immediately led to protests from the Puerto Rican people since they had grown to respect the Irish immigrant community for their steadfast support of the island's residents. Almost all of those who temporarily fled during this time survived the witch hunt created by Governor de Castro and returned to live in Puerto Rico discreetly. The Spanish government enacted the Royal Decree of Graces (Real Cédula de Gracias) in 1815 to encourage European Catholics of non-Spanish origin to immigrate to the last two remaining Spanish possessions in the New World, Puerto Rico and Cuba. Spain hoped to blunt the nascent independence movements in both colonies by way of this measure. Many Irish who fled their homeland because of the Potato Famine of the 1840s (over one million people died as a result of this famine) immigrated to the United States. A significant number of them went to Puerto Rico after being turned away at American ports because of epidemic outbreaks on board the ships on which they sailed. Many of these Irish settlers were instrumental in the development of the island's hugely successful sugar industry. Said industry was vital to the growing local economy. After Puerto Rico was ceded to the United States by Spain as a consequence of the Spanish–American War in 1898, many US soldiers of Irish-American ancestry were stationed in the island. They met members of the population who were island-born and Irish-descended. These soldiers stayed in Puerto Rico where they were quickly incorporated into the Irish, non-Irish, and native communities throughout the island. The Irish influence in Puerto Rico is not limited to their contributions to the island's agricultural industry; they have also influenced the fields of education, the arts and sciences, and politics.

Irish election 2016

Irish local elections, 1950

Irish general election, 1927 (June)

Irish general election, 1982 (November)

Irish journal

Irish football

Irish florin coin

Irish galley

Irish flute

Irish lakes

Irish folk music (1900 - 1949)

Irish lower chamber

Irish in Omaha, Nebraska

The Irish Experiment is the popular name for the interest, primarily from VFL/AFL clubs, in bringing Irish Gaelic footballers over to Australia to play Australian rules football professionally. The AFL's focus on Gaelic footballers is due to the similarities between the sports. The Irish Experiment began in the mid-1980s as an informal project of the Melbourne Football Club. Despite its initial success, enthusiasm for the project lapsed until the 2000s, when it again became ongoing and currently increasing due to globalisation and professionalism in sport. The highest profile product of the experiment to date has been Medal of the Order of Australia and Brownlow Medal recipient Jim Stynes, who was an early recruit. Irishman Tadhg Kennelly was a key player in the Sydney Swans 2005 AFL Grand Final victory. The highest profile Gaelic footballer to sign an AFL contract is Tommy Walsh. Over the years the Irish experiment has attracted media and public interest in both Ireland and Australia.

Irish international football team

Irish heraldry is the forms of heraldry, such as coats of arms, in Ireland. Since 1 April 1943 it is regulated in the Republic of Ireland by the Office of the Chief Herald of Ireland and in Northern Ireland by Norroy and Ulster King of Arms. Prior to that heraldry on the whole island of Ireland was a function of the Ulster King of Arms, a crown office dating from 1552. Despite its name the Ulster King of Arms was based in Dublin.

Irish government

Irish litterature

Irish local elections, 1974

Irish gay marriage referendum

Irish legend

Irish immigration to Puerto Rico

Irish horse

Irish food

Irish local elections, 1945

Irish devolution

Irish language radio

Irish financial crisis

Irish folk music (1500-1899)

Irish fifty pence

Irish hobelar

Irish general election, 1992

Irish hat

Irish elections, 2011

Irish language preservation

Irish law (disambiguation)

Irish historiography

Irish folk music (1950 – 1959)

Irish local elections, 1928

Irish independence

Irish general election, 1982 (Feb)

Irish in Scotland

Irish local elections, 1942

Irish high-kingship

Irish heraldry

Irish home rule movement

Irish elections, 2019 (disambiguation)

Irish in Syracuse, New York

Irish language outside Ireland

Irish manuscripts

Irish folk music (2000 - 2009)

Irish local elections, 1985

Irish history students' association

Irish folk music (1990-99)

Irish home rule

Irish folks

Irish immigrants

Irish genealogy is the study of individuals and/or families who originated on the island of Ireland.

The Irish expedition to Scotland refers to a group of 2,000 troops that set sail from Ireland for Scotland in June 1644. Once in Scotland, they joined forces with the Royalist forces fighting the First English Civil War. The expedition was the result of an effort by King Charles I of England to enlist help from Irish Catholics in fighting Parliamentarian forces.

Irish hold'em

Irish government debt crisis

Irish language status

Irish lexicography

Irish economy

Irish local elections, 1967

Irish independent

Irish general election, 1921

Irish election 2011

Irish general election, 1938

The declension of Irish nouns, the definite article, and the adjectives is discussed on this page (for pronouns, see Irish morphology).

Irish general election, 1957

Irish legitimism

Irish lady's tresses

Irish geography

Irish exonyms

The Irish language originated in Ireland and has historically been the dominant language of the Irish people. They took it with them to a number of other countries and in Scotland and the Isle of Man. It gave rise to Scottish Gaelic and Manx. In the 19th century English became the more dominant language in Ireland, and Irish is currently used only by a minority of the population except in Gaeltacht areas where it has remained the primary language. Irish was the language that a large number of emigrants took with them from the 17th century (when large-scale emigration, forced or otherwise, became noticeable) to the 19th century. The Irish diaspora mainly settled in English-speaking countries, chiefly Britain and North America. In some instances the Irish language was retained for several generations. Argentina was the only non-English-speaking country to which the Irish went in large numbers, and those emigrants came in the 19th century from areas where Irish was already in retreat. An interest in the language has persisted among a minority in the diaspora countries, and even in countries where there was never a significant Irish presence. This has been shown in the founding of language classes (including some at tertiary level), in the use of the Internet, and in contributions to journalism and literature.

