Instrument mechanics in engineering are tradesmen who specialize in installing, troubleshooting, and repairing instrumentation, automation and control systems. The term instrument mechanic came about because it was a combination of light mechanical and specialised instrumentation skills. The term is still is used in certain industries; predominantly in industrial process control.

Instrument of Degradation

Instrument effect

Instructor

Instrumentality (disambiguation)

Instructor-assisted deployment

Instrumentals Vol. 1

Instrument of Government (Sweden)

Instrumental Variable Estimation

Instrumental Variable

An instrumentation (or instrumentational) amplifier is a type of differential amplifier that has been outfitted with input buffer amplifiers, which eliminate the need for input impedance matching and thus make the amplifier particularly suitable for use in measurement and test equipment. Additional characteristics include very low DC offset, low drift, low noise, very high open-loop gain, very high common-mode rejection ratio, and very high input impedances.

Instrument of Surrender of Germany

Instrumental Assassination

Instrumental Album: The Rising Tied

Instrument Physical Modeling group

Instrument mallet

The instrument effect is an issue in experimental methodology meaning that any change during the measurement, or, the instrument, may influence the research validity. For example, in a control group design experiment, if the instruments used to measure the performance of the experiment group and the control group are different, a wrong conclusion about the experiment would be reached, the research result would be invalid.

Instrument Systems Corporation

Instrumental Asylum is an EP by Manfred Mann, released in 1966. The EP is a 7-inch vinyl record and released in mono with the catalogue number His Master's Voice-EMI 7EG 8949.

The Instrument of Government of 1719 (Swedish: 1719 års regeringsform) adopted on 21 February 1719 by the Riksdag of the Estates was one of the fundamental laws that made up the constitution of Sweden from 1719 to 1772.

Instrument Flight Regulations

The Instructions of Shuruppak (or, Instructions of Šuruppak son of Ubara-tutu) are a significant example of Sumerian wisdom literature. Wisdom literature, intended to teach proper piety, inculcate virtue, and preserve community standards, was common throughout the ancient Near East. The text is set in great antiquity by its incipit: "In those days, in those far remote times, in those nights, in those faraway nights, in those years, in those far remote years." The precepts are placed in the mouth of a king Šuruppak (SU.KUR.RUki), son of Ubara-Tutu. Ubara-Tutu is recorded in most extant copies of the Sumerian king list as being the final king of Sumer prior to the deluge. Grouped with the other cuneiform tablets from Abu Salabikh, the Instructions date to the early third millennium BC, being among the oldest surviving literature.The text consists of admonitory sayings of Šuruppak addressed to his son and eventual flood hero Ziusudra (Akkadian: Utnapishtin). Otherwise named as one of the five antediluvian cities in the Sumerian tradition, the name "Šuruppak" appears in one manuscript of the Sumerian King List (WB-62, written SU.KUR.LAM) where it is interpolated as an additional generation between Ubara-Tutu and Ziusudra, who are in every other instance father and son. Lambert reports that it has been suggested the interpolation may have arisen through an epithet of the father ("man of Shuruppak") having been taken wrongly for a proper name. However, this epithet, found in the Gilgamesh XI tablet, is a designation applied to Utnapishtim, not his father.The Abu Salabikh tablet, dated to the mid-third millennium BC, is the oldest extant copy, and the numerous surviving copies attest to its continued popularity within the Sumerian/Akkadian literary canons.Counsels in the three conjoined lists are pithy, occupying one to three lines of cuneiform. Some counsel is purely practical: You should not locate a field on a road; .... You should not make a well in your field: people will cause damage on it for you. (lines 15–18). Moral precepts are followed by the negative practical results of transgression: You should not play around with a married young woman: the slander could be serious. (lines 32–34). Community opinion and the possibility of slander (line 35) play a major role, whether the valued opinion of "the courtyard" (line 62) or the less valued opinion of the marketplace, where insults and stupid speaking receive the attention of the land. (line 142).

Instructions of Amenemhat (aka "Teaching of King Ammenemes I to His Son Sesostris") is a short ancient Egyptian poem of the sebayt genre written during the early Middle Kingdom. The poem takes the form of an intensely dramatic monologue delivered by the ghost of the murdered 12th Dynasty pharaoh Amenemhat I to his son Senusret I. It describes the conspiracy that killed Amenemhat, and enjoins his son to trust no-one. The poem forms a kind of apologia of the deeds of the old king's reign. It ends with an exhortation to Senusret to ascend the throne and rule wisely in Amenemhat's stead.

Instrumentals (Lil Rob album)

Instrument Landing System

Instrumentation is a collective term for measuring instruments used for indicating, measuring and recording physical quantities, and has its origins in the art and science of scientific instrument-making.The term instrumentation may refer to a device or group of devices used for direct reading thermometers or, when using many sensors, may become part of a complex industrial control system in such as manufacturing industry, vehicles and transportation.

Instructions of Amenemhat (aka "Teaching of King Ammenemes I to His Son Sesostris") is a short ancient Egyptian poem of the sebayt genre written during the early Middle Kingdom. The poem takes the form of an intensely dramatic monologue delivered by the ghost of the murdered 12th Dynasty pharaoh Amenemhat I to his son Senusret I. It describes the conspiracy that killed Amenemhat, and enjoins his son to trust no-one. The poem forms a kind of apologia of the deeds of the old king's reign.

Instrumental variable estimation

Instrument-switch

Instrument of Surrender

Instrument for Structural Policies for Pre-Accession (ISPA) is one of the three financial instruments of the European Union (along with Phare and SAPARD) to assist the candidate countries in the preparation for accession. It provides assistance for infrastructure projects in the EU priority fields of environment and transport.For the period 2000-2006, EUR 1,040 million a year (at 1999 prices) has been made available for this instrument.

Instrumental Tourist

Instrumentals is the debut album by The Nels Cline Singers led by American guitarist Nels Cline which was released in March 2002 on the Cryptogramophone label.

Instrument (album)

Instructions

Instrument error refers to the combined accuracy and precision of a measuring instrument, or the difference between the actual value and the value indicated by the instrument (error). Measuring instruments are usually calibrated on some regular frequency against a standard. The most rigorous standard is one maintained by a standards organization such as NIST in the United States, or the ISO in European countries. However, in physics—precision, accuracy, and error are computed based upon the instrument and the measurement data. Precision is to 1/2 of the granularity of the instrument's measurement capability. Precision is limited to the number of significant digits of measuring capability of the coarsest instrument or constant in a sequence of measurements and computations. Error is ± the granularity of the instrument's measurement capability. Error magnitudes are also added together when making multiple measurements for calculating a certain quantity. When making a calculation from a measurement to a specific number of significant digits, rounding (if needed) must be done properly. Accuracy might be determined by making multiple measurements of the same thing with the same instrument, and then calculating the result with a certain type of math function, or it might mean for example, a five pound weight could be measured on a scale and then the difference between five pounds and the measured weight could be the accuracy. The second definition makes accuracy related to calibration, while the first definition does not.

Instrumental variables

Instrumental guitar

Instrumental TransCommunication

Instrumentals

Instrumental Conditioning

Instrument rating

Instrumentals was released September 13, 2005 by Delicious Vinyl Records. It contains the instrumental tracks of songs by The Pharcyde found in their debut album Bizarre Ride II the Pharcyde and its follow up release Labcabincalifornia.

In music, an instrumental solo piece (from the Italian: solo, meaning alone) is a composition, like an étude, solo sonata, partita, solo suite or impromptus, or an arrangement, written to be played by a single performer. The performer is a soloist.The instrumental solo pieces can be monophonic or polyphonic.

Instrument rating qualifies a pilot to fly under instrument flight rules (IFR). It requires specific training beyond what is required for a private pilot certificate or commercial pilot certificate.

