History of religion in the United Kingdom

History of rail transport in the Netherlands

The concept of rape, both as an abduction and in the sexual sense (not always distinguishable), makes its first historical appearance in early religious texts.

History of religion in Scotland

History of rail transport in the Republic of Ireland

History of rosario

History of romanian education

England and the Barbarians have played each other a total of 15 times to date, with England winning eight mathches and the Barbarians seven. All 15 matches have been played at Twickenham Stadium in London, but none have been awarded test status by the RFU.

History of rail transport in Palestine

History of religion in Poland

The nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans was first studied in the laboratory by Victor Nigon and Ellsworth Dougherty in the 1940s, but came to prominence after being adopted by Sydney Brenner in 1963 as a model organism for the study of developmental biology using genetics. In 1974, Brenner published the results of his first genetic screen, which isolated hundreds of mutants with morphological and functional phenotypes, such as being uncoordinated. In the 1980s, John Sulston and co-workers identified the lineage of all 959 cells in the adult hermaphrodite, the first genes were cloned, and the physical map began to be constructed. In 1998, the worm became the first multi-cellular organism to have its genome sequenced. Notable research using C. elegans includes the discoveries of caspases, RNA interference, and microRNAs. Six scientists have won the Nobel prize for their work on C. elegans.

History of rail transport in Venezuela

History of reunified Germany

Canada and Georgia have played each other a total of 7 times, with Georgia winning 4 and Canada 3 times. The first ever match was contested in 2009 as part of the 2009 Churchill Cup, where Canada were the victors 42–10. The remaining fixtures were one-off test matches, with either Canada playing away to Georgia, or vice-versa. Neither team has met each other in a Rugby World Cup match.

This article is part of the history of rail transport by country series.The history of rail transport in the Netherlands is generally considered to have begun on September 20, 1839, when the first train, drawn by De Arend, successfully made the 16 km trip from Amsterdam to Haarlem. However, the first plan for a railroad in the Netherlands was launched only shortly after the first railroad opened in Britain.When discussing the history of rail transport in the Netherlands, one can roughly distinguish six eras, namely the period up to 1839, when the first plans were made for a railroad; the period 1840-1860, when the railroads experienced their early expansion; the period 1860-1890, when the government started to order the construction of new lines; the period 1890-1938, when the railroads were consolidated into two large railroads; the period 1938-1992, when the Nederlandse Spoorwegen was granted a monopoly on rail transport; and finally the period from 1992 to the present, when the Nederlandse Spoorwegen lost its monopoly.

Ireland and Fiji have played each other four times with Ireland winning all 4 meetings. An uncapped Ireland XV has also played Fiji three times winning all three games.

History of rugby union matches between France and New Zealand

History of rail transport in the Central African Republic

History of rugby union matches between Fiji and Ireland

Rail transport in Togo began in 1905.

The establishment of America's transcontinental rail lines securely linked California to the rest of the country, and the far-reaching transportation systems that grew out of them during the century that followed contributed to the state’s social, political, and economic development. When California was admitted as a state to the United States in 1850, and for nearly two decades thereafter, it was in many ways isolated, an outpost on the Pacific, until the First Transcontinental Railroad was completed in 1869.Passenger rail transportation declined in the early- and mid-20th Century with the rise of the state's car culture and road system. It has since undergone something of a renaissance, with the introduction of services such as Metrolink, Coaster, Caltrain, Amtrak California, and others. On November 4, 2008, the People of California passed Proposition 1a, which helped provide financing for a high-speed rail line.

History of rail transport in china

History of rail transport in indonesia

History of rugby union matches between England and Samoa

Georgia and Japan have played 5 times, out of which Japan won 4 games and Georgia 1.

History of rail transport in Mauritania

The history of Sweden's railways has included both state-owned and private railways.

The national rugby union teams of Australia (the Wallabies) and Scotland have been playing each other in Test rugby since 1927, and by November 2017, they had met in 32 Test matches. Their first meeting was on 17 December 1927, and was won 10-8 by Scotland. Their most recent meeting took place at Murrayfield on 25 November 2017 and was won 53-24 by Scotland, a record score and record margin of victory for Scotland against Australia. Scotland won seven of the first nine matches between the sides but then had to wait twenty-seven years until November 2009 for their next victory, as the next sixteen games were all won by Australia. Since 1998, the two teams have competed for the Hopetoun Cup.

History of rail transport in sweden

History of rail transport in Morocco

This article is part of the history of rail transport by country series.The history of rail transport in the Netherlands is generally considered to have begun on September 20, 1839, when the first train, drawn by De Arend, successfully made the 16 km trip from Amsterdam to Haarlem.

History of rugby union matches between Canada and United States

The history of rugby union matches between Argentina and Ireland is one of a very even contest. As of October 2015, the sides have met twenty one times with a result of twelve wins to Ireland, eight to Argentina and one drawn game, however, five of these matches were not a fully test capped match for Ireland. At the end of the 2010 Autumn Internationals there was only a nineteen-point difference in cumulative points scored. The largest winning margin of 23 points was recorded in the meeting of their 2015 Rugby World Cup quarterfinal, when Argentina won by 43 points to 20. However, Argentina have yet to beat Ireland on Irish soil, and Ireland have only won twice in Argentina. Ireland's first win against Argentina was in 1952, however it was only a capped match for Argentina. Ireland's first fully test capped match win in Argentina came in 2014.The five matches played between 1952 and 1973 are not regarded as full internationals by Ireland, only by Argentina. In the sixteen matches since 1990 which are counted as full internationals by both sides, Argentina have won six times and Ireland ten times.There have been four encounters at the Rugby World Cup:In 1999, Argentina won 28–24 in a playoff for one of the last three quarterfinal spots, both teams having come second in their respective pools.In 2003, Ireland beat Argentina 16–15 in a pool match.In 2007, Argentina beat Ireland 30–15 on their way to winning Pool D.In 2015, Argentina beat Ireland 43–20 in their quarterfinal encounter.

History of republican China

History of railroad electrification in the United States

This article is part of the history of rail transport by country seriesThe history of rail transport in Tanzania began in the late nineteenth century.

History of rugby union matches between Argentina and Ireland

History of rugby union matches between Argentina and The British and Irish Lions

History of religion in Germany

History of rail transport in Turkey

History of roraima

The national rugby union teams of England and Argentina (Los Pumas) have been playing each other since 1978. The status of the first match is ambiguous, as Argentina awarded Test caps to its players but England did not (England sent a representative "England XV", not the 1st XV).They have met in 23 matches recognised by both sides as Tests. The first match was on 30 May 1981 and was a 19-19 draw. The 1982 war between Britain and Argentina meant that their next encounter was not until 1990.Including the ambiguous 1978 game, Argentina have played England 24 times with England winning 18, Argentina 4 with 2 drawn.

Rail transport in Morocco was initially developed in the colonial era. It functioned primarily as a means to mobilize colonial troops and to transport natural resources. Later, a standard-gauge network was built.

History of railways in India

History of recorded sound

The establishment of America's transcontinental rail lines securely linked California to the rest of the country, and the far-reaching transportation systems that grew out of them during the century that followed contributed to the state’s social, political, and economic development.

History of rugby union matches between Fiji and Wales

Rail transport in Myanmar (then Burma) began in 1877. Three private rail companies were nationalised nineteen years later. During the Japanese occupation of Burma, Allied prisoners of war were forced to build the Burma Railway. Myanmar Railways has expanded its network somewhat since 1988.

Samoa and Fiji have played each other on 51 occasions with Fiji winning the most at 28 wins to Samoa's 20.They regularly play each other in the IRB Pacific Nations Cup with both teams winning 4 times in 8 meetings.During the early years of their encounters, they played in the South Pacific Championship and the Pacific-rim Championship with other Pacific nations.

The contest between The Wallabies and The Springboks is one of the major rivalries in rugby union.The teams' first meeting was on 8 July 1933 at Newlands in Cape Town in the first of 5 tests on the 1933 Wallabies tour. The test was won 17–3 by South Africa who also won that first series 3–2.South Africa has a better than 57% winning record against Australia, and before the era of sporting boycotts, dominated the early encounters up to 1971. Out of all their tests, South Africa holds the advantage having won 46 of the 83 games between the 2. However, since South African rugby's readmission in 1992, the head-to-head record is quite even, with Australia holding a very slight edge, having won 28 out of the 52, and of which South Africa winning 25, and 3 draws.Both sides have exhibited a considerable home advantage, with the Springboks winning more than 75% of matches played in South Africa, and the Wallabies winning more than 60% of matches played in Australia.In the amateur era, the Springboks made five tours to Australia, and were undefeated in three of them. South Africa won two of the four test series they played in Australia; 2–0 in 1937, and 3–0 in 1971. By contrast, the Wallabies made six tours to South Africa, only once making it through undefeated, albeit on a tour comprising only four matches and one test in 1992. Prior to that, Australia's best away tour was the 2-all drawn test series of 1963.Prior to 1972, South African teams were racially selected, organised by the whites-only South African Rugby Board. Australia then supported the international boycott of sporting contacts with South Africa over the issue of apartheid. The teams did not meet again until 1992, when apartheid was being dismantled and the SARB had merged with the non-racial South African Rugby Union. Since that time Australia has won just over 50% of their games and has won the Mandela Plate nine times in the twelve years since its inception.In the professional era, extended tours of each country have been replaced by participation in an annual series involving the top teams of the Southern Hemisphere. From 1996 through 2011, Australia and South Africa competed alongside New Zealand in the Tri Nations series. Starting in 2012, the three nations competed alongside Argentina in The Rugby Championship. In the Tri Nations era, the Wallabies and Springboks played two or three encounters each year on a home-and-away basis; the Rugby Championship features two annual encounters, also on a home-and-away basis.

