In economics, a federal budget is the major plan for a federal government's estimated future revenues and spending for the coming fiscal year. The federal budget is representation of the financial plan for the goals and activities of the government which in turn reflects the debates surrounding the various economical principles and ideas. It is the main means of the redistribution of the national income and gross domestic product to meet the needs necessary in order for economic growth. Primarily, the government spends a significant amount of their financial resources in the areas of healthcare, the old and young and social security programs.

Federal planning bureau

Federal institute of science and technology

Federal councillors of Switzerland

Federal jury

Federal modernism is an architectural style which emerged in 1949 after the US General Services Administration (GSA) was created in response to the organizational needs of the US federal government during its time of post-war expansion. "The most gigantic business on earth," was established to consolidate the government’s building management and general procurement functions. GSA responded to the building needs coming out of the Depression-era and wartime expansion after World War II. The decades of the 1950s, 60s, and 70s stand out as a period of extensive federal government growth, with the number of Federal employees, the Federal budget, and GSA's building-related budget increasing dramatically. Between 1960 and 1976, GSA undertook more than 700 building projects across the United State

Federal land use policy

Federal fortress

Federal dependency
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Federal popular initiative "for the protection against gun violence"

Federal government of Nigeria

Use of heroin peaked between 1969 and 1971, marijuana between 1978 and 1979, and cocaine between 1987 and 1989. A major decline in the use of opium started after the Harrison Act of 1914 was initiated. An overarching effort to impose mandatory penalties for federal drug crimes took place in the 1980s. This caused many drug crimes that were common at the time to carry mandatory minimum sentences of 5 to 10 years in a federal prison.

Federal government of America

Federal common law is a term of United States law used to describe common law that is developed by the federal courts, instead of by the courts of the various states. The United States is the only country to combine the creation of common law doctrines with a complete federalism, wherein the national supreme court has virtually no power to review state court decisions to determine whether the state courts have followed state laws. The High Court of Australia is sometimes said to have federal common law, but because all state and territorial courts are directly appealable to the High Court, this is indistinguishable from a general common law. In contrast, the United States Supreme Court has effectively barred the creation of federal common law in areas traditionally under the authority of state courts. Nevertheless, there are several areas where federal common law continues to govern.

Federal disaster area

Federal modernism is an architectural style which emerged in 1949 after the US General Services Administration (GSA) was created in response to the organizational needs of the US federal government during its time of post-war expansion. "The most gigantic business on earth," was established to consolidate the government’s building management and general procurement functions. GSA responded to the building needs coming out of the Depression-era and wartime expansion after World War II. The decades of the 1950s, 60s, and 70s stand out as a period of extensive federal government growth, with the number of Federal employees, the Federal budget, and GSA's building-related budget increasing dramatically. Between 1960 and 1976, GSA undertook more than 700 building projects across the United States. These included office buildings, courthouses, post offices, museums, and border stations, located in cities and towns of all sizes.

Federal parole

Federal jurisdiction refers to the legal scope of the government's powers in the United States of America. See the 1962 Federal Report titled "JURISDICTION OVER FEDERAL AREAS WITHIN THE STATES". The United States is a federal republic, governed by the U.S. Constitution, containing fifty states and a federal district which elect the President and Vice President, and having other territories and possessions in its national jurisdiction. This government is variously known as the Union, the United States, or the federal government. Under the Constitution and various treaties, the legal jurisdiction of the United States includes territories and territorial waters.

Under the constitutional doctrine of federal intervention, a federal interventor (also intervenor or intervener) has been appointed to govern Córdoba Province, Argentina, on several occasions. On some occasions the federal interventor was named Governor of Córdoba. There are six series of interventors corresponding to the six federal interventions, each itself a product of a military coup d'état. These six coups d'état resulted in de facto governments.

Federal probation and supervised release

Federal minimum wage

Federal grant

Federal budget

Federal prince

Federal election

Federal forest

Federal prosecution of public corruption in the United States

Federal execution

Federal budget of switzerland

Federal bureau of investigation laboratory

Federal judiciary of Switzerland

A federal jury, in the United States, is impaneled to try federal civil cases and to indict and try those accused by United States Attorneys of federal crimes. A federal grand jury consists of 16 to 23 members and requires the concurrence of 12 in order to indict. A federal petit jury consists of 12 members and the verdict must be .

Federal prisons in the United States

Federal dependencies

Federal poverty guidelines

In United States law, a "federal enclave" is a parcel of federal property within a state that is under the "Special Maritime and Territorial Jurisdiction of the United States." As of 1960, the year of the latest comprehensive inquiry, seven percent of federal property had enclave status, of which four percent (almost all in Alaska and Hawaii) was under "concurrent" state jurisdiction. The remaining three percent, on which some state laws do not apply, is scattered almost at random throughout the United States. In 1960, there were about 5,000 enclaves, with about one million people living on them. These numbers would undoubtedly be lower today because many of these areas were military bases that have been closed and transferred out of federal ownership. Since late 1950s, it has been an official federal policy that the states should have full concurrent jurisdiction on all federal enclaves, an approach endorsed by some legal experts.