Instrument Neutral Distributed Interface

Instrument landing system

The Instrument of Government of 1634 was Sweden's first constitution adopted on 29 July 1634. It regulated some of the administration, judiciary and the military. It was never accepted by the monarch but was nonetheless in use until Charles XI formally established an absolute monarchy in Sweden. The Riksdag of the Estates confirmed his power in 1693 by officially proclaiming that the king was the sole ruler of Sweden effectively nullifying the constitution.

Instructions of Amenemopet

Instrumental-comitative case

Instrumental Collection: The Shrapnel Years is a compilation album by guitarist/vocalist Richie Kotzen, including instrumental songs from several albums through his career.

Instrumentalschik Bishkek

Instrument (film)

Instrument of torture

Instructions for an Armed Uprising, written in 1866 by Auguste Blanqui, is a tract on revolutionary theory and a practical manual for staging an armed rebellion. It outlines the use of cadres, or ten-person clandestine militant cells, which operate autonomously of each other as a vanguard for the overthrow of a government.

Instrument of Abdication

Instrument Trainer

Instrument-switching is a practice of live musicians in which musicians trade their instruments and perform with an instrument with which they are usually not associated. Instrument switches are usually employed to entertain the audience and demonstrate the band's proficiency.Many bands have employed instrument switches in their live performances; some of the best-known are Dream Theater (as Nightmare Cinema), Los Xochimilcas, Korn, Metallica, Green Day, Weezer, The Band, Phish, Sum 41 (as Pain for Pleasure), Liquid Tension Experiment and Queens of the Stone Age (Alain Johannes and Josh Homme would swap instruments during the Lullabies to Paralyze tour).The Talking Heads song "This Must Be the Place (Naive Melody)" was so named because every member of the band played an instrument normally unfamiliar to them. An example of this performance is seen in the Jonathan Demme movie Stop Making Sense.

Instrument control consists of connecting a desktop instrument to a computer and taking measurements.

Instrumental Driving Music for Felons

Instrument noun

Instrument driver

The Instrument of Government of 1719 (Swedish: 1719 års regeringsform) adopted on 21 February 1719 by the Riksdag of the Estates was one of the fundamental laws that made up the constitution of Sweden from 1719 to 1772. It came about after the succession crisis which occurred after the death of Charles XII of Sweden, when the monarch died childless during the Great Northern War, leaving two potential heirs: his sister Ulrica Eleonora of Sweden, and his nephew Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp. The constitution was a result of the agreement made between Ulrica Eleonora and the Riksdag of the Estates, were the latter acknowledged her as queen regnant in exchange for signing a new constitution of reduced royal power and introduction of a parliamentarian system. The Instrument of Government of 1719 was only revised to a very small extent in the following Instrument of Government (1720), and it can therefore said to be in effect during the entire Age of Liberty, and represent the political system in Sweden until the Swedish Constitution of 1772.The Instrument of Government of 1719 abolished the Carolinian absolute monarchy with a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, were the monarch shared his/her power with the parliament referred to as the Riksdag of the Estates. The Riksdag of the Estates consisted of the estates of the nobility, clergy, burghers and the peasantry, which were elected by those eligible to vote. Also women were in fact granted limited suffrage, providing they were taxpaying guild members of legal majority. The Government was referred to as the Royal Council. It consisted of 16 members, from the first three estates of the Riksdag. The members were appointed by the Riksdag: each of the first three estates appointed three candidates for the cabinet posts of government to the monarch, who were then allowed to select his/her preferred candidate among the three. During the votes among the members of government, every member had one vote each, while the monarch had two.

Instrument conditions

Instrumental value conditionality

Instructions of Any

Instrument error

The Instrument of the Primum Mobile is also called the quadrant of Petrus Apianus, because he invented it and described it in the treatise Instrumentum primi mobilis (Nuremberg, 1524). The instrument is used to find sines and cosines. It bears the initials "F.E.D.P.F." [Frater Egnatius Dantis Predicatorum Fecit]. Ignazio Danti dedicated it to Cosimo I de' Medici, as attested by the Medici coat of arms engraved on the front. The instrument was depicted on the ceiling of the Stanzino delle Matematiche in the Uffizi Gallery.

An Instrument Rating is required for a pilot to fly under instrument flight rules (IFR). In the United States, the rating is issued by the Federal Aviation Administration.

Instrumental Quarter

Instrument meteorological conditions

Instrument Panel

Instrument Physical Modeling Group

Instrumentalists

Instrumental analysis

Instructions of 1813

Instrumentation Laboratory

Instructions Not Included

Instrument (disambiguation)

Instrumental Analysis

Instrument-landing system

Instrument Neutral Distributed Interface (INDI) is a distributed control system (DCS) protocol to enable control, data acquisition and exchange among hardware devices and software front ends, emphasizing astronomical instrumentation.

Instrumental music

Instrument mechanic

Instrument maker (disambiguation)

Instrumental Collection: The Shrapnel Years

Instructions of Amenemhet

An instrumentation (or instrumentational) amplifier is a type of differential amplifier that has been outfitted with input buffer amplifiers, which eliminate the need for input impedance matching and thus make the amplifier particularly suitable for use in measurement and test equipment. Additional characteristics include very low DC offset, low drift, low noise, very high open-loop gain, very high common-mode rejection ratio, and very high input impedances. Instrumentation amplifiers are used where great accuracy and stability of the circuit both short and long-term are required.Although the instrumentation amplifier is usually shown schematically identical to a standard operational amplifier (op-amp), the electronic instrumentation amp is almost always internally composed of 3 op-amps. These are arranged so that there is one op-amp to buffer each input (+,−), and one to produce the desired output with adequate impedance matching for the function.The most commonly used instrumentation amplifier circuit is shown in the figure. The gain of the circuit is V o u t V 2 − V 1 = ( 1 + 2 R 1 R g a i n ) R 3 R 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {V_{\mathrm {out} }}{V_{2}-V_{1}}}=\left(1+{2R_{1} \over R_{\mathrm {gain} }}\right){R_{3} \over R_{2}}} The rightmost amplifier, along with the resistors labelled R 2 {\displaystyle R_{\text{2}}} and R 3 {\displaystyle R_{\text{3}}} is just the standard differential amplifier circuit, with gain = R 3 / R 2 {\displaystyle R_{\text{3}}/R_{\text{2}}} and differential input resistance = 2· R 2 {\displaystyle R_{\text{2}}} . The two amplifiers on the left are the buffers. With R gain {\displaystyle R_{\text{gain}}} removed (open circuited), they are simple unity gain buffers; the circuit will work in that state, with gain simply equal to R 3 / R 2 {\displaystyle R_{\text{3}}/R_{\text{2}}} and high input impedance because of the buffers. The buffer gain could be increased by putting resistors between the buffer inverting inputs and ground to shunt away some of the negative feedback; however, the single resistor R gain {\displaystyle R_{\text{gain}}} between the two inverting inputs is a much more elegant method: it increases the differential-mode gain of the buffer pair while leaving the common-mode gain equal to 1. This increases the common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) of the circuit and also enables the buffers to handle much larger common-mode signals without clipping than would be the case if they were separate and had the same gain. Another benefit of the method is that it boosts the gain using a single resistor rather than a pair, thus avoiding a resistor-matching problem, and very conveniently allowing the gain of the circuit to be changed by changing the value of a single resistor. A set of switch-selectable resistors or even a potentiometer can be used for R gain {\displaystyle R_{\text{gain}}} , providing easy changes to the gain of the circuit, without the complexity of having to switch matched pairs of resistors.The ideal common-mode gain of an instrumentation amplifier is zero. In the circuit shown, common-mode gain is caused by mismatch in the resistor ratios R 2 / R 3 {\displaystyle R_{\text{2}}/R_{\text{3}}} and by the mis-match in common mode gains of the two input op-amps. Obtaining very closely matched resistors is a significant difficulty in fabricating these circuits, as is optimizing the common mode performance.An instrumentation amp can also be built with two op-amps to save on cost, but the gain must be higher than two (+6 dB).Instrumentation amplifiers can be built with individual op-amps and precision resistors, but are also available in integrated circuit form from several manufacturers (including Texas Instruments, Analog Devices, Linear Technology and Maxim Integrated Products). An IC instrumentation amplifier typically contains closely matched laser-trimmed resistors, and therefore offers excellent common-mode rejection. Examples include AD8221, MAX4194, LT1167 and INA128.Instrumentation Amplifiers can also be designed using "Indirect Current-feedback Architecture", which extend the operating range of these amplifiers to the negative power supply rail, and in some cases the positive power supply rail. This can be particularly useful in single-supply systems, where the negative power rail is simply the circuit ground (GND). Examples of parts utilizing this architecture are MAX4208/MAX4209 and AD8129/AD8130.Feedback-free instrumentation amplifier is the high input impedance differential amplifier designed without the external feedback network. This allows reduction in the number of amplifiers (one instead of three), reduced noise (no thermal noise is brought on by the feedback resistors) and increased bandwidth (no frequency compensation is needed). Chopper stabilized (or zero drift) instrumentation amplifiers such as the LTC2053 use a switching input front end to eliminate DC offset errors and drift.