History of rugby union matches between Australia and Wales

History of rail transport in Togo

History of rugby union matches between Georgia and Argentina

History of rugby union matches between Georgia and USA

The history of rowing as a sport has prevailed it as one of the oldest traditions in the world. What began as a method of transport and warfare eventually became a sport with a wide following, and a part of the cultural identity of the English speaking world. Rowing in its modern form developed in England in the 1700s.Today rowing is an amateur sport and an Olympic event.

History of rugby league football

History of rent control in England and Wales

History of refrigeration

History of rail transport in germany

History of rail transport in Liberia

History of rugby union matches between France and Ireland

The national rugby union teams of Scotland and Argentina (Los Pumas) have played since 1969. However, the status of the countries' first three matches—two in 1969 and one in 1973—is ambiguous, as only Argentina awarded Test caps for those encounters. The first match recognised by both sides as a Test took place in 1990.As of November 2014, they have met 18 times, but only 15 times has been recognised by both sides as Tests.

This article is part of the history of rail transport by country seriesThe history of rail transport in Spain begins in 1848 with the construction of a railway line between Barcelona and Mataró, in 1852 the first narrow gauge line was built, in 1863 a line reached the Portuguese border. By 1864 the Madrid-Irun line had been opened, and the French border reached.In 1911 the first line to be electrified was the Gergal-Santa Fe lineIn 1941 RENFE was created.The last steam locomotive was withdrawn in 1975, in 1986 the maximum speed on the railways was raised to 160 km/h, and in 1992 the Madrid Seville high speed line opened, beginning the process of building a nationwide high speed network.

The national rugby union teams of England and New Zealand have been playing each other in Test match rugby since 1905, and have contested a total of 38 Test matches since. The first meeting between the two nations was on 2 December 1905, when the All Blacks were in England as part of their European and North America tour. The All Blacks won 15–0 with their points coming from five tries, of which four were scored by winger Duncan McGregor. Their next meeting was on the All Blacks' Invincibles tour of 1924–25. The match was most notable for the sending off of All Black lock Cyril Brownlie, who became the first player to ever be sent off in a Test match. In 1936 England defeated the All Blacks for the first time when England winger Prince Alexander Obolensky scored two tries during a 13–0 victory at Twickenham Stadium. The All Blacks have never lost more than two consecutive matches to England, and have dominated the rivalry between the teams. Of the 40 matches between them, New Zealand have won 32 and England 7, whilst one match was drawn.In 2008 the Hillary Shield was introduced as the trophy to be contested in matches between the two teams.

History of role-playing video games

This article is part of the history of rail transport by country seriesThe history of rail transport in the Central African Republic is limited to a now closed short railway line, and two proposed railway projects that were not implemented.

Australia and Fiji have played each other a total of 21 times of which Australia has won the most at 18. Fiji won two of the first four matches between the sides, but have not beaten Australia since then. Their first meeting was in 1952, Australia won this match 15-9.

The first railway lines in Indonesia were constructed during the Dutch colonial rule. After independence in 1945, many lines were abandoned. The current national rail operator, PT Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero), was founded on 28 September 1945.

History of rome

History of rail transport in india

History of rail transportation in California

The history of religious pluralism is the fruit of a long development that reaches from antiquity to contemporary trends in postmodernity.

History of rhinoplasty

History of romanian culture

History of reasoning

History of rugby union matches between Australia and the British and Irish Lions

History of rail transport in Pakistan

History of rennes

History of rugby union matches between Fiji and Italy

History of romanian coins

History of rugby union in Wales

History of railways in Germany

History of rugby union in New Zealand

History of rocket engines

History of rugby union matches between All Blacks and Ireland

History of rail transportation in China

Wales and Fiji have played each other at rugby union since 1985, when Wales won the inaugural game 40-3. Since then they have played each other on several occasions, including three times at the Rugby World Cup - once in the 2007 Rugby World Cup, once in the 2011 Rugby World Cup and once in the 2015 Rugby World Cup. Wales have won the majority of the games, winning eight out of the ten matches played. Fiji has won once, with one draw in 2010.

The first recorded rugby match in the United States occurred on May 14, 1874 between Harvard University and McGill University. Rugby grew in the early 1900's, spurred in party by American football's crisis of 1905-06 due to the perception that American football was a violent sport. During this era, rugby was perceived as having the potential to challenge American football as the dominant football code on the west coast.

Scotland and Fiji have played each other a total of seven times of which Scotland has won five times and lost twice.These two teams have only faced each other once in the Rugby World Cup which was in 2003. Scotland won this match 22-20.

The history rail transport in Thailand began with the opening of the Paknam Railway on 11 April 1893.

Fiji and Georgia played two times, out of which both teams won one game. Fiji won the first meeting between the nations back in 2012 in Tbilisi, while Georgia won the another in 2016 in Suva.

History of rail transport in North America

Georgia and Samoa have played 4 times, out of which Georgia won 2 games, Samoa 1 and 1 match ended in draw.They played the first match at the 2003 Rugby World Cup group stage, where Samoa won the game 46–9.

This article details the history of religion in Malta. The Republic of Malta is a Southern European country consisting of an archipelago situated in the centre of the Mediterranean, 80 km south of Sicily, 284 km east of Tunisia and 333 km north of Libya, with Gibraltar 1,755 km to the west and Alexandria 1,508 km to the east. Malta covers just over 316 km2 in land area, making it one of the world's smallest states. It is also one of the most densely populated countries worldwide.

The first recorded rugby match in the United States occurred on May 14, 1874 between Harvard University and McGill University. Rugby grew in the early 1900's, spurred in party by American football's crisis of 1905-06 due to the perception that American football was a violent sport. During this era, rugby was perceived as having the potential to challenge American football as the dominant football code on the west coast. At the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, a United States rugby team composed largely of players from Stanford University defeated France to win the gold medal. Rugby union was again included in the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris, where the United States defeated France for the gold. Despite this success, however, rugby in the United States largely faded away.Rugby union in the United States began its revival in the 1960s and 1970s, as many colleges started club rugby teams. USA Rugby, the body that governs rugby in the U.S., was founded in 1975. On 31 January 1976, the U.S. national team played Australia—in its first official match since the 1924 Olympics—before 7,000 fans at Glover Field in Los Angeles. The United States national team participated in the inaugural 1987 Rugby World Cup. Rugby in the U.S. received a significant boost in 2009 when the International Olympic Committee voted to reinstate rugby into the Summer Olympics beginning in 2016.

History of rugby union in Scotland

History of rail transport in Norway

History of railroads in the United States

History of rajasthan

Argentina and Georgia have played 5 times and Argentina won all games. 3 out of 5 matches have been played at Rugby World Cup.

History of roads

History of relationship development between Imperial China and Tibetan regime In Tang and Song Dynasty

History of rail transport in Spain

The national rugby union teams of France and South Africa (the Springboks) have been playing each other in Test rugby since 1913. Their first meeting, held in Bordeaux, was on 11 January 1913, and was won 38-5 by South Africa.

History of rugby union matches between France and Wales

History of religion in Canada

History of rugby union matches between All Blacks and France

The first clash in rugby union between Australia and New Zealand took place in a test match on 15 August 1903 in Sydney, New South Wales. On that occasion, New Zealand won by 22-3.Since 1931, they have competed for the Bledisloe Cup, named after Lord Bledisloe, who donated the trophy.

France and Wales have played each other at rugby union since 1908. A total of 96 matches have been played, with Wales winning 49 times, France winning 44 times and 3 matches drawn.The early years of the fixture were dominated by Wales, who won 18 of the first 19 matches up to the point when France were expelled from the Five Nations Championship after the 1931 tournament. Since the competition resumed in 1947 results have slightly favoured France who have won 44 of the 77 matches played, including 28 of the last 41 matches up to March 2018. The teams have met once in the Rugby World Cup with France winning the 2011 semi-final match.

History of rugby league in south africa

Since 1997 the United Kingdom government has been engaged in reforming the House of Lords. The history of reform before 1997, is set out in sections below about reforms of composition and powers carried out in the past and of unsuccessful proposals and attempts at reform in the twentieth century.

History of rowing

History of rugby union matches between Georgia and Romania

History of rock music

This article is part of the history of rail transport by country seriesThe history of rail transport in Mauritius began in the 1860s. The Mauritian rail network was quickly built and it soon provided service to most of the island. It was a key factor in the social-economic development of Mauritius during its period of operation. However, due to persistent unprofitability from 1948 to 1953, it was finally closed in 1964.

This article is part of the history of rail transport by country seriesThe history of rail transport in Zambia began at the start of the twentieth century.

History of rugby union matches between Australia and Scotland

This article is part of the history of rail transport by country seriesThe history of rail transport in the Comoros began in about 1907. The only railway to be built in the Comoros was a 600 mm (1 ft 11 5⁄8 in) narrow gauge industrial railway. Its owner was a plantation society, the Société Comores Bambaoa. The railway carried only freight traffic. It is not known when the railway was abandoned.