Federal financing for small businesses in Canada is facilitated via a number of programs and agencies. Financing is available in the form of grants (sometimes called "non-repayable contributions"), loans, loan guarantees, income support and subsidized hiring and/or training programs. The government also provides funding for no-cost or subsidized services to small businesses, including workshops, business plan consulting, education, and federally sponsored trade missions. Financing, and federally funded or subsidized services are available both to established businesses looking to grow or expand into new markets and to entrepreneurs seeking to launch a new business.

Federal program

In United States law, federal question jurisdiction is the subject-matter jurisdiction of United States federal courts to hear a civil case because the plaintiff has alleged a violation of the United States Constitution, federal law, or a treaty to which the United States is a party.

Federal headship

Federal republic europe

Federal intervention

Federal republicanism is an ideology, prevalent mainly in the 19th century Spain, which incorporates republicanism and advocates local associations of citizens and promotes citizen participation in public affairs. An important part being the concept of federalism, looking for the devolution or distribution and management to smaller administrative units to prevent governments with a strong central concentration of power. It was the prelude to cantonalism in the Glorious Revolution (Spain).

Federal court ruling

Federal contractors program
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Federal districts of russia

Federal jurisdiction (United States)

Federal regulation

Federal park

Federal budget (United States)

In the United States, a federal crime or federal offense is an act that is made illegal by U.S. federal legislation. Prosecution happens at both the federal and the state levels (based on the Dual sovereignty doctrine) and so a "federal crime" is one that is prosecuted under federal criminal law and not under state criminal law under which most of the crimes committed in the United States are prosecuted. Prosecution guidelines are established by the United States Attorney in each federal judicial district and by laws that Congress has already established.

A city of federal importance (Russian: город федерального значения, tr. gorod federalnogo znacheniya) or federal city in Russia is a city that has a status of both an inhabited locality and a constituent federal subject. The Russian Federation is divided into eighty-five federal subjects, three of which are federal cities. Two of them are the largest cities in the country: Moscow, the national capital; and Saint Petersburg, an important port on the Baltic Sea. The third and newest federal city, Sevastopol, is in the disputed region of Crimea, which was annexed by the Russian Federation in 2014 but is recognised as Ukrainian territory by most of the international community.

Federal law is the body of law created by the federal government of a country. A federal government is formed when a group of political units, such as states or provinces join together in a federation, delegating their individual sovereignty and many powers to the central government while retaining or reserving other limited powers. As a result, two or more levels of government exist within an established geographic territory. The body of law of the common central government is the federal law.

Federal depository library program

Federal ministers of Nigerian 6th National Assembly

Federal prince (German: Bundesfürsten, "Princes of the Federation") was the generic term for the royal heads of state (monarchs) of the various states making up the German Empire, with the exception of the states that were republics and Alsace-Lorraine which had a special status. The empire was a federal state, with its constituent states remaining sovereign states. Among the states, the majority were monarchies, 3 states were republics and Alsace-Lorraine was an imperial territory ruled by a steward. The states became part of the German Empire by an 1871 treaty. The head of the empire was granted the title German Emperor (with the title "Emperor of Germany" being deliberately avoided), and was simultaneously a federal prince as King of Prussia, the sovereign of its largest federal state.

Federal citation system

Federal prosecutor for the Southern District of Florida

Federal common law is a term of United States law used to describe common law that is developed by the federal courts, instead of by the courts of the various states. The United States is the only country to combine the creation of common law doctrines with a complete federalism, wherein the national supreme court has virtually no power to review state court decisions to determine whether the state courts have followed state laws. The High Court of Australia is sometimes said to have federal common law, but because all state and territorial courts are directly appealable to the High Court, this is indistinguishable from a general common law. In contrast, the United States Supreme Court has effectively barred the creation of federal common law in areas traditionally under the authority of s

Federal bureau of investigation

Federal marshall

Federal question

Federal presence in Higher Education

Federal opposition of australia

Federal office for information security

Federal magistrate (disambiguation)

Federal public defender organizations are public defender entities within a federal government, and federal public defenders are these organizations' employees.

Federal popular initiatives "against the construction of minarets"

Federal procurement data system

Federal grand jury

Federal intervention (Spanish: Intervención federal) is an attribution of the federal government of Argentina, by which it takes control of a province in certain extreme cases. Intervention is declared by the President with the assent of the National Congress. Article 6 of the Argentine Constitution states: The federal government intervenes in the territory of the provinces to guarantee the republican form of government or to repel foreign invasions, and upon request of its authorities created to sustain or re-establish them, if they have been deposed by sedition or by the invasion of another province. Upon intervention, the branches of the provincial government are dissolved, and the federal government must appoint a new authority (called interventor) who will serve for a short term until the situation is normalized. The most recent example of intervention took place in 2004, when President Néstor Kirchner applied it in the province of Santiago del Estero after a wave of grave accusations against governor and her husband, the local caudillo Carlos Juárez.

Federal judicial appointment history

Federal drug policy of the United States

Federal marshals

Federal customer agency

Federal district judge

Federal budget (economics)

Federal ministers of Nigeria

Federal district (United States)

Federal investigation bureau (austria)

Federal government of Mexico.

Federal government of India

Federal program bribery statute

Federal institutions of Cambodia

Federal penitentiary

Federal hunting reserves

A federal monarchy is a federation of states with a single monarch as over-all head of the federation, but retaining different monarchs, or a non-monarchical system of government, in the various states joined to the federation.