Instructions of Cormac

In the Finnish language, the instructive case has the basic meaning of "by means of". It is a comparatively rarely used case, though it is found in some commonly used expressions, such as omin silmin → "with one's own eyes".In modern Finnish, many of its instrumental uses are being superseded by the adessive case, as in "minä matkustin junalla" → "I travelled by train."It is also used with Finnish verbal second infinitives to mean "by ...ing", e.g. "lentäen" → "by flying", "by air" ("lentää" = "to fly").In Estonian, the instructive case (Estonian: viisiütlev) also exists, but only in some words. (f.e: "jalgsi" - "on foot", from "jalg" - foot)In Turkish, the suffix -le is used for this purpose. Ex: Trenle geldim "I came via train".

Instructions per second per watt

Instruktsiya po Vyzhivaniyu (Instructions for Survival in English) are a Russian rock band from Tyumen, formed in 1985 by Miroslav Nemirov.

Instrument (To Rococo Rot album)

Instrumental technique

Instructions per second (IPS) is a measure of a computer's processor speed. For CISC computers different instructions take different amounts off time, so the value measured depends on the instruction mix; even for comparing processors in the same family the IPS measurement can be problematical..

Instrumental Music

Instrumentals (mixtape)

Instrument transformers are high accuracy class electrical devices used to isolate or transform voltage or current levels. The most common usage of instrument transformers is to operate instruments or metering from high voltage or high current circuits, safely isolating secondary control circuitry from the high voltages or currents. The primary winding of the transformer is connected to the high voltage or high current circuit, and the meter or relay is connected to the secondary circuit.Instrument transformers may also be used as an isolation transformer so that secondary quantities may be used in phase shifting without affecting other primary connected devices.

Instruktsiya po vyzhivaniyu (Russian: Инструкция по выживанию, Instructions for Survival) is the 17th album by the Russian punk band Grazhdanskaya Oborona, released in 1990. It was their final album before their break up a week later (they played their final concert in Tallinn on the 13th of April, 9 days after the album was mixed), but they reformed in 1993.The album's songs are covers of songs by the band Instruktsiya po Vyzhivaniyu. The songs were written between 1986 and 1989.

Instructions for the Cook

Instrumentals is an album by rapper Lil Rob.

Instrumental Conception of Technology

Instrumental Album: The Rising Tied is the debut instrumental studio album of hip hop ensemble Fort Minor, the side project by Linkin Park rapper Mike Shinoda. The album was released on January 1, 2005 through Warner Bros. Records and Shinoda's label Machine Shop Recordings. The album was released almost a year before the release of his debut studio album, The Rising Tied. It failed to charts for several occasions.Shinoda handled production for the album.

Instructions of Amenemope

Instrumental transcommunication

Instrumental intensity

Instructions per second (IPS)

Instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) is an aviation flight category that describes weather conditions that require pilots to fly primarily by reference to instruments, and therefore under instrument flight rules (IFR), rather than by outside visual references under visual flight rules (VFR). Typically, this means flying in cloudy or bad weather.

Instructions Per Cycle

Instrument Rating in the United States

Instrument range

Instrumentation engineering

Instrumental and value-rational action

Instrumental Quarter is an Italian instrumental post-rock band, formed in 1999 in Cuneo.

Instrumentation in petrochemical industries basically consists of flow meters, pressure transmitters, level sensors, temperature sensors, and analysis instruments.

Instrument is the eighth studio album by German band To Rococo Rot. It was released in July 2014 under City Slang Records.

Instrument flight

Instrumental Assassination is a 1966 jazz-rock EP by Manfred Mann, produced by Shel Talmy and released by Fontana Records (TE17483). Mann reported that the group "loved it" and the producer was "particularly pleased": Fontana's Jack Baverstock found it full of ideas, humour and new thinking, but the EP sold poorly and was re-released in its entirety on the 1968 Fontana compilation album What A Mann.

Instrument Approach Procedure

Instrument Society of America

Instructor operating station

Instruktsiya po Vyzhivaniyu

Instrument transformer

Instructions Not Included (original Spanish title: No se aceptan devoluciones, literally Refunds not accepted) is a 2013 Mexican comedy-drama film co-written, directed by, and starring Eugenio Derbez.

The Instrument of Government was a constitution of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland. Drafted by Major-General John Lambert in 1653, it was the first sovereign codified and written constitution in England.

Instrument of the Primum Mobile

Instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) is an aviation flight category that describes weather conditions that require pilots to fly primarily by reference to instruments, and therefore under instrument flight rules (IFR), rather than by outside visual references under visual flight rules (VFR). Typically, this means flying in cloudy or bad weather. Pilots sometimes train to fly in these conditions with the aid of products like Foggles, specialized glasses that restrict outside vision, forcing the student to rely on instrument indications only.The weather conditions required for flight under VFR are known as visual meteorological conditions (VMC). IMC and VMC are mutually exclusive. In fact, instrument meteorological conditions are defined as less than the minima specified for visual meteorological conditions. The boundary criteria between VMC and IMC are known as the VMC minima. There is also a concept of "marginal VMC", which are certain conditions above VMC minima, which are fairly close to one or more of the VMC minima.With good visibility, pilots can determine the aircraft attitude by utilising visual cues from outside the aircraft, most significantly the horizon. Without such external visual cues, pilots must use an internal source of the attitude information, which is usually provided by gyroscopically-driven instruments such as the attitude indicator ("artificial horizon"). The availability of a good horizon cue is controlled by meteorological visibility, hence minimum visibility limits feature in the VMC minima. Visibility is also important to avoid terrain.Because the basic traffic avoidance principle of flying under visual flight rules (VFR) is to "see and avoid", it follows that distance from clouds is an important factor in the VMC minima: as aircraft flying in clouds cannot be seen, a buffer zone from clouds is required (to provide for time to react to an aircraft exiting the clouds).ICAO recommends the VMC minima internationally; they are defined in national regulations, which rarely significantly vary from ICAO. The main variation is in the units of measurement as different states use different units of measurement in aviation. The minima tend to be stricter in controlled airspace, where there is a lot of traffic therefore greater visibility and cloud clearance is desirable. The degree of separation provided by air traffic control is also a factor. For example, in class A and B airspace where all aircraft are provided with positive separation, the VMC minima feature visibility limits only, whereas in classes C–G airspace where some or all aircraft are not separated from each other by air traffic control, the VMC minima also feature cloud separation criteria.It is important not to confuse IMC with IFR (instrument flight rules) – IMC describes the actual weather conditions, while IFR describes the rules under which the aircraft is flying. Aircraft can (and often do) fly IFR in clear weather, for operational reasons or when flying in airspace where flight under VFR is not permitted; indeed by far the majority of commercial flights are operated solely under IFR.It is possible to be flying VFR in conditions that are legally considered VMC and have to rely on flight instruments for attitude control because there is no distinct external horizon, for example, on a dark night over water (which may create a so-called black hole effect) or a clear night with lights on the water and stars in the sky looking the same.