History of rajputs

History of rugby union matches between Fiji and Georgia

History of rugby union matches between Australia and the Barbarians

History of rugby union in Australia

History of rugby union matches between Argentina and South Africa

History of religion in the united states

History of rail transport in Iran

History of rugby union matches between Argentina and England

This article is part of the history of rail transport by country seriesIn 1856 started the studies to make the first railroad of the country that would go from Asunción to Paraguarí. With the concession of the company to English hands the railroad extended to Encarnación.

This article is part of the history of rail transport by country seriesThe history of rail transport in Nicaragua began in 1860s, with the first plans for a railroad in Nicaragua. The first line was opened in 1882. In the past, there were 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) gauge railroads on the Pacific coast, connecting major cities. A private 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) gauge line operated on the Atlantic coast.However, as of 2006, there were no longer any trains in Nicaragua. All traffic has been suspended since September 2001, ending several decades of a steady decline.

History of religious Jewish music

History of railroads in michigan

History of rugby union in the United States

This article details the history of religion in Malta. The Republic of Malta is a Southern European country consisting of an archipelago situated in the centre of the Mediterranean, 80 km south of Sicily, 284 km east of Tunisia and 333 km north of Libya, with Gibraltar 1,755 km to the west and Alexandria 1,508 km to the east. Malta covers just over 316 km2 in land area, making it one of the world's smallest states. It is also one of the most densely populated countries worldwide. Catholicism is the official religion in Malta as declared by the Maltese constitution.

Australia and the Barbarians have played each other 12 times, of which Australia has won the most, with nine victories. Their first match against one another was played at Cardiff Arms Park. The Barbarians won this match 9–6.

The New Zealand All Blacks first played against Argentina (Los Pumas) on 30 October 1976, but New Zealand did not award test caps for the two internationals on that tour, nor for Argentina's first internationals in New Zealand in 1979. The first Test match recognised as such by both teams was held on 26 October 1985, on a New Zealand tour of Argentina. In full Tests the teams have met 25 times, with New Zealand winning 24 and one drawn.

History of rowing sports

History of rugby union matches between All Blacks and Wales

The history of rail transport in Liberia began shortly after World War II, when the Freeport of Monrovia was completed, with limited rail access. It had been developed by American military forces.In the early 1960s, three long distance railway lines were constructed in Liberia, mainly for the transport of iron ore from mines to port facilities.

This article is part of the history of rail transport by country seriesThe history of rail transport in Slovakia began in November 1836, at the founding meeting of the participating companies for the construction of a horse railway from Bratislava to Trnava (later extended to Sereď). The first section of that railway was launched on 27 September 1840.The first locomotive powered railway in Slovakia was the Bratislava–Marchegg–Gänserndorf (–Vienna) line, commissioned on 20 August 1848.

Zanzibar was the first country in East Africa to introduce the steam locomotive. Sultan Bargash bin Said had a seven-mile railway constructed from his palace at Stone Town to Chukwani in 1879. Initially the two Pullman cars were hauled by mules but in 1881 the Sultan ordered an 0-4-0 tank locomotive from the English locomotive builders Bagnall. The railway saw service until the Sultan died in 1888 when the track and locomotive were scrapped.Fifteen years later (In 1905) the American Company Arnold Cheyney built a seven-mile line from Zanzibar Town to the village of Bububu. It was notorious for its ability to set fire to property and the surrounding countryside but it ran for twenty-five years until it closed in 1930.The Bububu Railway plied six or seven times a day to Zanzibar Town. The service was extremely popular and largely used by the native population. A special first-class coach was run for the benefit of those passengers from steamers who wish to obtain a glimpse of the island. The railway traversed some of the narrowest streets of the city, and it was a constant source of wonderment how passers-by escaped being run over. Europeans resident in Zanzibar regard the railway with an amused tolerance.During the railway construction the Americans undertook the task of installing electrical power lines along the track. Wherever the rails were placed, metal poles were installed and power lines strung overhead.By 1906, long before even London obtained them, Stone Town had electric street lights. In 1911, the railway was sold to the Government, and by 1922 the passenger service ceased. As roads improved and motor vehicles on the island increased, its popularity diminished.With the improvement of the port the railway was used for the haulage of stone which was used to reclaim the seafront. Today much of the old track bed has been built on however train enthusiasts can still see the remains of the railway’s bridges and embankments close to the main road to Bububu.

History of religion in the netherlands

France and the United States have played each other a total of 8 times, with France winning 6 of the matches, and the United States winning 2. They first played each other in 1920 at Olympisch Stadion in Antwerp, Belgium during the 1920 Summer Olympics final. The United States won the match 8-0.The two teams have played each other once during the rugby world cup, and twice at the Summer Olympics.

History of rail transport in Zanzibar

The history of rail transport in Portugal dates from 28 October 1856, when Portugal's first railway line was opened between Lisbon and Carregado: the Companhia dos Caminhos de Ferro Portugueses.The network was gradually expanded both south of the Tagus and to the north of the country, as well as in the metropolitan areas of Lisbon and Oporto and to Spain.

History of religion in Europe

This article is part of the history of rail transport by country seriesThe history of rail transport in Slovakia began in November 1836, at the founding meeting of the participating companies for the construction of a horse railway from Bratislava to Trnava (later extended to Sereď). The first section of that railway was launched on 27 September 1840.The first locomotive powered railway in Slovakia was the Bratislava–Marchegg–Gänserndorf (–Vienna) line, commissioned on 20 August 1848. By 1872, upon the completion of the Košice–Bohumín Railway, railways linked one end of Slovakia with the other.

History of rail transport in Myanmar

The history of rugby league as a separate form of rugby football goes back to 1895 in Huddersfield, West Riding of Yorkshire when the Northern Rugby Football Union broke away from England's established Rugby Football Union to administer its own separate competition. Similar schisms occurred later in Australia and New Zealand in 1907. Gradually the rugby played in these breakaway competitions evolved into a distinctly separate sport that took its name from the professional leagues that administered it. Rugby league in England went on to set attendance and player payment records and rugby league in Australia became the most watched sport on television. The game also developed a significant place in the culture of France, New Zealand and several other Pacific Island nations, such as Papua New Guinea, where it has become the national sport.

This article is part of the history of rail transport by country series.The construction and operation of Swiss railways during the 19th century was carried out by private railways. The first internal line was a 16 km line opened from Zürich to Baden in 1847. By 1860 railways connected western and northeastern Switzerland. The first Alpine railway to be opened under the Gotthard Pass in 1882. A second alpine line was opened under the Simplon Pass in 1906.In 1901, the major railways were nationalised to form Swiss Federal Railways. During the first half of the twentieth century they were electrified and slowly upgraded. After the Second World War, rail rapidly lost its share of the rail market to road transport as car ownership rose and more roads were built. From 1970, the Federal Government has become more involved in upgrading the railways, especially in urban areas and on trunk routes under the Rail 2000 project. In addition, two major trans-alpine routes — the Gotthard Railway and the Lötschberg approach to the Simplon Tunnel — are being rebuilt under the NRLA project.

History of rugby union matches between Australia and France

History of republicanism in Morocco

This article is part of the history of rail transport by country seriesThe history of rail transport in Norway had begun by 1805.

History of roleplaying

The national rugby union teams of England and New Zealand have been playing each other in Test match rugby since 1905, and have contested a total of 38 Test matches since. The first meeting between the two nations was on 2 December 1905, when the All Blacks were in England as part of their European and North America tour. The All Blacks won 15–0 with their points coming from five tries, of which four were scored by winger Duncan McGregor.

In the second half of the 19th century, during the time of Nasser-al-Din Shah, a short horse-driven suburban railway was established south of Tehran that was later converted to steam. This line was closed in 1952.The Tabriz–Jolfa line (146 km) was built in 1914, the Sufiyan–Sharaf Khaneh (53 km) in 1916, and the Mirjaveh–Zahedan (93 km) in 1920.

History of rugby union matches between All Blacks and England

The Australian Wallabies first played against Argentina (Los Pumas) on 27 October 1979, resulting in a win to Argentina. The teams have met twenty-four times, with Australia winning eighteen, Argentina five and one match drawn. Two of the encounters have been Rugby World Cup pool matches, in 1991 and 2003.

The history of rail transport in Turkey began with the start of the placement in 1856 of a 130 kilometres (81 mi) railway line between Izmir and Aydın.

History of railways in india

History of reform of the House of Lords

Retirement, or the practice of leaving one's job or ceasing to work after reaching a certain age, has been around since around the 18th century. Retirement as a government policy began to be adopted by countries during the late 19th century and the 20th century.

History of rail transport in the USA

History of religions (journal)

The New Zealand All Blacks first played against Argentina (Los Pumas) on 30 October 1976, but New Zealand did not award test caps for the two internationals on that tour, nor for Argentina's first internationals in New Zealand in 1979. The first Test match recognised as such by both teams was held on 26 October 1985, on a New Zealand tour of Argentina. In full Tests the teams have met 25 times, with New Zealand winning 24 and one drawn. New Zealand also won all the four early matches where only Argentina awarded caps. They have met three times at the Rugby World Cup, having been in the same pool at the inaugural tournament in 1987, then at the quarterfinals in 2011 and then again in the pool stage in 2015.Since 2012, the teams have met twice annually in The Rugby Championship, formerly known as the Tri Nations before Argentina's entry in that year, except in 2015. Due to that year's Rugby World Cup, an abbreviated edition of The Rugby Championship was held with each side playing the others only once.