Federal courts

This is a list of the federal institutions of Tanzania.

A federal enterprise architecture framework (FEAF) is the U.S. reference enterprise architecture of a federal government. It provides a common approach for the integration of strategic, business and technology management as part of organization design and performance improvement. The most familiar federal enterprise architecture is the enterprise architecture of the Federal government of the United States, the U.S. "Federal Enterprise Architecture" (FEA) and the corresponding U.S. "Federal Enterprise Architecture Framework" (FEAF). This lemma will focus on this particular enterprise architecture and enterprise architecture framework.

Federal hall national memorial

Federal of Yugoslavia

Federal police

Federal deposit

In United States law, a "federal enclave" is a parcel of federal property within a state that is under the "Special Maritime and Territorial Jurisdiction of the United States." As of 1960, the year of the latest comprehensive inquiry, seven percent of federal property had enclave status, of which four percent (almost all in Alaska and Hawaii) was under "concurrent" state jurisdiction. The remaining three percent, on which some state laws do not apply, is scattered almost at random throughout the United States. In 1960, there were about 5,000 enclaves, with about one million people living on them. These numbers would undoubtedly be lower today because many of these areas were military bases that have been closed and transferred out of federal ownership.

Federal poverty level

Federal reserve

Federal involvement in US education

Federal holidays of the United States

Federal district court

Federal institutions of brazil

Federal department of economic affairs

Federal furniture

Federal bureau of prisons

Federal circuit courts

Federal recognition

Federal government of Switzerland (disambiguation)

Federal regulations

The Swiss federal budget (German: schweizer Bundesbudget) refers to the annual revenue (money received) and expenditures (money spend) of the Swiss Confederation. As budget expenditures are issued on a yearly basis by the government, the federal council, and have to be approved by the parliament, they reflect the country's Fiscal policy.

The federal government of Nigeria is composed of three distinct branches: legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the Constitution of Nigeria in the National Assembly, the President, and the federal courts, including the Supreme Court, respectively. Nigeria is a federal republic, with executive power exercised by the president. The president is the head of state, the head of government, and the head of a multi-party system. Nigerian politics takes place within a framework of a federal, presidential, representative democratic republic, in which executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is held by the real government and the two chambers of the legislature: the House of Representatives and the Senate. Together, the two chambers make up the law-making body in Nigeria, called the National Assembly, which serves as a check on the executive arm of government. The highest judiciary arm of government in Nigeria is the Supreme Court of Nigeria which was created after independence and also practices Baron de Montesquieu's theory of the separation of powers based on the United States system and also practises checks and balances. The Economist Intelligence Unit has rated Nigeria as "hybrid regime" in 2016.

Federal jurisdiction is the jurisdiction of the federal government in any country that uses federalism. Such a country is known as a Federation.

Federal commissioner of taxation v peabody

During the history of Canadian politics, eleven minority governments have been elected at the federal level. There have also been two minority governments resulting from governments being replaced between elections, for a total of thirteen federal minority governments in twelve separate minority parliaments. There have been historical cases where the governing party had fewer than half of the seats but had the support of independents who called themselves members of the party; these cases are not included, as there was never any serious chance of the government falling. In a minority situation, governments must rely on the support of other parties to stay in power, providing less stability than a majority government. At the federal level no minority government (excepting the odd case of the 14th) has lasted a standard four-year term. Most minority governments have lasted less than two years. The average duration of completed minorities in Canada is 479 days or approximately 1 year, 140 days counting only that part of the 14th Parliament that was a minority, or 1 year, 207 days counting the entire duration of it. In addition to the minorities below, the 2nd Canadian Parliament was a minority for 56 days under prime minister Alexander Mackenzie after he took power from Sir John A. Macdonald following the Pacific Scandal. However, this event is generally not noted because Parliament was never in session while Mackenzie was in power. The eleventh federal minority parliament was elected in the 2008 election. In the United Kingdom and elsewhere in the world, minority governments are referred to as hung parliaments.

Federal funding for sex education in the United States

Federal government of Germany

Federal civil service commission

Education, once solely a state and local issue, now sees significant amounts of oversight and funding on the elementary and secondary levels from the federal government. This trend started slowly in the Civil War era, but increased precipitously during and following World War II, and has continued to the present day.

Federal league (disambiguation)

Federal executive departments

A federal prison is operated under the jurisdiction of a federal government as opposed to a state or provincial body. Federal prisons are used for convicts who violated federal law (U.S., Mexico), inmates considered dangerous (Brazil), or those sentenced to longer terms of imprisonment (Canada). Not all federated countries have a legal concept of "federal prison".

Federal marshal

Federal districts of bosnia and herzegovina

Federal debt

The Swiss federal budget (German: schweizer Bundesbudget) refers to the annual revenue (money received) and expenditures (money spend) of the Swiss Confederation. As budget expenditures are issued on a yearly basis by the government, the federal council, and have to be approved by the parliament, they reflect the country's Fiscal policy. The budget principles are defined by the Swiss Constitution and have been restated most recently in the 1999 fiscal guidelines of the confederation. In 2010 the federal budget of Switzerland had a size of 62.8 billion Swiss francs, which is an equivalent 11.35% of the country's GDP in that year. In 2014 the federal budget of Switzerland had an estimated size of 66.353 billion Swiss francs, which is an estimated equivalent 10.63% of the country's GDP in that year.Note that the Swiss federal budget only comprises 31.7% of Swiss public expenditure, the rest being managed by the cantons and the municipalities directly.