Instructor-led training

Instrumentales con Al Hurricane

Instrumentation and control

In theatrical productions, an instrument schedule is a listing of all the lighting instruments and information about them used in a show. The instruments are organized by their position on-stage, and is the distinguishing characteristic between an instrument schedule and a channel hookup or similar paperwork.

Instrumental Intensity

Instrument cluster

Instrumental negative value

Instrumentation is defined as the art and science of measurement and control of the process variables within a production or manufacturing area. The process variables used in industries are Level, Pressure, Temperature, Humidity, Flow, pH, Force, Speed etc. Control engineering or control systems engineering is the engineering discipline that applies control theory to design systems with desired behaviors.

Instrumented gimp

The United States Federal Communications Commission uses the term instrument of authorization with its broadcast licensees. It may refer to:Any license or permit issuedInformation relating to items on the station licenseCopies of the original documentsIn most cases, licensees are required to post the instrument of authorization at the primary point of control. The public is permitted to see such authorizations and licensees are required to give the public access to those documents.

Instrumental metal

Instructor Captain

Instrument panel

Instrumentation (disambiguation)

Instrument approach procedure

Instrument of Accession

Instrumentalyst (Octagon Beats)

The Instrument of the Primum Mobile is also called the quadrant of Petrus Apianus, because he invented it and described it in the treatise Instrumentum primi mobilis (Nuremberg, 1524). The instrument is used to find sines and cosines. It bears the initials "F.E.D.P.F." [Frater Egnatius Dantis Predicatorum Fecit]. Ignazio Danti dedicated it to Cosimo I de' Medici, as attested by the Medici coat of arms engraved on the front.

Instrument of Government (1719)

Instrumental variable

Instrument of authorization

Instrument store

Instrumentation is defined as the art and science of measurement and control of the process variables within a production or manufacturing area. The process variables used in industries are Level, Pressure, Temperature, Humidity, Flow, pH, Force, Speed etc. Control engineering or control systems engineering is the engineering discipline that applies control theory to design systems with desired behaviors. Control engineers are responsible for the research, design, development and control devices/systems, typically in manufacturing facilities and plants. The practice uses sensors to measure the output performance of the device being controlled and those measurements can be used to give feedback to the input actuators that can make corrections toward desired performance. When a device is designed to perform without the need of human inputs for correction it is called automatic control (such as cruise control for regulating a car's speed). Multi-disciplinary in nature, control systems engineering activities focus on implementation of control systems mainly derived by mathematical modeling of systems of a diverse range.

Instrument of government

Instrument of Government

Instrumentals is the debut mixtape of American record producer Clams Casino. It was self-released as a free digital download on March 7, 2011. It features instrumentals of tracks that he produced for various rappers, including some bonus songs. In July 2011, Instrumentals was reissued by Type Records as a physical release.

Instrumental magnitude refers to an uncalibrated apparent magnitude, and, like its counterpart, it refers to the brightness of an astronomical object seen from an observer on Earth, but unlike its counterpart, it is only useful in relative comparisons to other astronomical objects in the same image (assuming the photometric calibration does not spatially vary across the image; in the case of images from the Palomar Transient Factory, the absolute photometric calibration involves a zero point that varies over the image by up to 0.16 magnitudes to make a required illumination correction). Instrumental magnitude is defined in various ways, and so when working with instrumental magnitudes, it is important to know how they are defined. The most basic definition of instrumental magnitude, m {\displaystyle m} , is given by m = − 2.5 log 10 ⁡ ( f ) {\displaystyle m=-2.5\log _{10}(f)} where f {\displaystyle f} is the intensity of the source object in known physical units. For example, in the paper by Mighell, it was assumed that the data are in units of electron number (generated within pixels of a charge-coupled device). The physical units of the source intensity are thus part of the definition required for any instrumental magnitudes that are employed. The factor of 2.5 in the above formula originates from the established fact that the human eye can only clearly distinguish the brightness of two objects if one is at least approximately 2.5 times brighter than the other. The instrumental magnitude is defined such that two objects with a brightness ratio of exactly 100 will differ by precisely 5 magnitudes, and this is based on Pogson's system of defining each successive magnitude as being fainter by 100 1 / 5 {\displaystyle 100^{1/5}} . We can now relate this to the base-10 logarithmic function and the leading coefficient in the above formula: 100 1 / 5 = ( 10 2 ) 1 / 5 = 10 2 / 5 = 10 0.4 = 2.51188643 ⋯ {\displaystyle 100^{1/5}=(10^{2})^{1/5}=10^{2/5}=10^{0.4}=2.51188643\cdots } The approximate value of 2.5 is used as a convenience, its negative sign assures that brighter objects will have smaller and possibly negative values, and tabulated values of base-10 logarithms were available more than three centuries before the advent of computers and calculators.

Instrument is a documentary film directed by Jem Cohen about the band Fugazi. Cohen's relationship with band member Ian MacKaye extends back to the 1970s when the two met in high school in Washington, D.C.. The film takes its title from the Fugazi song of the same name, from their 1993 album, In on the Kill Taker.Editing of the film was done by both Cohen and the members of the band over the course of five years.

Instrumental Directions (Nite-Liters album)

Instrumental value

Instrument time

Instrumentals (Ricky Skaggs and Kentucky Thunder album)

Instrumentative

In the science fiction of Cordwainer Smith, the Instrumentality of Mankind refers both to Smith's personal future history and universe and to the central government of humanity. The Instrumentality of Mankind is also the title of a paperback collection of short stories by Cordwainer Smith published in 1979 (now superseded by the later The Rediscovery of Man, which collects all of Smith's short stories).

Instrumentals (album)

Instrumentals (disambiguation)

Instrument landing system glide path (short: glide path of ILS [G/P] also glide slope of ILS [G/S]) is – according to Article 1.106 of the International Telecommunication Union´s (ITU) ITU Radio Regulations (RR) – defined as « A system of vertical guidance embodied in the instrument landing system which indicates the vertical deviation of the aircraft from its optimum path of descent.»Each radio station or system shall be classified by the service in which it operates permanently or temporarily.See also

Instrument of Degradation is a written list of charges against a person who holds a title or office that has religious significance. Notable uses include ceremonies that removed members from the Order of the Garter.

Instrumental version

Instrument of Government (1653)

Instrument of accession

Instrument of Accession (Jammu & Kashmir)

Instrumentals Vol. 1 is an instrumental album compiled by American hip hop musician Necro, released on September 19, 2001 by Psycho+Logical-Records. It features 18 digitally remastered instrumental versions of tracks by Necro, Non Phixion, Al Tariq, Ill Bill, and Cage, all of which were produced by Necro. It is the first installment of the Instrumentals album collection.