Irish legitimists

Irish laundry

Irish folk music (1990 - 1999)

Irish immigration to Barbados dates back to the 1620s, when Irish people began arriving on the island. The majority were emigrants, indentures, and merchants, though with an unknown number of political and convict transportees during the 1650s

Irish fauna

Irish hill

Irish folk music (1900-49)

Irish gauge

Irish film

The Champion Jockey of National Hunt racing in Ireland is the jockey who has ridden the most winning horses during a season. The list below shows the Champion Jockey for each year since 1947. The current champion, as of 2019, is Paul Townend.

Irish linen (Irish: Línéadach Éireannach) is the brand name given to linen produced in Ireland. Linen is cloth woven from, or yarn spun from the flax fibre, which was grown in Ireland for many years before advanced agricultural methods and more suitable climate led to the concentration of quality flax cultivation in northern Europe (Most of the world crop of quality flax is now grown in Northern France, Belgium and the Netherlands). Since about the 1950s to 1960s the flax fibre for Irish Linen yarn has been, almost exclusively, imported from France, Belgium and the Netherlands. It is bought by spinners who produce yarn and this, in turn, is sold to weavers (or knitters) who produce fabric. Irish linen spinning has now virtually ceased, yarns being imported from places such as the Eastern part of the European Union and China. Weaving continues mainly of plain linens for niche, top of the range, apparel uses. Linen damask weaving in Ireland has less capacity, and it is confined at very much the top end of the market for luxury end uses. Companies including Thomas Ferguson & Co Ltd continue to weave in Ireland tend to concentrate on the quality end of the market, and Jacquard weaving is moving towards the weaving of specials and custom damask pieces, made to the customers' own individual requirements. Fabric which is woven outside Ireland and brought to Ireland to be bleached/dyed and finished cannot carry the Irish Linen Guild logo, which is the Guild trademark, and signifies the genuine Irish Linen brand. The Irish Linen Guild has defined Irish linen as yarn which is spun in Ireland from 100% flax fibres. Irish linen fabric is defined as fabric which is woven in Ireland from 100% linen yarns. It is not required that every stage from the growing of the flax to the weaving must take place in Ireland. To be Irish linen fabric the yarns do not necessarily have to come from an Irish spinner, and to be Irish linen (yarn) the flax fibre does not have to be grown in Ireland. However, the skills, craftsmanship, and technology that go into spinning the yarn must be Irish, as is the case with Irish linen fabric; where the design and weaving skills must be Irish, and all of such must take place in Ireland. Finished garments, or household textile items can be labelled Irish linen, although they may have been made up in another country. Irish linen does not refer to the making up process (such as cutting and sewing). It refers to where the constituent fabric was woven or knitted.

Irish labour

Irish initial consonant mutations

The Irish Experiment is the popular name for the interest, primarily from VFL/AFL clubs, in bringing Irish Gaelic footballers over to Australia to play Australian rules football professionally. The AFL's focus on Gaelic footballers is due to the similarities between the sports. The Irish Experiment began in the mid-1980s as an informal project of the Melbourne Football Club. Despite its initial success, enthusiasm for the project lapsed until the 2000s, when it again became ongoing and currently increasing due to globalisation and professionalism in sport.

Irish drinking song (disambiguation)

Irish local elections, 1960

From the 16th to the 19th centuries, there was considerable Irish immigration to Puerto Rico for a number of reasons. During the 16th century, many Irishmen, who were known as "Wild Geese", escaped from forced service in the English Army and joined the Spanish Army. They did so either in Europe or when they could "jump ship" off the coast of Puerto Rico (whenever English ships came to trade or when the English Navy was engaged in attacks against the Spanish colonial forces on the island), at which time they joined the Spanish colonial army, mainly in San Juan.

Irish general election 1944

Irish legends

Irish inventions

Irish honours system

Irish debt crisis

Irish highkingship

Irish dialects

Irish language in Canada

Irish fifty pence coin

Irish emigrant

Irish joke

Irish local elections, 1979

Irish film archive

Irish lore

Irish elections

Irish film censors office

Irish famine (disambiguation)

Irish five pence (decimal coin)

Irish ex soldiers

Irish independence war

Irish marriage equality referendum, 2015

Irish farm subdivision

Irish majuscule

Irish in New York City

Irish free state

Irish folk music (1500 - 1899)

Irish expedition to Scotland 1644

Irish folk songs

Irish general election, 1927

Irish local elections, 1920

Irish fiddle playing

Irish football league system

Irish health care

Irish league

The Irish galley was a vessel in use in the West of Ireland down to the seventeenth century, and was propelled both by oars and sail. In fundamental respects it resembled the Scottish galley or bìrlinn, their mutual ancestor being the Viking longship. Both the Irish and Scottish versions were colloquially known as "longa fada" (longships). The Irish galley was commonly an eight or twelve-oared vessel and was used for both warfare and trade. It was notable for its speed when rowed. Conventional galleys were being built in a number of Irish ports in the fourteenth century, and were even commissioned by the Crown. The use of such oared vessels in Northern Europe, in contrast to the Mediterranean, had greatly declined by the sixteenth century; their survival in the west of Ireland, as in the Scottish Isles, was facilitated by very local conditions, among them the ready availability of bays and islands.

Irish general election, 1932

Irish election 2011 (disambiguation)

Irish font

Irish kinship

Irish general election, 1944