Federal jurisdiction

Federal reserve bank branches

Federal del Valle del Fuerte International Airport

Federal government of Iraq

Federal budget of Germany

A federal capital is a political entity, often a municipality or capital city, that serves as the seat of the federal government. A federal capital is typically a city that physically encompasses the offices and meeting places of its respective government, where its location and relationship to subnational states are fixed by law or federal constitution. Federal capitals may or may not be considered states in themselves, and either exercise significant political autonomy from the federation or are directly ruled by the national government located within their premises, as federal districts. Examples of well-known federal capitals include Washington, D.C., which is not part of any U.S. state but borders Maryland and Virginia; Berlin, which is a state of Germany in its own right and forms an enclave within the much larger state of Brandenburg; and the Australian Capital Territory, a territory of Australia which includes the capital city of Australia, Canberra.

During the history of Canadian politics, eleven minority governments have been elected at the federal level. There have also been two minority governments resulting from governments being replaced between elections, for a total of thirteen federal minority governments in twelve separate minority parliaments. There have been historical cases where the governing party had fewer than half of the seats but had the support of independents who called themselves members of the party; these cases are not included, as there was never any serious chance of the government falling.

The federal electoral districts (Spanish: distritos electorales federales) of Mexico are the 300 constituencies or electoral districts into which Mexico is divided for the purpose of federal elections. Each district returns one federal deputy (diputado), who sits in the Chamber of Deputies (Cámara de Diputados), the lower house of the Federal Congress. An additional 200 deputies are elected by proportional representation from the five electoral regions. Under this scheme, the current electoral districts are the following:

Federal infrastructure bank

Federal government of the Untied States

The federal judiciary of the United States is one of the three branches of the federal government of the United States organized under the United States Constitution and laws of the federal government. Article III of the Constitution requires the establishment of a Supreme Court and permits the Congress to create other federal courts, and place limitations on their jurisdiction. Article III federal judges are appointed by the President with the consent of the Senate to serve until they resign, are impeached and convicted, retire, or die.

A federal parliamentary republic refers to a federation of states with a republican form of government that is, more or less, dependent upon the confidence of parliaments at both the national and sub-national levels. It is a combination of the and the parliamentary republic. Such republics usually possess a bicameral legislature at the federal level out of necessity, so as to allow for a set, often equal number of representatives of the sub-national entities to sit in the upper house; however, the government, headed by a head of government, will be depending upon the lower house of parliament for its stability or legitimacy.

Federal ratio

In the United States, a federal crime or federal offense is an act that is made illegal by U.S. federal legislation. Prosecution happens at both the federal and the state levels (based on the Dual sovereignty doctrine) and so a "federal crime" is one that is prosecuted under federal criminal law and not under state criminal law under which most of the crimes committed in the United States are prosecuted. That includes many acts for which, if they did not occur on U.S. federal property or on Indian reservations or were not specifically penalized, would either not be crimes or fall under state or local law. Some crimes are listed in Title 18 of the United States Code (the federal criminal and penal code), but others fall under other titles. For instance, tax evasion and possession of weapons banned by the National Firearms Act are criminalized in Title 26 of the United States Code. Numerous federal agencies have been granted powers to investigate federal offenses, including the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives, the Drug Enforcement Administration, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, the Internal Revenue Service, and the Secret Service. Other federal crimes include mail fraud, aircraft hijacking, carjacking, kidnapping, bank robbery, child pornography, credit card fraud, identity theft, computer crimes, federal hate crimes, violations of the Federal Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO), obscenity, tax evasion, counterfeiting, violations of the Espionage Act, violations of the Patriot Act, illegal wiretapping, art theft from a museum, damaging or destroying public mailboxes, electoral fraud, immigration offenses, and since 1965 in the aftermath of the President John F. Kennedy's assassination, assassinating or attempting assassination of the President or Vice President. In drug-related federal offenses, mandatory minimums can be enforced if federal law is implicated, when a defendant manufactures, sells, imports/exports, traffic, or cultivate illegal controlled substances across state boundaries or national borders. A mandatory minimum is a federally regulated minimum sentence for offenses of certain drugs. Prosecution guidelines are established by the United States Attorney in each federal judicial district and by laws that Congress has already established.

Federal electoral districts of Mexico

Federal district court of rhode island

Federal housing act of 1949

Federal heritage buildings

Federal insurance contributions act tax

Federal head

Federal holidays in the United States (disambiguation)

Federal laws

Federal era

Federal minority governments in Canada

Federal international football association

Federal budget (Canada)

Federal government of the Russian Federation

Federal crop insurance program

Federal reserve bank

Federal common law

Federal cash assistance

Federal prosecutors

Federal republicanism

Federal political system

Federal government of the United Mexican States.