Instrumentation and Communications Officer

Instrumental telecommunication

Instrumental magnitude refers to an uncalibrated apparent magnitude, and, like its counterpart, it refers to the brightness of an astronomical object seen from an observer on Earth, but unlike its counterpart, it is only useful in relative comparisons to other astronomical objects in the same image (assuming the photometric calibration does not spatially vary across the image; in the case of images from the Palomar Transient Factory, the absolute photometric calibration involves a zero point that varies over the image by up to 0.16 magnitudes to make a required illumination correction).

In the context of computer programming, instrumentation refers to an ability to monitor or measure the level of a product's performance, to diagnose errors and to write trace information. Programmers implement instrumentation in the form of code instructions that monitor specific components in a system (for example, instructions may output logging information to appear on screen). When an application contains instrumentation code, it can be managed using a management tool. Instrumentation is necessary to review the performance of the application. Instrumentation approaches can be of two types: Source instrumentation and binary instrumentation.

Instrumental science

Instrumentally Yours

Instrumentation in petrochemical industries

Instrumentation Amplifier

Instrumental Asylum

An instrument landing system (ILS) enables pilots to conduct an instrument approach to landing if they are unable to establish visual contact with the runway.It is defined by the International Telecommunication Union as a service provided by a station as follows:A radionavigation system which provides aircraft with horizontal and vertical guidance just before and during landing and, at certain fixed points, indicates the distance to the reference point of landing.

Instrument Landing

Instructors Trophy

Instructions of the Year XIII

Instrumental rock

Instrument myopia, sometimes called microscope myopia, is a form of myopia that occurs when someone is looking into an optical instrument such as a microscope. The person focusses his or her eyes closer than needed for the image produced by the instrument.

The Instructions of the Year XIII (Spanish: Instrucciones del año XIII) were the mandate brought by the representatives from the Oriental Province to the Assembly of the Year XIII of the United Provinces of the River Plate.In 1813, a meeting called by the Second Triumvirate was meant to define the type of government for the new nation.

Instrumentals Vol. 1 (Necro album)

Instructor (periodical)

Instrumental ensemble

Instrument maker

Instrumental Directions

Instrumentation amplifier

Instrumental Hip Hop

Instrument calibration

Instructions per watt-second

Instructor Assisted Deployment

Daily life requires people to decide constantly how they ought to act, and they have been observed to decide in two ways. Sometimes they decide to re-act without reasoning, responding to emotion or habit. And sometimes they decide to act after reasoning--also in two ways. Humans reason about means to achieve their ends, and about ends they ought to pursue.Actions explained by reasoning about means are often labeled "instrumentally rational".

Instrumental trans-communication

Instrumentality of Man

Instrument smashing

Instrument of Christ's crucifixion

Instrument myopia

The Instrument for Stability (IfS, more commonly referred to as the Stability Instrument) is a financial and political instrument at the disposal of the European Union. It is prepared at strategic level by the EEAS and implemented by the European Commission.

Instrumentally Yours is a studio album released by Grady Martin in 1965 on Decca LP record DL 74610 (stereo) and DL 4610 (mono). The album was also issued, in truncated format, on a 7-inch "Little LP" mini-album for Seeburg jukeboxes. Included is a version of "El Paso", for which Martin had provided distinctive guitar for Marty Robbins' hit.

Instrumentals is an album by Ricky Skaggs and Kentucky Thunder, released through Skaggs Family Records on August 1, 2006. In 2007, the album won the group the Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album.

Instrumentality is a theological theory that falls under the broader category of the prophetic model of biblical inspiration. Those who espouse the prophetic model consider the writers of all the books of the bible to have been inspired in the same way as prophets have been inspired by God to preach.

Instrumental Themes and Dream Sequences

Instructions per clock

Instrument Rating (Restricted)

Instructor-led training, or ILT, is the practice of training and learning material between an instructor and learners, either individuals or groups. Instructors can also be referred to as a facilitator, who may be knowledgeable and experienced in the learning material, but can also be used more for their facilitation skills and ability to deliver material to learners.Instructors may deliver training in a lecture or classroom format, as an interactive workshop, as a demonstration with the opportunity for learners to practice, or even virtually, using video-conferencing tools; and the instructor may have facilitation and teaching skills, in which they can use different methods to engage learners and embrace different learning styles.Other learning delivery methods include e-learning which delivers self-paced courses online, and blended learning which mixes instructor-led and e-learning elements.

Instructor (disambiguation)

Instrument (music)

Instrumentals is the fourth studio album by German electronica duo Mouse on Mars. Originally released by Sonig in 1997 on vinyl, it was later reissued by Domino Recording Company and Thrill Jockey on CD in 2000.

Instrumental Directions is the third album by the Louisville, Kentucky group The Nite-Liters, the instrumental ensemble offshoot of New Birth. Released in 1972 on RCA Records. Produced by mentor Harvey Fuqua.

Instrumentation Laboratories

Instrumentation and orchestration

Instrument Engineering

Instructions of Amenemhat

Instrument strings

Instrumentarium Dental

Instructions of Kagemni

Instrumentality of Mankind

Instructor-assisted deployment (IAD) is a parachute deployment program most adequately similar to static line. The main difference is that instead of being deployed by a static line, the student's jumpmaster (who is in the plane with them) deploys the student's parachute by throwing the pilot chute downward and clear of the door as the student exits.Among the benefits to IAD is the ability to use the same parachute equipment as the students will use when they progress to deploying their parachutes on their own, and the decreased chance of an inconvenience called line twists. Furthermore, in the situation of a bag lock malfunction, the student won't stay attached to the plane.

Instrumental

Instrument Schedule

Instrument Rating

Instrument Driver

Instrument of the Passion

Instrumental realism

Instrumentation and Control Engineering

Instruktsiya po vyzhivaniyu

Instrumentality

Instructor-assisted deployment (IAD) is a parachute deployment program most adequately similar to static line.

Instructors

Instrumentals (The Pharcyde album)

Instrumental analysis is a field of analytical chemistry that investigates analytes using scientific instruments.

Instrumentalist

The instrument of Jesus' crucifixion (known in Latin as crux, in Greek as stauros) is generally taken to have been composed of an upright wooden beam to which was added a transom, thus forming a "cruciform" or T-shaped structure.Most Christian denominations present the Christian cross in this form, and the tradition of the T-shape can be traced to early Christianity and the Church fathers. However, some scholars of the late 19th century have maintained that it was in reality a simple stake (crux simplex).

Instrumental chemistry

Instrument of surrender (1971)

Instrument let-down approach

Instrumentalities

Instrument rated

Instrumental piece

Instructions of Šuruppak

Instrument of Government (1974)

Instrument for Stability

Instrument measurement in earthquake

Instructive

"Instrumental" (also known as "Instrumental No 1") is a song by the alternative rock band My Bloody Valentine. It was released as a limited edition free single with the first 5,000 LP copies of the band's debut studio album Isn't Anything, released on 21 November 1988 on Creation Records.The single's B-side, also titled "Instrumental" and known as "Instrumental No 2" or "Instrumental B" demonstrates My Bloody Valentine's first known experimentation with dance music. "Instrumental No 2" features an uncredited sample of "Security of the First World", a song by Public Enemy from their 1988 studio album It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back. Both "Instrumental No.1" and "Instrumental No.2" were remastered and reissued on the compilation album EP's 1988–1991 (2012)."Instrumental No 1" and "Instrumental No 2" were composed by vocalist and guitarist Kevin Shields, with the latter being referred to as "a real acid-house track" by Shields and "an uncanny prophecy of [1990s] drum and bass jungle" by music critic Simon Reynolds. Shields later incorporated elements of dance music on My Bloody Valentine's 1990 single "Soon", which was released on both Glider (1990) and Loveless (1991), and elements of jungle music on their third studio album m b v (2013).