History of rugby union matches between Georgia and Canada

The history of rail transportation in Colorado began with the competition between two separate railways in the late 1860s the Denver Pacific Railroad and the Colorado Central and Pacific Railroad.

In Russia, the largest country in the world, its geography of N.-S. rivers and E.-W. commerce made it very suited to develop railroads as its basic mode of transportation.Today Russian Railways, a state-owned railway company, is one of the biggest railway companies in the world with 0.95 million employees and a monopoly within Russia. The total length of line used by the Russian Railways is, at 85,500 kilometres (53,130 mi), one of the largest in the world, exceeded only by the United States.

The history of rail transport in Poland dates back to the first half of the 19th century when railways were built under Prussian, Russian, and Austrian rule. Of course, "divided Poland" in the 19th century was the territory of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and not that one of today's Republic of Poland.

History of rock

The history of rent control in England and Wales is a part of English land law concerning the development of rent regulation in England and Wales. Controlling the prices that landlords could make their tenants pay formed the main element of rent regulation, and was in place from 1915 until its abolition (excluding some council houses) by the Housing Act 1988.There have been significant changes in attitudes and legislation toward the right to housing in mainland Britain. Concepts, such as rent control, 'security of tenure', statutory tenancy, regulated tenancy, fair rent, rent officer, Rent Officer Service and assured tenancy were introduced in the twentieth century, and have developed in the years since. It concerns the intervention of public law rights in private relations between landlord and tenant, and was put in place to counteract the inequality of bargaining power between landlords and tenants.

Rugby Union has a long history in Wales. Today it holds tier one status with the IRB. However, compared to Scotland, England, and Ireland, it was a latecomer on the international scene, and was not initially successful. Rugby union is the national sport of Wales, and is a great influence on Welsh culture.

History of rail travel

History of rail transport in philadelphia

The history of rail transport in Poland dates back to the first half of the 19th century when railways were built under Prussian, Russian, and Austrian rule. Of course, "divided Poland" in the 19th century was the territory of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and not that one of today's Republic of Poland. After Polish independence was declared on 11 November 1918, the independent Polish state administered its own railways until control was surrendered to German and Soviet occupiers during World War II.During and after World War II major changes were made again, with the Polish borders shifted westward in 1945, putting many German railways under Polish control and leaving several Polish ones in the East.

This article is part of the history of rail transport by country series.The history of rail transport in Namibia began with a small mining rail line at Cape Cross in 1895. The first major railway project was started in 1897 when the German Colonial Authority built the 600 mm (1 ft 11 5⁄8 in) gauge Staatsbahn (State Railway) from Swakopmund to Windhoek. By 1902 the line was completed.Parallel to this government initiative, the Otavi Mining and Railway Company (O.M.E.G.) was established.

History of rugby union matches between France and United States

History of rugby union matches between England and South Africa

History of religion in Belarus

History of rail transport in Ukraine

History of railways

This article is part of the history of rail transport by country seriesThe history of rail transport in Malawi began shortly after the turn of the twentieth century.Transport by rail was introduced to British Central Africa Protectorate (BCA), the British protectorate occupying present-day Malawi, in 1904. Three years later, the name of the area was changed to Nyasaland.Railways have continued to serve the area ever since, including in the period since Malawi became independent in 1964.

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History of rugby union matches between Georgia and Japan

Wales and Canada has played each other a total of 12 times with Wales winning 11 of these matches. Canada has only won once. They have played each other 3 times in a Rugby World Cup match; 1987, 2003 and 2007.

History of rugby union matches between Australia and New Zealand

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History of rail transport in canada

The Ireland and South Africa rugby union teams have a rivalry dating back to 1906. The Springboks of South Africa have dominated their early meetings, with the Irish winning just once prior to 2004, but results have turned in Ireland's favour since then. In 2016, Ireland achieved their first test victory against the Springboks in South Africa with a 26-20 victory in Cape Town.The teams' meeting on 6 November 2010 was the first Ireland Test at their new home of Aviva Stadium, where Ireland lost 23-21.

History of retirement

History of rugby union matches between Australia and United States

History of rugby union matches between Fiji and Samoa

Argentina first played against Italy in 1978 in Rovigo, with Italy running out 19-6 winners. They next met in the Rugby World Cup in 1987, Argentina coming out on top 25-16. Since then, Argentina have had the better record.

The research ship had origins in the early voyages of exploration. By the time of James Cook's Endeavour, the essentials of what today we would call a research ship are clearly apparent. In 1766, the Royal Society hired Cook to travel to the Pacific Ocean to observe and record the transit of Venus across the Sun. The Endeavour was a sturdy boat, well designed and equipped for the ordeals she would face, and fitted out with facilities for her research personnel, Joseph Banks.

History of rugby league

This article is part of the history of rail transport by country seriesThe history of rail transport in Slovenia dates back to 2 June 1846, the opening day of the Graz to Celje section of the Austrian Southern Railway. The events that day included the inaugural run of the first train to operate in Slovenia. The difficult and dangerous task of extending the line though challenging terrain to Ljubljana was completed by 1849; the line eventually continued to Trieste, now in Italy.

History of robotics

This article is part of the history of rail transport by country series.The history of rail transport in Namibia began with a small mining rail line at Cape Cross in 1895. The first major railway project was started in 1897 when the German Colonial Authority built the 600 mm (1 ft 11 5⁄8 in) gauge Staatsbahn (State Railway) from Swakopmund to Windhoek. By 1902 the line was completed.Parallel to this government initiative, the Otavi Mining and Railway Company (O.M.E.G.) was established. It built another 600 mm (1 ft 11 5⁄8 in) gauge line, the Otavibahn, from Swakopmund to Tsumeb via Otavi between 1903 and 1906, and a branch from Otavi to Grootfontein in 1907/08.The German colonial railway was taken over by the Railways of South Africa after World War I, and linked into the network of South Africa. After the independence of Namibia, TransNamib took control of the national rail network, which, by that time, had long since been converted to 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) gauge.

History of renormalization group theory

England and Ireland have played rugby union internationals since 1875, with England winning the first match at The Oval, London by two goals to nil.

Since 1909, France and Ireland have played each other in a total of 97 test matches, with France winning 56 times, Ireland winning 34 times and seven matches drawn.Apart from fixtures played in the Five Nations / Six Nations Championship competitions, four games have been played at the Rugby World Cup in 1995, 2003, 2007 and 2015, in which France were victorious in the first three and Ireland in the last one in 2015. The sides have also met on four other occasions outside the Five Nations / Six Nations Championship in 1909, the very first match between the two teams, 1972 and two Rugby World Cup warm-up matches in 2011.

The United Kingdom consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and previously consisted of Great Britain and the whole of Ireland. Rail transport systems developed independently on the two islands of Great Britain and Ireland, and most of the railway construction in the Republic of Ireland was undertaken before independence in 1922.

History of rail transport in poland

The national rugby union teams of France and New Zealand (the All Blacks) have been playing each other for over a century; as of 19 October 2015, they have played 56 Test matches against each other. The first encounter, which was also France's first Test, took place in Paris in January 1906 and was won by New Zealand 38–8. It was not until 1954 that France secured their first win over New Zealand (3–0).France first toured New Zealand in 1961 – before any of the Home Nations – and the All Blacks won all three Tests. The All Blacks' first full tour of France was in 1977, when they won one of the two Tests. France first defeated the All Blacks in New Zealand on Bastille Day 1979. France achieved a first series win in New Zealand in 1994, when they won both Tests. Since 2000, the two teams have contested the Dave Gallaher Trophy.The teams' World Cup history includes seven matches - the most for any pair of teams. They have played two tournament finals, in 1987 and 2011 (both at Eden Park and both won by New Zealand).Overall, the All Blacks have won 42 Tests against France's 12, with one match drawn. The largest winning margin in a Test between the countries was a 61–10 victory to the All Blacks at Westpac Stadium in Wellington in 2007. The most career points scored by members of either team is 92 by Andrew Mehrtens; he also holds the record for points in one match with 29.Despite the vastly superior win record of New Zealand in this encounter, France has the greatest number of wins against the All Blacks of any Northern Hemisphere opponent to date. France are sometimes called the "bogey" team of New Zealand, known for having inconsistent results in regular test matches, but have proven to be fierce opponents in the knockout stage of the Rugby World Cup. All Black campaigns in The Rugby World Cup were halted by defeats to France in 1999 and 2007, and were nearly upset again in 2011 with a very narrow 8-7 victory in the final.

The national rugby union teams of Australia (the Wallabies) and Scotland have been playing each other in Test rugby since 1927, and by November 2017, they had met in 32 Test matches. Their first meeting was on 17 December 1927, and was won 10-8 by Scotland. Their most recent meeting took place at Murrayfield on 25 November 2017 and was won 53-24 by Scotland, a record score and record margin of victory for Scotland against Australia.

Australia (the Wallabies) first played against the British and Irish Lions in 1899, winning 13 – 3 at the Sydney Cricket Ground, Sydney. There have been 23 Test matches between the two teams, with the Wallabies winning 6 of them and the British and Irish Lions 17. The most recent test, held at ANZ Stadium, Sydney, on 6 July 2013, finished in a 41 – 16 win for the Lions.