Federal court of canada

Federal government (US)

Federal furniture refers to American furniture produced in the Federal Period, which lasted from approximately 1789 to 1823. Notable furniture makers who worked in the federal style included Duncan Phyfe and Charles-Honoré Lannuier. It was influenced by the Georgian and Adam styles, and was superseded by the American Empire style. The Oval Office grandfather clock, made by between 1795–1805 in Boston by John and Thomas Seymour, is a noted example of the federal style of furniture.

Federal bureau of statistics

Federal institute for drugs and medical devices

Federal budget of the United States

Federal milk marketing order

Federal mine safety and health review commission

Federal period

Federal headship refers to the representation of a group united under a federation or covenant. For example, a country's president may be seen as the federal head of their nation, representing and speaking on its behalf before the rest of the world.

Federal holidays

Federal capital

Federal financing for small businesses in Canada (grants and loans)

Federal building

Federal reserve bank of richmond

Federal racketeering laws

Federal interventor of Córdoba

Federal court attorney

Federal constitutional monarchy

Federal felony

The term federal city (Bundesstadt in German) is a title for certain cities in Germany, Switzerland, the Russian Federation, India, and the United States.

Federal minister for special affairs of germany

Federal food-stamp program

The federal government of Nigeria is composed of three distinct branches: legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the Constitution of Nigeria in the National Assembly, the President, and the federal courts, including the Supreme Court, respectively.

Federal park ranger

Federal north of jujuy

Federal intervention (Spanish: Intervención federal) is an attribution of the federal government of Argentina, by which it takes control of a province in certain extreme cases. Intervention is declared by the President with the assent of the National Congress. Article 6 of the Argentine Constitution states: Upon intervention, the branches of the provincial government are dissolved, and the federal government must appoint a new authority (called interventor) who will serve for a short term until the situation is normalized.

Federal department of finance

Federal republic of Yugoslavia

Federal cabinet

Federal court

Federal law (disambiguation)

Federal prosecutor

The federal court system of Brazil has all its organs and competences listed and defined in the Brazilian 1988 Constitution. The National Justice Council is an exclusively administrative organ of the federal court system.

Federal judge salaries in the United States are determined by the United States Congress and are governed in part by the United States Constitution, depending in part on the court on which the judge sits. In particular, United States federal judges confirmed under Article III of the Constitution have compensation that "shall not be diminished during their continuance in office." Other federal judges have salaries that may be adjusted without direct constitutional constraints, however statutory schemes usually govern these salaries. Debates over judicial salaries and their increase and treatment have occurred since the ratification of the Constitution. Compensation varies based upon the particular judgeship, though it generally increases commensurate with the office.

Federal offence

Federal government in the United States

Federal funding accountability and transparency act of 2006

Federal government in Chechnya

The establishment of the annual budget of the Federal Republic of Germany is known as the German budget process.

Federal navigational servitude

Federal council

Federal debt ceiling

Federal reserve bank of st louis

Federal political financing in Canada

Federal housing program

Federal government (United States)

Federal prisons us

Federal motorway 30

Federal furniture refers to American furniture produced in the Federal Period, which lasted from approximately 1789 to 1823. Notable furniture makers who worked in the federal style included Duncan Phyfe and Charles-Honoré Lannuier. It was influenced by the Georgian and Adam styles, and was superseded by the American Empire style. Pieces in this style are characterized by their sharply geometric forms, legs that are usually straight rather than curved, contrasting veneers, and geometric inlay patterns on otherwise flat surfaces. Pictorial motifs, when extant, usually reference the new federal government with symbols such as the eagle. The Oval Office grandfather clock, made by between 1795–1805 in Boston by John and Thomas Seymour, is a noted example of the federal style of furniture.

Federal judge salaries in the United States

Federal government

Federal capital territory

Federal drug law

Federal office for civil aviation

Federal constitutional court of germany

Federal reserve bank of new york

Federal government of Switzerland

Federal grants

Federal court of justice of Germany

Federal republic of central america

Federal parliamentary republic

Federal division

Federal cities of russia

Federal prisons

A federal building is a building housing local offices of various government departments and agencies in countries with a federal system, especially when the central government is referred to as the "federal government". Some architects specialize in federal building designs.

Federal government (U.S.)

Federal judiciary of the United States

Federal funding

Federal detention center, Honolulu

Federal palace of chihuahua

Federal prosecution of political corruption in the United States

Federal interest computer

Federal covered security

Federal minister

Federal institutions of Brazil

Federal government shutdown of 1995 and 1996

Federal bureau of narcotics

Federal courts of Switzerland

Federal courts (Germany)