Instrumental accompaniment

Instrumental (song)

Instrumentalyst (Octagon Beats) is a remix album by American emcee Keith Thornton, credited under the title Dr. Octagon. Released in 1996, it is the instrumental version of Dr. Octagonecologyst. It is Thornton's second album under the Dr. Octagon alias. Instrumentalyst (Octagon Beats) was produced by Dan "The Automator" Nakamura and featured the work of turntablist DJ Qbert. KutMasta Kurt provided additional production work. The artwork was drawn by Brian "Pushead" Schroeder.

The Instrumental-comitative case combines the instrumental case and the comitative case at the same time, functioning similar to the English preposition 'with'. It may indicate the means of the action (for example, "with a knife", "using a fork", "by tram") and the person in whose company the action is carried out (for example, "with his family"), as well as other meanings such as the temporal or the modal.The instrumental-comitative case exists in the Hungarian language.

The Instrument of Accession was a legal document first introduced by the Government of India Act 1935 and used in 1947 to enable each of the rulers of the princely states under British paramountcy to join one of the new dominions of India or Pakistan created by the Partition of British India.

Instrumental intermezzo

Instrument of Jesus' crucifixion

Instructional video

Instrument of Government (1809)

Instrument for Structural Policies for Pre-Accession

Instrument modifications & extended performing techniques

INDI

Instrumental Album: The Rising Tied is the debut instrumental studio album of hip hop ensemble Fort Minor, the side project by Linkin Park rapper Mike Shinoda. The album was released on January 1, 2005 through Warner Bros. Records and Shinoda's label Machine Shop Recordings. The album was released almost a year before the release of his debut studio album, The Rising Tied. It failed to charts for several occasions.Shinoda handled production for the album. Jay-Z, who worked with Linkin Park on their collaborative EP Collision Course in 2004, served as an executive producer for the album. Shinoda collaborated with Styles of Beyond's DJ Cheapshot, Eric Bobo of Cypress Hill and Linkin Park turntablist Joe Hahn for this album.

Instrumental conception of technology

Instrument Meteorlogical Conditions

Instructograph

Instrumentation is a collective term for measuring instruments used for indicating, measuring and recording physical quantities, and has its origins in the art and science of scientific instrument-making.The term instrumentation may refer to a device or group of devices used for direct reading thermometers or, when using many sensors, may become part of a complex industrial control system in such as manufacturing industry, vehicles and transportation. Instrumentation can be found in the household as well; a smoke detector or a heating thermostat are examples.

In music, an instrumental solo piece (from the Italian: solo, meaning alone) is a composition, like an étude, solo sonata, partita, solo suite or impromptus, or an arrangement, written to be played by a single performer. The performer is a soloist.The instrumental solo pieces can be monophonic or polyphonic. There are monophonic instruments like those of the brass and wind sections, that can only produce single notes at one time, and polyphonic instruments, like the guitar and piano, that have the option of also playing with polyphony, which is when notes are played simultaneously.

Instrument (movie)

Instructions (disambiguation)

Instrumentality is a theological theory that falls under the broader category of the prophetic model of biblical inspiration. Those who espouse the prophetic model consider the writers of all the books of the bible to have been inspired in the same way as prophets have been inspired by God to preach. This makes sense given that the vocation of the prophet and the vocation of the writer of Holy Scripture is more or less the same; they are called to communicate the message of God to a community that is in need of hearing it. Though, as Reginald-Garigou Lagrange, O.P. notes, a prophet can act based on direct revelation from God or from inspiration. The latter is what is relevant when it comes to biblical interpretation. This model of biblical inspiration played a dominant role in the Early Church and was fully and systematically explained by medieval theologians like St. Thomas Aquinas. Thomas discusses prophesy in Questions 171-174 of the Second Part of the Second Part of the Summa Theologica. Thomas uses earlier theologians, namely St. Augustine and Pope St. Gregory the Great, to support his argument. Jewish theologians such as Moses Maimonides also defended this model.

Instrumental break

The Instructions of the Year XIII (Spanish: Instrucciones del año XIII) were the mandate brought by the representatives from the Oriental Province to the Assembly of the Year XIII of the United Provinces of the River Plate.In 1813, a meeting called by the Second Triumvirate was meant to define the type of government for the new nation. The people of the Oriental Province (what is now Uruguay) drafted a federalist document, opposed to the centralism of the Second Triumvirate.Among other ideas, the following principles were proclaimed:independence,republic,federalism,full civic and religious freedom,the capital should not be Buenos Aires.These Instructions were the origin of an unending conflict between the Oriental leader, José Gervasio Artigas, and the authorities that be in Buenos Aires.Some scholars see the influence of American founding father Thomas Paine in these Instructions.

Instrumentation ship

Instrument transposition

Instrument-switching is a practice of live musicians in which musicians trade their instruments and perform with an instrument with which they are usually not associated.

Instructor (magazine)

Instrumentation (computer programming)

Sweden's Constitution of 1772 (Swedish: regeringsform, "Instrument of Government") took effect through a bloodless coup d'état, the Revolution of 1772, carried out by King Gustav III, who had become king in 1771, establishing a brief absolute monarchy in Sweden. This was a response to perceived harm wrought upon Sweden by a half-century of parliamentarism during the country's Age of Liberty practiced according to the Instrument of Government (1719), as many members of the Swedish parliament then used to be bribed by foreign embassies.

Instrument Mechanic

Instrumentals (Lil Rob Album)

Instrumentals (Mouse on Mars album)

Instrumental (disambiguation)

Instrumental reason

Instrumentational amplifier

Instructor Lieutenant-Commander

Instructor Evaluation

Instrumental Tourist is a collaborative studio album by Canadian musician Tim Hecker and American musician Daniel Lopatin (who records as Oneohtrix Point Never). The album was recorded over several improvisational jam sessions, and was released in November 2012 under Lopatin's Software Records imprint to generally positive critical reviews.

Instrumental hip hop

Instrument Meteorological Conditions

Instructions Per Clock Cycle

In music, instrumentation is the particular combination of musical instruments employed in a composition, and the properties of those instruments individually. Instrumentation is sometimes used as a synonym for orchestration. This juxtaposition of the two terms was first made in 1843 by Hector Berlioz in his Grand traité d’instrumentation et d’orchestration modernes, and various attempts have since been made to differentiate them. Instrumentation is a more general term referring to an orchestrator's, composer's or arranger's selection of instruments in varying combinations, or even a choice made by the performers for a particular performance, as opposed to the narrower sense of orchestration, which is the act of scoring for orchestra a work originally written for a solo instrument or smaller group of instruments (Kreitner et al. 2001).

Instrument transformers are high accuracy class electrical devices used to isolate or transform voltage or current levels. The most common usage of instrument transformers is to operate instruments or metering from high voltage or high current circuits, safely isolating secondary control circuitry from the high voltages or currents.

Instrumental solo pieces

Instrumental refrain

Instructor-led training, or ILT, is the practice of training and learning material between an instructor and learners, either individuals or groups.