The History of rugby league in South Africa goes back as far as the 1950s. The 1990s brought about the establishment of the South African Rugby Football League to promote amateur rugby league.

History of rugby union matches between Canada and France

Canada and the United States have played each other a total of 59 times, with Canada winning 38, the United States winning 19, and only two draws.The first ever match was contested in 1977 at Swangard Stadium in Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Canada won the match 17–6. The United States' first win came the following year where they won 12–7.Since their first match in 1977, the United States and Canada play every year taking it in turns as the home side. In recent years they play on a home and away basis so that both teams are at home during their meetings, although many of the home and away meetings are the qualification rounds for the Rugby World Cup.From 2013 to 2015, Canada and the United States played every June in the tournament now known as the World Rugby Nations Cup, along with Japan, Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa. Since 2016, the two countries have played in the Americas Rugby Championship alongside the senior teams of Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay, plus Argentina's second national side, Argentina XV.

History of rail transport in the United Kingdom

History of rugby union matches between Australia and England
The rivalry between England and Australia started on 9 January 1909 at Blackheath's Rectory Field in England. The Wallabies won the match 9-3. The two nations next met in 1928, at Twickenham, and England won 18-11. Twenty years passed before England and Australia next met, again at Twickenham, with Australia winning the 1948 test 11-0. It would then be another decade until the two nations played another test against one another. In 1958, they met again at Twickenham, and England won 9-6.England and Australia played each other twice during the 1960s, first in 1963, when the Wallabies defeated England 18-9 at Sydney's Sports Ground. They met again in 1967 and Australia triumphed 23-11 at Twickenham. The nations played each other another four times during the 1970s; with England winning 20-3 at Twickenham in 1973, Australia winning 16-9 at the Sydney Cricket Ground in 1975 and again that year 30-21 at Ballymore, and England winning in 1976, 23-6 at Twickenham.The two nations would meet six times during the 1980s, the first encounter was in 1982, with England defeating Australia 15-11 at Twickenham. Two years later the Wallabies were victorious at Twickenham, winning 19-3. The next match was a pool match in the 1987 Rugby World Cup at Sydney's Concord Oval in 1987, which Australia won 19-6. The nations played three times in 1988: Australia won 22-16 in Brisbane and 28-8 at the Concord Oval, with England winning the third and final match at Twickenham 28-19.The sides met three times during the 1990s before the end of amateur era and the introduction of the Cook Cup. The first match was in 1991 at the Sydney Football Stadium, won 40-15 by Australia. The next match was the 1991 Rugby World Cup Final at Twickenham, which the Wallabies won 12-6. with Tim Daly scoring the only try of the game. The last pre-Cook Cup match was a quarter-final tie at the 1995 Rugby World Cup in South Africa, played at Newlands Stadium in Cape Town. England won 25-22, thanks to a last-minute drop goal by Rob Andrew.

The national rugby union teams of England and Italy have been playing each other in Test rugby since 1991, and by February 2018, they had met in 24 test matches, all of which have been won by England.Their first meeting was on 8 October 1991 in the 1991 Rugby World Cup, England won 36–6. England have played Italy three times in Rugby World Cups, once in a Rugby World Cup qualifier at Huddersfield and once in an Autumn International, prior to them joining the Six Nations Championship. Italy's inclusion into the Six Nations Championship in 2000 has ensured regular meetings between the sides.England have dominated the matches between the sides despite some excellent, spirited displays by Italy, who have yet to register their first win or draw in the fixture.The most recent match between the two sides ended in a 46–15 victory for England in Rome during the 2018 Six Nations Championship.

This article is part of the history of rail transport by country seriesThe history of rail transport in Madagascar began at the start of the twentieth century, with the construction of a metre gauge line between Brickaville (now Ampasimanolotra) and Madagascar's capital, Tananarive (now Antananarivo). That line was the first section of the Tananarive–Côte Est railway (TCE) from Tananarive to Toamasina, the country's chief seaport.

History of rugby union matches between Argentina and Scotland

Australia and United States have played each other at Rugby Union a total of 8 matches, all won by Australia.

History of railroads in Michigan

This article is about the sacred music of Judaism from Biblical to Modern times. For Jewish secular music, including klezmer and Sephardic, as well as the Jewish contribution to Western music, see Secular Jewish culture.

History of rugby union matches between Argentina and Italy

History of rail transport in denmark

Canada and Romania have played each other on 6 occasions.

Canada and France have played each other 8 times with France winning 7 off the meetings. They have met each other 3 times during the Rugby World Cup; 1991, 1999 and 2011, with Les Bleus winning all the meetings.

History of religion In England

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History of romania

The history of rhinoplasty (Greek: ῥίς, rhis, nose + πλάσσειν plassein, to shape), began in antiquity. Surgical rhinoplasty began in ancient Egypt and ancient India. In India, it was developed by the ayurvedic physician Sushruta (c. 800 BC). Non-surgical rhinoplasty was a later development, with the history of non-surgical rhinoplasty occurring mainly in the 21st century.

Canada and the United States have played each other a total of 59 times, with Canada winning 38, the United States winning 19, and only two draws.The first ever match was contested in 1977 at Swangard Stadium in Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Canada won the match 17–6. The United States' first win came the following year where they won 12–7.Since their first match in 1977, the United States and Canada play every year taking it in turns as the home side.

History of role playing

History of religious pluralism

History of rugby union matches between Argentina and Wales

History of rail transport in the Czech Republic

History of religion in Switzerland

This article is part of the history of rail transport by country seriesThe history of rail transport in the Czech Republic began in the 1820s. Railways were built primarily for the transport of freight. Periods when they were built and operated by commercial operators have alternated with periods of nationalization, public investment or government support. In 2009 the country had 9,420 km of standard gauge track, 3,153 km of which is electrified.

History of relativity

Fiji and Italy have played each other a total of twelve times, each winning six times. They have had only a single meeting at a Rugby World Cup fixture, which came in the first tournament in 1987.Fiji has a 100% winning record at home, winning all five meetings, Italy on the other hand have won five times from six fixtures.

Since 1927, Australia and Ireland have competed against each other in rugby union in 33 matches, Australia having won 21, Ireland 11, with 1 draw. Their first meeting was on 12 November 1927, and was won 5-3 by Australia. Their most recent meeting took place at the Aviva Stadium, Dublin in November 2016 and was won 27 pts to 24 by Ireland.

Australia and Samoa have played each other five times at rugby union with Australia winning four times and Samoa once. Four of these test matches were played on Australian soil with the other played at a neutral venue as part of the 1991 Rugby World Cup. This is the only time the teams have played each other in a Rugby World Cup.In 2011, Samoa was one of Australia's warm-up opponents ahead of the 2011 Rugby World Cup. Samoa was victorious, winning 32-23 in Sydney, the first time Manu Samoa had won a test match against Australia.

The national rugby union teams of England and South Africa (the Springboks) have been playing each other in Test rugby since 1906, and, by November 2016, had met in 38 Test matches. South Africa lead the series by 23 wins to 13, with 2 matches drawn. Their first meeting was on 8 December 1906, as part of the Springboks' first tour of Europe, with the match ending in a 3–3 draw. England won the most recent meeting between the teams on 12 November 2016 at Twickenham, 37-21.

History of rocketry

This article is part of the history of rail transport by country seriesThe history of rail transport in Mozambique began in the latter years of the nineteenth century.

History of rugby union matches between England and New Zealand

History of rail transport in Sierra Leone

History of Rodeo tracks the lineage of modern Western rodeo.

History of rhodesia

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Canada and Romania have played each other on 6 occasions. Canada have won 2 times, Romania 4 times and no match has been drawn yet.They play each other mostly in the Rugby World Cup with Canada having won two matches and Romania one.The first match was played on 9 October 1991 at Toulouse which has been won by Canada 34-3.These two sides have played each other in a Rugby World Cup game three times, in the 1991 Rugby World Cup in France, won by Canada 34 - 3, in the 1991 Rugby World Cup in South Africa, won by Canada 19 - 11 and in the 2015 Rugby World Cup in England, won by Romania 17-15.

Rugby Union has a long history in Australia, with the first club being formed in 1863 at Sydney University. Today it holds tier one status with World Rugby and has over 82,000 players nationwide.

History of rugby union matches between Australia and Fiji

History of rhode island

History of rail transport in Paraguay

History of rail transport in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

History of rugby union matches between All Blacks and the British and Irish Lions

History of rugby union matches between England and The Barbarians

History of rail transport in Nicaragua

The history of rowing as a sport has prevailed it as one of the oldest traditions in the world. What began as a method of transport and warfare eventually became a sport with a wide following, and a part of the cultural identity of the English speaking world. Rowing in its modern form developed in England in the 1700s.Today rowing is an amateur sport and an Olympic event. When Pierre de Coubertin created the Modern Olympics, he modelled the International Olympic Committee on the Henley Stewards. The stewards organise the Henley Royal Regatta, one of rowing's most prestigious events.

History of rail transport in Malta

History of research ships

History of robotics in Japan

History of rugby union matches between Georgia and Samoa

The nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans was first studied in the laboratory by Victor Nigon and Ellsworth Dougherty in the 1940s, but came to prominence after being adopted by Sydney Brenner in 1963 as a model organism for the study of developmental biology using genetics. In 1974, Brenner published the results of his first genetic screen, which isolated hundreds of mutants with morphological and functional phenotypes, such as being uncoordinated.