Several statutes, mostly codified in Title 18 of the United States Code, provide for federal prosecution of public corruption in the United States. Federal prosecutions of public corruption under the Hobbs Act (enacted 1934), the mail and wire fraud statutes (enacted 1872), including the honest services fraud provision, the Travel Act (enacted 1961), and the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) (enacted 1970) began in the 1970s. "Although none of these statutes was enacted in order to prosecute official corruption, each has been interpreted to provide a means to do so." The federal official bribery and gratuity statute, 18 U.S.C. § 201 (enacted 1962), the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) 15 U.S.C. § 78dd (enacted 1977), and the federal program bribery statute, 18 U.S.C. § 666 (enacted 1984) directly address public corruption. The statutes differ in their jurisdictional elements, the mens rea that they require (for example, a quid pro quo or a nexus), the species of official actions that are cognizable, whether or not non-public official defendants can be prosecuted, and in the authorized sentence. The statutes most often used to prosecute public corruption are the Hobbs Act, Travel Act, RICO, the program bribery statute, and mail and wire fraud statutes. These statutes have been upheld as exercises of Congress's Commerce Clause power, or in the case of the mail fraud and program bribery statutes, the Postal Clause and the Spending Clause, respectively. In the special case where a member of Congress is the defendant, the Speech or Debate Clause places certain restrictions on the actions that can be prosecuted and proved up. Some commentators have argued that prosecutions of state and local officials under these statutes pose substantial federalism questions, while others argue that the Guarantee Clause provides additional authority for such prosecutions.

Federal crime in the Untied States

Use of heroin peaked between 1969 and 1971, marijuana between 1978 and 1979, and cocaine between 1987 and 1989. A major decline in the use of opium started after the Harrison Act of 1914 was initiated. An overarching effort to impose mandatory penalties for federal drug crimes took place in the 1980s. This caused many drug crimes that were common at the time to carry mandatory minimum sentences of 5 to 10 years in a federal prison. In 1996, California voters passed Proposition 215, legalizing the growing and use of marijuana for medical purposes. This created significant legal and enforcement conflict between federal and state government laws. Courts have since decided that a state law in conflict with a federal law concerning cannabis is not valid. Cannabis is restricted by federal law (see Gonzales v. Raich). In 2010 California Proposition 19 (also known as the Regulate, Control & Tax Cannabis Act) was defeated with 53.5% 'No' votes, and 46.5% 'Yes' votes. Pursuant to regulations (34 C.F.R. 86) required by the Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act Amendments of 1989 (codified at 20 U.S.C. § 1011i), as a condition of receiving funds or any other form of financial assistance under any Federal program, an institution of higher education must certify that it has adopted and implemented a drug prevention program which adheres to regulations in 34 C.F.R. 86.100. It has recently gained renewed attention due to Colorado Amendment 64.

Federal co-operatives

Federal law

A city of federal importance (Russian: город федерального значения, tr. gorod federalnogo znacheniya) or federal city in Russia is a city that has a status of both an inhabited locality and a constituent federal subject.

Federal finance court of germany

Federal enterprise architecture

Federal ministry of transport

Federal holiday

Federal fund rate

Federal judge salaries in the United States are determined by the United States Congress and are governed in part by the United States Constitution, depending in part on the court on which the judge sits. In particular, United States federal judges confirmed under Article III of the Constitution have compensation that "shall not be diminished during their continuance in office." Other federal judges have salaries that may be adjusted without direct constitutional constraints, however statutory schemes usually govern these salaries. Debates over judicial salaries and their increase and treatment have occurred since the ratification of the Constitution.

Federal crash test

Federal property

Federal parole in the United States is a system that is implemented by the United States Parole Commission. Persons eligible for federal parole include persons convicted under civilian federal law before November 1, 1987, persons convicted under District of Columbia law, "" inmates, persons who violated military law who are in federal civilian prisons, and persons who are defendants in state cases and who are under the U.S. Marshals Service Witness Protection Program. In general, federally sentenced inmates were eligible to participate prior to the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984. Parole of federal prisoners began after enactment of legislation on June 25, 1910. Under parole, prisoners were eligible for release before their sentences were complete. Parole boards under the United States Parole Commission determines whether a prisoner should be released and whether or not a parolee who violated parole should be sent back to prison. For persons convicted under civilian federal law after November 1, 1987, federal parole has been abolished, but the parole statutes continue to apply to prisoners who were grandfathered in.

Federal government electoral area

Federal elections in the United States

Federal noxious weed

Federal cabinet of Canada

Federal future of Belgium

The federal electoral districts (Spanish: distritos electorales federales) of Mexico are the 300 constituencies or electoral districts into which Mexico is divided for the purpose of federal elections. Each district returns one federal deputy (diputado), who sits in the Chamber of Deputies (Cámara de Diputados), the lower house of the Federal Congress. An additional 200 deputies are elected by proportional representation from the five electoral regions. Electoral districts are identified by Roman numerals and by federal entity (state or the Federal District). The number of electoral districts was set at 300 in 1979, when the number of seats in the Chamber of Deputies was increased from 196. The demarcation of the districts depends on the results of the previous electoral census, and adjustments to the 1979 districts were made in 1996 and 2005. Irrespective of population, no state may be represented by fewer than two electoral districts. This is the case with Baja California Sur (population: 512,000), Campeche (population: 755,000) and Colima (population: 568,000), which, as a result, return more senators than deputies to Congress. The states with the most electoral districts are the state of México (population: 14 million), with 40, and Veracruz (population: 7.1 million), with 21. The Federal District, with a population of 8.8 million, has 27. On 11 February 2005, the Federal Electoral Institute (now the National Electoral Institute) established the districts to be used in the 2006 general election and the 2009 mid-term election, in accordance with the following criteria:
* Each district to belong to only one federal entity.
* Balanced distribution of population between districts.
* Presence of indigenous populations.
* Geographical continuity.
* Journey times. Under this scheme, the current electoral districts are the following:

Federal criminal court of switzerland

Federal contractor

Federal executive department

Federal parole in the United States

Federal park rangers

Federal ministries of Nigeria

Federal constitutional monarchies

Federal reserve notes

Federal de bachigualato international airport

Federal opposition of Australia

Federal public defender (United States)

Federal popular initiative "against excessive remunerations"
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Federal cities of the Russian Federation

The term federal execution, or (German: Bundesexekution) refers to the right of a confederation within a federal state to act militarily against individual members or federated states, if they violate duties resulting in membership to the confederation. The term "Reichsexekution" is also used in Germany depending on the respective state name.