Instrument clusters

Instrument of Surrender (disambiguation)

Daily life requires people to decide constantly how they ought to act, and they have been observed to decide in two ways. Sometimes they decide to re-act without reasoning, responding to emotion or habit. And sometimes they decide to act after reasoning--also in two ways. Humans reason about means to achieve their ends, and about ends they ought to pursue.Actions explained by reasoning about means are often labeled "instrumentally rational". They are supposed to be efficient tools for achieving consequences. Actions explained by reasoning about ends are often labeled "value-rational". They are rules of behavior, legitimate in themselves, such as "Honesty is the best policy" or "Justice requires taking an eye for an eye."Evidence of the distinction between these two kinds of rational action is everywhere. Consider actions expected in various professions. Engineers, physicians, teachers and coaches are expected to reason constantly about efficient means, but not about the legitimacy of their professional ends. Police, clergy, lawyers, and accountants are expected always to obey existing rules, but not to reason about the efficiency of those rules.But this evidence is inconclusive. Rational people reason comprehensively about the legitimacy of their means and the efficiency of their ends. If either kind of action produces unintended consequences--fossil fuels producing pollution, protection of human rights increasing social chaos--the separation can no longer be justified. Social action must constantly correlate valued ends with efficient means to sustain social life. Perhaps instrumental and value-rational action are inseparable.To clarify meanings of and problems with separating these two kinds of rational action, this article reports how four scholars explained and used the distinction. Max Weber, the German sociologist who coined these labels, felt social action had to be justified by supernatural values. Talcott Parsons and Jurgen Habermas accepted social values as legitimate. John Dewey argued for the legitimacy of instrumentally-rational value.

Instruktsiya po vyzhivaniyu (Russian: Инструкция по выживанию, Instructions for Survival) is the 17th album by the Russian punk band Grazhdanskaya Oborona, released in 1990. It was their final album before their break up a week later (they played their final concert in Tallinn on the 13th of April, 9 days after the album was mixed), but they reformed in 1993.The album's songs are covers of songs by the band Instruktsiya po Vyzhivaniyu. The songs were written between 1986 and 1989. After IPV's lead singer Roman Neumoev converted to Christianity, he gave the songs to Letov, telling him he could use them in whatever way he wanted. Letov decided to record a tribute to IPV using these songs.The LP issue in 2013 has 5 bonus tracks taken from these sessions and the sessions for the Egor i Opizdenevshie album Pryg-skok. In 2016, it was released on CD by Bull Terrier Records, including two extra bonus tracks.The album has two different renditions of "Posvyashchenie A. Kruchonkyh" and "Nepreryvny suicid". Track 2 was sung by Igor Zhevtun, while track 12 was sung by Egor Letov.

Instrument of Government (disambiguation)

Instrument flying rules

The Instrument of Government (Swedish: 1809 års regeringsform) adopted on 6 June 1809 by the Riksdag of the Estates and King Charles XIII was one of the fundamental laws that made up the constitution of Sweden from 1809 to the end of 1974.It came about after the Coup of 1809, when the disastrous outcome in the Finnish War led Swedish nobles and parts of the Army to revolt, forcing King Gustav IV Adolf to involuntarily abdicate and go into exile.

Instructor Mooselini

In theatrical productions, an instrument schedule is a listing of all the lighting instruments and information about them used in a show. The instruments are organized by their position on-stage, and is the distinguishing characteristic between an instrument schedule and a channel hookup or similar paperwork. The instrument schedule includes all information about every instrument, including hanging location, instrument number, type, wattage, color, focus area, circuit, dimmer and templates, along with any additional information. The variety of information included in an instrument schedule generally makes this more "complete" than other generated paperwork, and as such the schedule is often considered the "master" sheet. The master electrician uses the information contained in the instrument schedule along with the light plot to direct the hanging of the instruments.

Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society

Instrumental composition

Instrument Landing is guitarist Preston Reed's first release on MCA Records.

Instructions for an Armed Uprising

Instrumentality (theology)

"Instrumental" (also known as "Instrumental No 1") is a song by the alternative rock band My Bloody Valentine. It was released as a limited edition free single with the first 5,000 LP copies of the band's debut studio album Isn't Anything, released on 21 November 1988 on Creation Records.The single's B-side, also titled "Instrumental" and known as "Instrumental No 2" or "Instrumental B" demonstrates My Bloody Valentine's first known experimentation with dance music.

Instrumentales con Al Hurricane is the fifth full-length album released by the New Mexico music musician Al Hurricane on November 26, 1973.

Instrument flight regulations

Instrumental rationality

The instrument of Jesus' crucifixion (known in Latin as crux, in Greek as stauros) is generally taken to have been composed of an upright wooden beam to which was added a transom, thus forming a "cruciform" or T-shaped structure.Most Christian denominations present the Christian cross in this form, and the tradition of the T-shape can be traced to early Christianity and the Church fathers.

Instrument engineer

Instrumented GIMP

Instrumental Variations

Instrument for Structural Policies for Pre-Accession (ISPA) is one of the three financial instruments of the European Union (along with Phare and SAPARD) to assist the candidate countries in the preparation for accession. It provides assistance for infrastructure projects in the EU priority fields of environment and transport.For the period 2000-2006, EUR 1,040 million a year (at 1999 prices) has been made available for this instrument. During its first four years of implementation (2000–2003), ISPA grant-aided over 300 large-scale infrastructure investments in the 10 candidate countries of Central and Eastern Europe (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia). Assistance amounted to EUR 7 billion for an investment value of over EUR 11.6 billion (current prices). After the EU enlargement in 2004, the remaining ISPA beneficiary countries were Bulgaria and Romania, the other beneficiary countries having become eligible to the Cohesion Fund. Since 1 January 2005 Croatia benefits from ISPA as well.

Instrumented

Instrument (finance)

Instrumental Rock

Instrumental learning

Instrument technician

The Instructions of Kagemni is an ancient Egyptian instructional text of wisdom literature which belongs to the sebayt ('teaching') genre. Although the earliest evidence of its compilation dates to the Middle Kingdom of Egypt, its authorship has traditionally yet dubiously been attributed to Kagemni, a vizier who served during the reign of the Pharaoh Sneferu (r. 2613–2589 BC), founder of the fourth dynasty of Egypt (belonging to the Old Kingdom).

Instrumental mix

Instrumental (My Bloody Valentine song)

Instrumentalis

Instrument amplifiers

Instrumental action

Instructions per joule

Instrumental solo piece

Instrumental conditioning

Instrument is a documentary film directed by Jem Cohen about the band Fugazi. Cohen's relationship with band member Ian MacKaye extends back to the 1970s when the two met in high school in Washington, D.C.. The film takes its title from the Fugazi song of the same name, from their 1993 album, In on the Kill Taker.Editing of the film was done by both Cohen and the members of the band over the course of five years. It was shot from 1987 through 1998 on super 8, 16mm and video and is composed mainly of footage of concerts, interviews with the band members, practices, tours and time spent in the studio recording their 1995 album, Red Medicine.The film also includes portraits of fans as well as interviews with them at various Fugazi shows around the United States throughout the years. The Instrument Soundtrack by Fugazi was released in conjunction with the film. It consisted primarily of instrumental and unreleased songs (including many demo cuts from End Hits, their next album after the soundtrack).When asked what the goal was in making Instrument, Cohen responded:I did feel that there were a lot of people that either didn't have access to the band or had something of a misconception of what they were like. I wanted to address those issues to some degree, but what I really wanted to do was just capture music-making and try to make something that felt, visually, like music, and something where the music was inextricably tied in with the moving pictures.One such misconception is shared in a scene where drummer Brendan Canty tells his bandmates how his sister's boyfriend believes that Fugazi lives in a house together without heat and subsisting on a steady diet of nothing but rice. Cohen has also said that "[o]ne of the reasons why I work with Fugazi and they work with me is that we enjoy traveling through this madness. It's what they write songs about and it's what I try to document in my films."Notable scenes in the film include Fugazi performing for inmates at Lorton Correctional Facility; singer/guitarist Guy Picciotto's hilarious and astounding performance in a Philadelphia college gym in 1988, where he stuffs himself through a basketball hoop and performs hanging upside down by his legs (filmed by Todd Crespi); and an interview of Guy Picciotto and Ian MacKaye by an 8th grade girl for a Public-access television cable TV show.