History of rail transport in Slovakia

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History of rugby union matches between Fiji and Scotland

History of reddish

The national rugby union teams of England and Italy have been playing each other in Test rugby since 1991, and by February 2018, they had met in 24 test matches, all of which have been won by England.Their first meeting was on 8 October 1991 in the 1991 Rugby World Cup, England won 36–6. England have played Italy three times in Rugby World Cups, once in a Rugby World Cup qualifier at Huddersfield and once in an Autumn International, prior to them joining the Six Nations Championship.

The rivalry between England and Australia started on 9 January 1909 at Blackheath's Rectory Field in England. The Wallabies won the match 9-3. The two nations next met in 1928, at Twickenham, and England won 18-11. Twenty years passed before England and Australia next met, again at Twickenham, with Australia winning the 1948 test 11-0. It would then be another decade until the two nations played another test against one another.

History of railways in Wurttemberg

History of rail transport in Württemberg

History of role-playing

History of rail transport in Switzerland

The history of rail transport in Portugal dates from 28 October 1856, when Portugal's first railway line was opened between Lisbon and Carregado: the Companhia dos Caminhos de Ferro Portugueses.The network was gradually expanded both south of the Tagus and to the north of the country, as well as in the metropolitan areas of Lisbon and Oporto and to Spain. In 1887 the Douro railway line was completed; also in 1887 the Sud Express from Lisbon to France operated for the first time.In 1892 a law was passed creating the Board of Directors of the CF Estado (State Railways), but most railways remain in private ownership albeit with greater state regulation and requirement for co-operation. In 1910 the Portuguese monarchy was replaced by a republican constitution; there were also notable strikes by railway workers in 1910, 1911, 1912, 1914, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1922 and 1923.In 1926 the railway between Cascais and Lisbon was electrified at 1500 volts DC and the line's new Lisbon station at Cais do Sodre was completed in 1928. In 1927, the state-owned lines were leased to CP - thus bringing most railways in Portugal under a single management. In 1945, the Portuguese Government decided to end the system of separate company franchises; in 1951 the entire network was run by CP (with the exception of the Cascais line, which did not become fully part of CP until 1976).Between 1936 and 1939 the Sud Express service was suspended because of the Spanish Civil War.In 1943, the Sorefame company was established, becoming the principal supplier of Portuguese rolling stock until its closure in 2004.In 1944 and 1945 train services throughout Portugal had to be severely reduced due to nationwide shortage of coal, which also prompted CP to investigate and order diesel locomotives and railcars. The first mainline diesel locomotives (Série 1500) were introduced in 1948, as were the Swedish-built Série 0100 diesel railcars.In 1957 overhead electrification (at 25kV 50 Hz) was introduced between Lisbon and Entroncamento. The electrification was extended northwards to Oporto in 1966. The final steam locomotives on the Iberian gauge lines were withdrawn from service in the 1970s; some steam workings on metre gauge lines continued into the 1980s.In 1959 the first line of the Lisbon Metro opened. In the same year, the first wide-gauge locomotives CP Class 3150 were used.Following the Carnation Revolution in 1974, CP was nationalised in 1975.In 1988, the metre gauge Sabor and Dão lines closed, followed by the northern sections of the remaining Douro metre gauge lines in 1990.Until 1999 there was no rail crossing over the River Tagus at Lisbon; all trains to/from the Algarve had to terminate at Barreiro on the south bank of the River Tagus and passengers had to cross the river by ferry. The 25th April Bridge was subsequently adapted to include a rail deck and through services commenced from Lisbon to the Algarve, as well as the Fertagus commuter rail service.In 1999 the Alfa Pendular high speed electric tilting train service was introduced on the Braga-Oporto-Lisbon-Faro line, with through trains south of Lisbon starting in 2003.The early years of the 21st century saw the contraction of the network, notably the closure of most of the narrow gauge railways in Portugal (such as the highly scenic Tua line). After 2009, the only metre gauge lines left in service were the Metro de Mirandela and the Vouga line.

The history of rent control in England and Wales is a part of English land law concerning the development of rent regulation in England and Wales. Controlling the prices that landlords could make their tenants pay formed the main element of rent regulation, and was in place from 1915 until its abolition (excluding some council houses) by the Housing Act 1988.There have been significant changes in attitudes and legislation toward the right to housing in mainland Britain.

In ancient history, the concepts of chance and randomness were intertwined with that of fate. Many ancient peoples threw dice to determine fate, and this later evolved into games of chance. At the same time, most ancient cultures used various methods of divination to attempt to circumvent randomness and fate.The Chinese were perhaps the earliest people to formalize odds and chance 3,000 years ago. The Greek philosophers discussed randomness at length, but only in non-quantitative forms. It was only in the sixteenth century that Italian mathematicians began to formalize the odds associated with various games of chance. The invention of modern calculus had a positive impact on the formal study of randomness. In the 19th century the concept of entropy was introduced in physics.The early part of the twentieth century saw a rapid growth in the formal analysis of randomness, and mathematical foundations for probability were introduced, leading to its axiomatization in 1933. At the same time, the advent of quantum mechanics changed the scientific perspective on determinacy. In the mid to late 20th-century, ideas of algorithmic information theory introduced new dimensions to the field via the concept of algorithmic randomness.Although randomness had often been viewed as an obstacle and a nuisance for many centuries, in the twentieth century computer scientists began to realize that the deliberate introduction of randomness into computations can be an effective tool for designing better algorithms. In some cases, such randomized algorithms are able to outperform the best deterministic methods.

History of rail transport in the Comoros

History of roman syria

France's national rugby union team first played Argentina in 1949 when they undertook a two-test tour of the latter country. France won both matches. Argentina did not manage a win over France until their 16th meeting in 1985, under the captaincy of Hugo Porta.France has been Argentina's most frequent Test match opponent. France played a significant role in the early development of Argentine rugby in which the two countries played each other 13 times between 1949 and 1977.

History of rail transport in Sweden

Georgia and Romania have played each other on 22 occasions. Georgia have won 12 times, Romania 9 times and 1 match has been drawn. They regularly play each other in the Rugby Europe Championship (previously named European Nations Cup).The first match was played on 18 November 1998 at Lansdowne Road that has been won by Romania 27–23.The two sides have played each other once in a Rugby World Cup game in the 2011 Rugby World Cup in New Zealand. Georgia won the match 25–9.

The history of rugby union matches between Argentina and Ireland is one of a very even contest. As of October 2015, the sides have met twenty one times with a result of twelve wins to Ireland, eight to Argentina and one drawn game, however, five of these matches were not a fully test capped match for Ireland. At the end of the 2010 Autumn Internationals there was only a nineteen-point difference in cumulative points scored.

History of rugby union matches between Australia and South Africa

The history of rail transportation in Colorado began with the competition between two separate railways in the late 1860s the Denver Pacific Railroad and the Colorado Central and Pacific Railroad. Following the decision of the Union Pacific Railroad to route the transcontinental railroad through Cheyenne, Wyoming instead of Denver, the first town in the Front Range area to construct a connecting line to the Union Pacific Railroad would more naturally become the economic focus of the Colorado territory. The Colorado Central and Pacific Railway was incorporated in 1865 by residents of Golden, however this railway was unable to immediately begin constructing a connecting line to Cheyenne. The existence of the Colorado Central and Pacific Railroad prompted the citizens of Denver to incorporate the Denver Pacific Railroad on November 19, 1867. Following a spirited campaign raising capital, the Denver Pacific Railroad laid its first track in 1869. By June 26, 1870, the Denver Pacific Railroad was completed.

England and Samoa have played each other on 8 occasions, 3 of which have been during a Rugby World Cup Tournament. England has an unbeaten record against Samoa winning all 8 meetings, the biggest being the 40-3 win in 2005. They are yet to play in Samoa.

History of randomness

History of rugby union matches between Georgia and Fiji

History of rail transport in Namibia

History of rail transport in Israel

Samoa and Fiji have played each other on 51 occasions with Fiji winning the most at 28 wins to Samoa's 20.They regularly play each other in the IRB Pacific Nations Cup with both teams winning 4 times in 8 meetings.During the early years of their encounters, they played in the South Pacific Championship and the Pacific-rim Championship with other Pacific nations. They would also play each other on a friendly home and away basis, but these matches would mostly be used for Rugby World Cup qualification. These two sides have only played each other once in a Rugby World Cup game, in the 2011 Rugby World Cup in New Zealand, where they played in the iconic Eden Park. Samoa won the match 27-7.

France and Wales have played each other at rugby union since 1908. A total of 96 matches have been played, with Wales winning 49 times, France winning 44 times and 3 matches drawn.The early years of the fixture were dominated by Wales, who won 18 of the first 19 matches up to the point when France were expelled from the Five Nations Championship after the 1931 tournament.