Federal pond
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Federal probation

Federal government of Pakistan

Federal crime in the United States

Federal crop insurance

Federal law of Russian Federation no. 139-FZ of 2012-07-28

Federal public defender

Federal enclave

Federal crime

Federal pact

Federal opposition australia

Federal council of australasia

Federal drug laws

Federal by-elections to the 40th Canadian Parliament

The federal judiciary of Switzerland consists of the Federal Supreme Court, the Federal Criminal Court, the Federal Patent Court and the Federal Administrative Court. These courts are charged with the application of Swiss federal law through the judicial process. The Federal Supreme Court in Lausanne is established in the Swiss Federal Constitution as the supreme judicial authority of Switzerland. It is the court of appeal for all decisions of the cantonal courts of last instance, and also for most decisions of the three federal courts of first instance. The Federal Criminal Court in Bellinzona tries the (relatively few) criminal cases subject to federal criminal jurisdiction, such as cases involving organised crime, terrorism and crimes against federal institutions. It also decides disputes between cantonal prosecuting authorities. The Federal Administrative Court in St. Gallen reviews decisions made in application of federal administrative law that have been issued by federal and in some cases by cantonal authorities. The Federal Patent Court of Switzerland is a specialized court, which started hearing patent cases in 2012, taking jurisdiction from the cantonal courts.

Federal ministries of nigeria

Federal regions of Belgium

Federal register

Federal court (United States)

Federal financial institutions examination council

Federal deposit insurance

Federal employee

Federal exemptions for hydraulic fracturing

Federal judicial code

Federal judiciary of the Untied States

Federal charter

Federal radio

Federal law of Russian Federation no. 272-FZ of 2012-12-28

Federal bridge formula

Federal budget (Australia)

The federal judiciary of Switzerland consists of the Federal Supreme Court, the Federal Criminal Court, the Federal Patent Court and the Federal Administrative Court. These courts are charged with the application of Swiss federal law through the judicial process. The Federal Supreme Court in Lausanne is established in the Swiss Federal Constitution as the supreme judicial authority of Switzerland. It is the court of appeal for all decisions of the cantonal courts of last instance, and also for most decisions of the three federal courts of first instance.

Federal breeding subsidy

Federal border service

Federal milk marketing orders

Federal popular initiative "against mass immigration"

Federal city of Sevastopol

Federal inmate

Federal law of radio and television

Federal opposition (australia)

Federal gas tax

Federal courts of Brazil

Federal government of iraq

Federal magistrate

Federal government of germany

Federal hunting reserve

Federal presence in higher education in Canada

Federal credit union

Federal by-elections to the 41st Canadian Parliament

Federal historic district

Federal navigable servitude

Federal judge (United States)

Federal opposition Australia

Federal government of Canada

Federal government of Australia

Federal government of Belgium

Federal poverty line

Federal department of justice and police

Federal constitutional court

Federal government of Malaysia

Federal republic of yugoslavia

Federal cities

Federal jurisdiction refers to the legal scope of the government's powers in the United States of America. See the 1962 Federal Report titled "JURISDICTION OVER FEDERAL AREAS WITHIN THE STATES". The United States is a federal republic, governed by the U.S. Constitution, containing fifty states and a federal district which elect the President and Vice President, and having other territories and possessions in its national jurisdiction. This government is variously known as the Union, the United States, or the federal government.

Federal government of the united states

Federal financial monitoring service of russia

Federal court (disambiguation)

Federal engineer of the year

Federal politics

Federal judges

Federal highway

A federal building is a building housing local offices of various government departments and agencies in countries with a federal system, especially when the central government is referred to as the "federal government". There are design issues specific to federal buildings, relating to their multipurpose functions and concerns related to the fact of their association with the government. For example, as symbols of the government, they may potentially be focus of protests or threats, so there are security issues. Also environmental impacts and environmentally sound design may be more important. A committee set up by President John F. Kennedy in 1962 issued "Guiding Principles for Federal Architecture". Towards improving design of federal buildings, "the committee recommended architecture that would convey the 'dignity, enterprise, vigor, and stability of the American Government.' Designers and officials were encouraged to pay special attention to site selection and layout, including landscape development." Some architects specialize in federal building designs.

Federal insurance court of switzerland

Federal democratic union of switzerland

Federal financing for small businesses in Canada

A federal parliamentary republic refers to a federation of states with a republican form of government that is, more or less, dependent upon the confidence of parliaments at both the national and sub-national levels. It is a combination of the and the parliamentary republic.