Instrumentals (Clams Casino album)

Instrumentation and control engineering

Instrumental Marxism, or elite model, is a theory which reasons that policy makers in government and positions of power tend to "share a common business or class background, and that their decisions will reflect their business or class interests". It tends to view the state and law as ultimately an instrument or tool for individuals of the economically dominant class to use for their own purposes, particularly maintaining economic exploitation while winning ideological assent to their hegemony. This view is contrasted with structural Marxism, which views the class background of policymakers, etc. as purely incidental to the "bourgeois" nature of the modern state, which is seen instead as a result of the position of the state and law in the objective structure of capitalist society, and their objective (i.e. consciousness-independent) function of reproducing the relations of production and private property, regardless of the class background of the individuals involved in the administration thereof. For example, whereas for instrumentalist Marxists the formal equality of contract law in capitalist societies is a kind of ideological shell or mystification used by the elite to conceal the real kernel of exploitation, for structural Marxists that formal legal equality is itself the real normative basis for properly capitalist exploitation, whether or not elites understand it as such: it allows labor-power to be traded at its real exchange-value (though not the value of its product), thus making regularity and rational allocation in labor markets possible.In the framework of the structure and agency debate in sociology, instrumental Marxism is an agent-centered view, emphasizing the decisions of policymakers, where the relevant agents are either individual elites, a section of the ruling class, or the class as a whole; whereas structural Marxism, as its name suggests, is a structural view, in which individuals are no more than the bearers of certain objective structural relations.

The Instructograph was a paper tape-based machine used for the study of Morse code.The paper tape mechanism consisted of two reels which passed a paper tape across a reading device that actuated a set of contacts which changed state dependent on the presence or absence of hole punches in the tape. Most of them would be wound by hand or be plugged into a walloutlet.

Instrument landing

Instructions per clock cycle

Instrument landing system categories

Instrumentation amp

Instructions of Shuruppak

In music, instrumentation is the particular combination of musical instruments employed in a composition, and the properties of those instruments individually. Instrumentation is sometimes used as a synonym for orchestration. This juxtaposition of the two terms was first made in 1843 by Hector Berlioz in his Grand traité d’instrumentation et d’orchestration modernes, and various attempts have since been made to differentiate them.

Instrumentation Technology

Instrumental Marxism

Instrumental magnitude

Instructions per second (IPS) is a measure of a computer's processor speed. For CISC computers different instructions take different amounts off time, so the value measured depends on the instruction mix; even for comparing processors in the same family the IPS measurement can be problematical.. Many reported IPS values have represented "peak" execution rates on artificial instruction sequences with few branches and no cache contention, whereas realistic workloads typically lead to significantly lower IPS values. Memory hierarchy also greatly affects processor performance, an issue barely considered in IPS calculations. Because of these problems, synthetic benchmarks such as Dhrystone are now generally used to estimate computer performance in commonly used applications, and raw IPS has fallen into disuse.The term is commonly used in association with a numeric value such as thousand/kilo instructions per second (TIPS/KIPS), million instructions per second (MIPS), and billion instructions per second (GIPS).

Sweden's Constitution of 1772 (Swedish: regeringsform, "Instrument of Government") took effect through a bloodless coup d'état, the Revolution of 1772, carried out by King Gustav III, who had become king in 1771, establishing a brief absolute monarchy in Sweden.

Instrument flight conditions

Instrument

Instrumental temperature history

Instrument of Surrender of Japan

Instructions of Amenemhet I

Instrument of Government (1634)

Instrumental activities of daily living

The Instrument for Stability (IfS, more commonly referred to as the Stability Instrument) is a financial and political instrument at the disposal of the European Union. It is prepared at strategic level by the EEAS and implemented by the European Commission. The objective is three-fold:Respond to urgent needs due to political instability or a major disaster;Build the conditions for long term stability in particular by addressing some major risks and threats that prevent political security and economic development, such as terrorism, organized crime, illicit trafficking, chemical-biological-nuclear risks but also new challenges such as pandemics, cybercrime, climate change or the protection of critical infrastructure;Participate to the crisis management cycle by supporting CSDP operations and by contributing to restore stability after the crisis or the conflict.The Instrument for Stability was proposed by the Commission in September 2004 and created by the Council and Parliament on 15 November 2006 through Regulation No 1717/2006. It replaces the Rapid Reaction Mechanism (RRM), which was considered unwieldy as it could only finance projects of up to six months. In 2011 negotiations began for the next EU Multi-annual Financial Framework (MFF) 2014-2020 including the legal basis for the Instrument for Stability for the period. The independent foundation the European Centre for Development Policy Management (ECDPM) suggested that while the IfS was a useful instrument for conflict prevention and peacebuilding that it was not appropriate for it to be the only EU financial instrument that should include them as a key consideration for the period 2014 - 2020.

Instrument landing system glide path

Instrumentation Laboratory (disambiguation)

Instrument Battery Test

Instructions of Suruppak

Instrumental surf

Instrument Landing (Preston Reed album)

Instructions per second

Instrumental Marxism, or elite model, is a theory which reasons that policy makers in government and positions of power tend to "share a common business or class background, and that their decisions will reflect their business or class interests". It tends to view the state and law as ultimately an instrument or tool for individuals of the economically dominant class to use for their own purposes, particularly maintaining economic exploitation while winning ideological assent to their hegemony.

Instrument amplification

Instrument control

Instrument of Government (1721)

Instrument Flight Rules

Instrumentation (music)

In the context of computer programming, instrumentation refers to an ability to monitor or measure the level of a product's performance, to diagnose errors and to write trace information. Programmers implement instrumentation in the form of code instructions that monitor specific components in a system (for example, instructions may output logging information to appear on screen). When an application contains instrumentation code, it can be managed using a management tool.

Instrumental reasons

Instrumental album

The Instructions of Shuruppak (or, Instructions of Šuruppak son of Ubara-tutu) are a significant example of Sumerian wisdom literature. Wisdom literature, intended to teach proper piety, inculcate virtue, and preserve community standards, was common throughout the ancient Near East.

Instrument panel (disambiguation)

Instrument of Government (1772)

Instrumentals (Nels Cline Singers album)

Instructions Per Clock

Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis

Instrumental conditionality

Instrument Approach

Instrumedley

Instrument (linguistics)

Instrument of Government of 1809

In the Finnish language, the instructive case has the basic meaning of "by means of". It is a comparatively rarely used case, though it is found in some commonly used expressions, such as omin silmin → "with one's own eyes".In modern Finnish, many of its instrumental uses are being superseded by the adessive case, as in "minä matkustin junalla" → "I travelled by train."It is also used with Finnish verbal second infinitives to mean "by ...ing", e.g.

Instrumentation

Instrument tuning

Instrument makers

Instrumentation Engineering

Instructive case

Instructions of the Ancestor of the August Ming

Instrument Landing (album)

The Instructograph was a paper tape-based machine used for the study of Morse code.The paper tape mechanism consisted of two reels which passed a paper tape across a reading device that actuated a set of contacts which changed state dependent on the presence or absence of hole punches in the tape. Most of them would be wound by hand or be plugged into a walloutlet. Most plugin outlet based instructographs would have a set of nobs that can control the speed and volume.The contacts could operate an audio oscillator for the study of International Morse Code (used by radio), or a sounder for the study of American Morse Code (used by railroads), or a light bulb (Aldis Lamp - used by Navy ship to ship or by Heliograph).The Instructograph was in production from about 1920 through 1983. The latest version of the Instructograph was the model 500 which included a built in solid state oscillator. This model was available to be purchased as new through at least 1986.

Instrument error refers to the combined accuracy and precision of a measuring instrument, or the difference between the actual value and the value indicated by the instrument (error). Measuring instruments are usually calibrated on some regular frequency against a standard. The most rigorous standard is one maintained by a standards organization such as NIST in the United States, or the ISO in European countries.