France's national rugby union team first played Argentina in 1949 when they undertook a two-test tour of the latter country. France won both matches. Argentina did not manage a win over France until their 16th meeting in 1985, under the captaincy of Hugo Porta.France has been Argentina's most frequent Test match opponent. France played a significant role in the early development of Argentine rugby in which the two countries played each other 13 times between 1949 and 1977. In total the two countries have met 50 times, with France winning 35 games, Argentina 14 and one game drawn.The teams have played each other three times at Rugby World Cup tournaments: In 1999 France won a quarter-final, and in 2007 Argentina beat France 17-12 in the tournament-opening pool game and again 34-10 in the playoff for third and fourth place after Argentina had lost to tournament winners South Africa in the semi-final. Even though Argentina had shown strong form in the year leading up to the tournament (winning 10 of 13 Test matches plus a one-point loss to France), the opening-game win was regarded as an upset by the media.Though about two thirds of the games have been played on Argentina's ground, France has managed to win more than two thirds of them. France won the only match the two have played on neutral ground.The biggest difference in point was achieve by France during their second game of their 2012 tour to Argentina, winning 49 to 10.Since 2000, the series has been especially closely fought, though Argentina have had the upper hand. In the 13 matches played in that time frame, the Pumas are 8–5, but eight of the matches were decided by a converted try (7 points) or less.When the IRB introduced their world team rankings system in 2003, Argentina were ranked 7th and France 5th. Since then the ranking changed frequently and the two teams order was reversed many times like in March 2009, when Argentina climbed to 4th place and France fell to seventh. Most recently, following Argentina's win in the first of their two-Test series in June 2012, the two teams switched places in the rankings with the Pumas in 6th and France in 7th but after their second game a week later, which saw France won by 39 points, France climbed back to the 5th place and Argentina drop to 8th.

History of rail transport in Slovenia

History of research on Arabidopsis thaliana

The Ireland and South Africa rugby union teams have a rivalry dating back to 1906. The Springboks of South Africa have dominated their early meetings, with the Irish winning just once prior to 2004, but results have turned in Ireland's favour since then.

History of rioja wine

England and Ireland have played rugby union internationals since 1875, with England winning the first match at The Oval, London by two goals to nil. (A points scoring system was not used in rugby at the time.) The two teams have played a total of 133 Test matches; with England winning 76 of them, Ireland 49 and 8 resulting in a draw.Apart from their annual match, currently part of the Six Nations Championship, the teams have also met in two warm-up matches prior to the 2011 and 2015 World Cups, and a one-off match in April 1988 to celebrate the millennium of the city of Dublin. The winners of the 1988 match, England, were awarded the Millennium Trophy which then became the trophy for the annual match between the teams.The Millennium Trophy is currently held by Ireland, who won the most recent match 24–15 at the Twickenham Stadium during the 2018 Six Nations Championship.

History of rugby union in England

The national rugby union teams of France and New Zealand (the All Blacks) have been playing each other for over a century; as of 19 October 2015, they have played 56 Test matches against each other. The first encounter, which was also France's first Test, took place in Paris in January 1906 and was won by New Zealand 38–8.

History of regional geochemistry

The research ship had origins in the early voyages of exploration. By the time of James Cook's Endeavour, the essentials of what today we would call a research ship are clearly apparent. In 1766, the Royal Society hired Cook to travel to the Pacific Ocean to observe and record the transit of Venus across the Sun. The Endeavour was a sturdy boat, well designed and equipped for the ordeals she would face, and fitted out with facilities for her research personnel, Joseph Banks. And, as is common with contemporary research vessels, Endeavour carried out more than one kind of research, including comprehensive hydrographic survey work.Some other notable early research vessels were HMS Beagle, RV Calypso, HMS Challenger, and the Endurance and Terra Nova.

History of rugby union matches between Canada and the United States

History of rock and roll

This article is part of the history of rail transport by country seriesThe history of rail transport in Mauritania began in 1940, with the commencement of preparatory work for the construction of the Mauritania Railway, a single track, 704 km (437 mi) standard gauge line connecting a then proposed iron mine in Zouerate with the port of Nouadhibou, via Fderik and Choum. Construction of the line began in 1961 and was completed in 1963.

History of railways in Indonesia

History of rugby union matches between Argentina and New Zealand

History of railways in italy

History of rugby union matches between England and France

This article is part of the history of rail transport by country seriesThe history of rail transport in Rwanda is limited to three industrial railways, and a number of proposed railway projects that, as of 2012, had not been implemented.

History of rail transport in Russia

History of religion in Ukraine

History of republika srpska

The national rugby union teams of England and Argentina (Los Pumas) have been playing each other since 1978. The status of the first match is ambiguous, as Argentina awarded Test caps to its players but England did not (England sent a representative "England XV", not the 1st XV).They have met in 23 matches recognised by both sides as Tests. The first match was on 30 May 1981 and was a 19-19 draw.

History of railways in Italy

History of rail transport in Zambia

History of rugby union matches between Argentina and Georgia

This article is part of the history of rail transport by country seriesThe history of rail transport in Madagascar began at the start of the twentieth century, with the construction of a metre gauge line between Brickaville (now Ampasimanolotra) and Madagascar's capital, Tananarive (now Antananarivo). That line was the first section of the Tananarive–Côte Est railway (TCE) from Tananarive to Toamasina, the country's chief seaport. It eventually became the nucleus of a network of three railways, the Network North (French: Réseau Nord).Between 1926 and 1936, an isolated line, the Fianarantsoa-Côte Est railway (FCE), was built, again in metre gauge, in the south east of the island. The FCE is also known as Network South (French: Réseau Sud).The two separate networks were combined under the same management in 1944. The whole system was nationalized in 1974. By the 1990s, the national system was very run down, and the Malagasy government decided to privatize it. Since 2003, Network North has been run by a joint stock company, Madarail, under a 25-year concession, while Network South has remained under parastatal operation.Madagascar has also had a number of industrial railways, including a line serving a sugar cane plantation on the small island of Nosy Be, north west of the main island.

Railroads have been vital in the history of the population and trade of rough and finished goods in the state of Michigan.

Australia and Samoa have played each other five times at rugby union with Australia winning four times and Samoa once. Four of these test matches were played on Australian soil with the other played at a neutral venue as part of the 1991 Rugby World Cup. This is the only time the teams have played each other in a Rugby World Cup.In 2011, Samoa was one of Australia's warm-up opponents ahead of the 2011 Rugby World Cup.

Argentina and South Africa first met in 1993. Until 2012, these two teams did not tour each other regularly and encounters between them were rare in the professional era. This changed in 2012, when Argentina joined the SANZAR nations in the annual Rugby Championship tournament (formerly the Tri Nations). Argentina avoided defeat for the first time in the second match of the 2012 Rugby Championship with a draw on home ground, and won for the first time in the shortened Rugby Championship in 2015, in South Africa. They earned their first ever home victory over South Africa on 27 August during the 2016 Rugby Championship.

History of rail transport in Puerto Rico

This article is part of the history of rail transport by country seriesThe history of rail transport in Nicaragua began in 1860s, with the first plans for a railroad in Nicaragua. The first line was opened in 1882. In the past, there were 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) gauge railroads on the Pacific coast, connecting major cities. A private 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) gauge line operated on the Atlantic coast.However, as of 2006, there were no longer any trains in Nicaragua.

Since 1909, France and Ireland have played each other in a total of 97 test matches, with France winning 56 times, Ireland winning 34 times and seven matches drawn.Apart from fixtures played in the Five Nations / Six Nations Championship competitions, four games have been played at the Rugby World Cup in 1995, 2003, 2007 and 2015, in which France were victorious in the first three and Ireland in the last one in 2015.

History of responsa in Judaism spans a period of 1,700 years. Rabbinic responsa constitute a special class of rabbinic literature, differing in form, but not necessarily in content, from Rabbinic commentaries devoted to the exegesis of the Bible, the Mishnah, the Talmud, and halakha (the codes of Jewish religious law). The codes themselves contain the rules for ordinary incidents of life. The responsa literature covers all these topics and more. The mode, style and subject matter have changed as a function of the travels of the Jewish people and of the development of other halakhic literature, particularly the codes. Forumulation of responsa, or she'elot ve-t'shuvot, which literally translates to questions and answers, generally involve an individual or group asking either teachers, rabbis, or heads of yeshivot about halakhah (Jewish law) and the party responding via an exchange of letters. Responsa literature spans 1700 years and there are even responsa being developed based on questions posed today. The development of responsa literature can be divided into four periods: the Tannaitic Period, the Geonic Period, the First Rabbinic Epoch,the Second Rabbinic Epoch, the Third Rabbinic Epoch, and the Fourth Rabbinic Epoch.

Rugby union in Scotland in its modern form has existed since the mid-19th century. As with the history of rugby union itself however, it emerged from older traditional forms of football which preceded the codification of the sport. In the same manner as rugby union in England, rugby union in Scotland would grow at a significant rate to the point where Scotland played England in the first ever rugby union international in 1871, a match which was won by the Scottish team.In 1883, Scotland would become a founding member of the annual Home Nations Championship with England, Wales and Ireland, (now the Six Nations Championship with the inclusion of France and Italy), and since its creation in 1987 have competed in every Rugby World Cup. Scotland took part in co-hosting the 1991 Rugby World Cup, alongside the rest of the United Kingdom, Ireland and France. The governing body of rugby union in Scotland, Scottish Rugby Union, is the second oldest organisation of its kind, having been founded in 1873.

History of rail transport in japan

Arabidopsis thaliana is a first class model organism and the single most important species for fundamental research in plant molecular genetics.A. thaliana was the first plant for which a high-quality reference genome sequence was determined (see below), and a worldwide research community has developed many other genetic resources and tools. The experimental advantages of A. thaliana have enabled many important discoveries. These advantages have been extensively reviewed, as has its role in fundamental discoveries about the plant immune system, natural variation, and other areas.

History of religion in China

Wales national rugby union team first played Argentina in 1968 when they undertook a two-test tour of the latter country. Argentina awarded full caps for the match but Wales did not. Argentina won the series winning the first match and drawing the second. The first match that both teams awarded full caps was in 1991.

History of rugby union matches between Australia and Ireland

Railroads have been vital in the history of the population and trade of rough and finished goods in the state of Michigan. While some coastal settlements had previously existed, the population, commercial, and industrial growth of the state further bloomed with the establishment of the railroad.The state's proximity to Ontario, Canada aided the transport of goods in a smooth east-west trajectory from the eastern shore of Lake Michigan toward Montreal and Quebec.Major railroads in the state, prior to 20th century consolidations, had been the Michigan Central Railroad and the New York Central Railroad.

History of rail transport in Poland

This article is part of the history of rail transport by country series.The construction and operation of Swiss railways during the 19th century was carried out by private railways. The first internal line was a 16 km line opened from Zürich to Baden in 1847. By 1860 railways connected western and northeastern Switzerland. The first Alpine railway to be opened under the Gotthard Pass in 1882.

The Australian Wallabies first played against France (Les Bleus) in 1928, resulting in a win to Australia. They were not to win again until 1968, although in recent years Australia have dominated the encounter and have historically won more matches and have a better points difference.

History of railways in Belgium

History of rugby union matches between Argentina and Australia

History of rugby union matches between Canada and Romania

History of rail transport in france

Zanzibar was the first country in East Africa to introduce the steam locomotive. Sultan Bargash bin Said had a seven-mile railway constructed from his palace at Stone Town to Chukwani in 1879. Initially the two Pullman cars were hauled by mules but in 1881 the Sultan ordered an 0-4-0 tank locomotive from the English locomotive builders Bagnall.

History of rugby union matches between England and Italy

History of rail transport in spain

History of rugby union matches between Ireland and South Africa

Since 1908 Australia and Wales have competed against each other in rugby union in 40 matches, Australia having won 29, Wales 10, with 1 draw. Since 2007 the teams have competed for the James Bevan Trophy, which was created to celebrate 100 years of rugby between the two nations.

History of rail transport in ireland

History of rugby union matches between All Blacks and Scotland

History of rape

The United Kingdom consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and previously consisted of Great Britain and the whole of Ireland. Rail transport systems developed independently on the two islands of Great Britain and Ireland, and most of the railway construction in the Republic of Ireland was undertaken before independence in 1922. Thus, the logical division to discuss the history of railways in these areas is by geographical division, rather than the political division of nation states.History of rail transport in Great Britain discusses the history of rail transport on the larger of the British isles, comprising England, Scotland and Wales. Here, the vast majority of the railway system standardised on the standard gauge of 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm).History of rail transport in Ireland discusses the history of rail transport on the island of Ireland, comprising the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Here a system using a broad gauge of 5 ft 3 in (1,600 mm) developed.

History of rail transport in the People's Republic of China

History of roleplaying games

Rugby Union has a long history in New Zealand. Today it holds tier one status with the IRB.

History of ranching in North America

The history of rugby league as a separate form of rugby football goes back to 1895 in Huddersfield, West Riding of Yorkshire when the Northern Rugby Football Union broke away from England's established Rugby Football Union to administer its own separate competition. Similar schisms occurred later in Australia and New Zealand in 1907.

History of rugby union matches between France and South Africa

History of role-playing games

History of railways in Württemberg

History of rugby union matches between Canada and Unites States

History of rail transport in Mauritius

History of rail transport in great britain

The first Anglo-French rugby union match was held on 22 March 1906 at Parc des Princes in Paris.The traditional name for the annual England versus France rugby union match in the Six Nations Championship as used on both sides of the English Channel is Le Crunch, used since at least 1981... (...but in France, the name is 'Eurostar Trophy', 2000)... Games have also been played as Tests and at the Rugby World Cup. England and France have played each other on 104 occasions, England winning 57, France winning 40, and 7 matches have been drawn. Overall, England have scored 1,658 points, and France 1,328.

History of rail transport in Tanzania

History of rugby union matches between Australia and Samoa

History of rail transport in Malawi

History of railroads in Colorado

History of rugby

History of ramsgate

History of rail transport in Western Australia

History of rail transport in Indonesia

History of responsa

The history of rail transport in Liberia began shortly after World War II, when the Freeport of Monrovia was completed, with limited rail access. It had been developed by American military forces.In the early 1960s, three long distance railway lines were constructed in Liberia, mainly for the transport of iron ore from mines to port facilities. Of about 480 km (298 mi) in total length, they were the Mano River Railway, the Lamco Railway, and the Bong Mine Railway, respectively.All three of these lines were later closed down, due to the effects of the two Liberian Civil Wars (1989–1996 and 1999–2003). As of August 2010, only the Bong Mine Railway had been restored to operational condition.

Arabidopsis thaliana is a first class model organism and the single most important species for fundamental research in plant molecular genetics.A. thaliana was the first plant for which a high-quality reference genome sequence was determined (see below), and a worldwide research community has developed many other genetic resources and tools. The experimental advantages of A. thaliana have enabled many important discoveries.

This article is part of the history of rail transport by country seriesThe history of rail transport in Spain begins in 1848 with the construction of a railway line between Barcelona and Mataró, in 1852 the first narrow gauge line was built, in 1863 a line reached the Portuguese border.

History of rugby union matches between England and Ireland

History of rail transport in Thailand

History of rugby union matches between Canada and Georgia

The contest between The Wallabies and The Springboks is one of the major rivalries in rugby union.The teams' first meeting was on 8 July 1933 at Newlands in Cape Town in the first of 5 tests on the 1933 Wallabies tour. The test was won 17–3 by South Africa who also won that first series 3–2.South Africa has a better than 57% winning record against Australia, and before the era of sporting boycotts, dominated the early encounters up to 1971.

History of rail transport in Rwanda

History of religion in Britain

History of rent control in Scotland

History of rail transport in Portugal

History of roman egypt

History of rugby union matches between Argentina and France

History of rail transport in Madagascar

History of rail transport in australia

In ancient history, the concepts of chance and randomness were intertwined with that of fate. Many ancient peoples threw dice to determine fate, and this later evolved into games of chance. At the same time, most ancient cultures used various methods of divination to attempt to circumvent randomness and fate.The Chinese were perhaps the earliest people to formalize odds and chance 3,000 years ago. The Greek philosophers discussed randomness at length, but only in non-quantitative forms.

Rugby union in Scotland in its modern form has existed since the mid-19th century. As with the history of rugby union itself however, it emerged from older traditional forms of football which preceded the codification of the sport.

History of religion in Malta

History of railroads in Oregon

History of rent control in the United States

History of research on Caenorhabditis elegans

History of rugby union matches between Canada and Wales

The national rugby union teams of Scotland and Argentina (Los Pumas) have played since 1969. However, the status of the countries' first three matches—two in 1969 and one in 1973—is ambiguous, as only Argentina awarded Test caps for those encounters. The first match recognised by both sides as a Test took place in 1990.As of November 2014, they have met 18 times, but only 15 times has been recognised by both sides as Tests. Scotland went 2–1 in the three pre-1990 matches, and crushed Argentina 49–3 in their first mutually recognised Test in 1990. The Pumas then went on a seven-match winning streak, but Scotland have been more successful in recent times, winning six of their most recent eight encounters.Their most recent match took place in November 2016 and was won 19-16 by Scotland.

History of religion in Australia

History of responsa in Judaism

The first Anglo-French rugby union match was held on 22 March 1906 at Parc des Princes in Paris.The traditional name for the annual England versus France rugby union match in the Six Nations Championship as used on both sides of the English Channel is Le Crunch, used since at least 1981... (...but in France, the name is 'Eurostar Trophy', 2000)... Games have also been played as Tests and at the Rugby World Cup.

History of rodeo

History of rochester

The history of rail transport in Turkey began with the start of the placement in 1856 of a 130 kilometres (81 mi) railway line between Izmir and Aydın. The first finished Ottoman railway line was a 66 kilometres (41 mi) line between Köstence (Constanţa, Romania today) and Boğazköy (Cernavodă, Romania today) built in 1859-1860.The state corporation that manages the Turkish railway system, Turkish State Railways, subdivides the history into the Pre-Republic period (Ottoman period), the Republic period (which extends from 1923 to 1950) and the period after 1950. During the first period, railways were built and operated by foreign concerns with permission from the state. In the second, the state took over its own railways and expanded them in support of Turkish financial interests. In the third period, attention turned from rail travel to highways, and the expansion of railways dramatically slowed.

History of responsa in Judaism spans a period of 1,700 years. Rabbinic responsa constitute a special class of rabbinic literature, differing in form, but not necessarily in content, from Rabbinic commentaries devoted to the exegesis of the Bible, the Mishnah, the Talmud, and halakha (the codes of Jewish religious law). The codes themselves contain the rules for ordinary incidents of life. The responsa literature covers all these topics and more.

History of railroads

Argentina and South Africa first met in 1993. Until 2012, these two teams did not tour each other regularly and encounters between them were rare in the professional era. This changed in 2012, when Argentina joined the SANZAR nations in the annual Rugby Championship tournament (formerly the Tri Nations).

History of rail transport in Mozambique

History of rugby league in South Africa