Federal law № 139-FZ

The federal government of Iraq is defined under the current Constitution, approved in 2005, as an Islamic, democratic, federal parliamentary republic. The federal government is composed of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, as well as numerous independent commissions.

Federal popular initiative "against the construction of minarets"

Federal depository library

Federal protective service of russia

Federal reserve bank of kansas city

Federal land policy and management act

Federal law is the body of law created by the federal government of a country. A federal government is formed when a group of political units, such as states or provinces join together in a federation, delegating their individual sovereignty and many powers to the central government while retaining or reserving other limited powers. As a result, two or more levels of government exist within an established geographic territory. The body of law of the common central government is the federal law. Examples of federal governments include those of Australia, Brazil, Canada, Germany, Malaysia, Pakistan, Republic of India, Russia, the former Soviet Union and the United States.

Federal government shutdown of 1995

The fair and transparent financing of political parties, candidates, and election campaigns is a key determinant in the health and proper functioning of a democracy. How political parties and candidates at the federal level are funded in Canada is described by issues such as funding mechanisms, relative levels of public and private funding, levels of democratic participation, and questions of fairness and transparency.

Federal labor court of germany

Federal question jurisdiction

Federal offense

Federal corporation

Federal income tax

Federal government of China

Federal republican europe

Federal land

Federal death penalty

Federal lands of Germany

Federal court of australia

Federal monarchy

Federal poverty guideline

Federal farmer

Federal modernism

Federal council of austria

Federal prince (German: Bundesfürsten, "Princes of the Federation") was the generic term for the royal heads of state (monarchs) of the various states making up the German Empire, with the exception of the states that were republics and Alsace-Lorraine which had a special status. The empire was a federal state, with its constituent states remaining sovereign states. Among the states, the majority were monarchies, 3 states were republics and Alsace-Lorraine was an imperial territory ruled by a steward. The states became part of the German Empire by an 1871 treaty. The head of the empire was granted the title German Emperor (with the title "Emperor of Germany" being deliberately avoided), and was simultaneously a federal prince as King of Prussia, the sovereign of its largest federal state. Of the princely heads of state, 4 held the title King (König) (the Kings of Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony, and Württemberg), 6 held the title Grand Duke (Großherzog), 5 held the title Duke (Herzog), and 7 held the title Prince (i.e. Sovereign Prince, Fürst). The heads of state of the city republics, where the concepts of nobility and royalty did not exist, were of equal standing to the federal princes and held the titles First Mayor and President of the Senate (Hamburg), Mayor and President of the Senate (Lübeck), and President of the Senate and Mayor (Bremen). The heads of state of the city republics were regarded as primi inter pares among the senators according to the states' republican constitutions, and these states were ruled by an oligarchy of hereditary Grand Burghers, also known as Hanseaten or patricians. In total, there were 22 federal princes of the German Empire and additionally three republican heads of state and the steward of Alsace-Lorraine. The relationship between the German Emperor and the (other) federal princes soured quickly following William II's accession to the throne. Many federal princes felt William II treated them as mere vassals, when they were indeed sovereign monarchs of states that voluntarily had entered a federal monarchy. Both for this reason and because of their personal dislike of the Emperor, the federal princes tended to avoid the imperial court in Berlin.

Federal institutions of Tanzania

Federal deficit

Federal budget of Switzerland

Federal funding accountability and transparency act

Federal districts

Federal popular initiative

Federal city

Federal prison

Federal dependencies of Venezuela

Federal constitution of Switzerland

Federal district of the United States

Federal budget deficit

Federal parole in the United States is a system that is implemented by the United States Parole Commission. Persons eligible for federal parole include persons convicted under civilian federal law before November 1, 1987, persons convicted under District of Columbia law, "" inmates, persons who violated military law who are in federal civilian prisons, and persons who are defendants in state cases and who are under the U.S. Marshals Service Witness Protection Program.

Federal office of police

Federal buildings

Federal court of justice of germany

Federal executive council

Federal geographic data committee

Federal customs service of russia

Federal grants (USA)

Federal mandate

Several statutes, mostly codified in Title 18 of the United States Code, provide for federal prosecution of public corruption in the United States. Federal prosecutions of public corruption under the Hobbs Act (enacted 1934), the mail and wire fraud statutes (enacted 1872), including the honest services fraud provision, the Travel Act (enacted 1961), and the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) (enacted 1970) began in the 1970s. "Although none of these statutes was enacted in order to prosecute official corruption, each has been interpreted to provide a means to do so." The federal official bribery and gratuity statute, 18 U.S.C. § 201 (enacted 1962), the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) 15 U.S.C. § 78dd (enacted 1977), and the federal program bribery statute, 18 U

Federal cartel office

In Germany, federal courts (Bundesgerichte, singular Bundesgericht) are courts which are established by federal law. According to article 92 of the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, the judiciary power is exercised by the Federal Constitutional Court, the federal courts provided for in the Basic Law, and the courts of the Länder (Landesgerichte). The federal courts are:

Federal immunity

Federal court of appeals

Federal ministry of finance

Federal cities of Russia

Federal estate tax

In Germany, federal courts (Bundesgerichte, singular Bundesgericht) are courts which are established by federal law. According to article 92 of the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, the judiciary power is exercised by the Federal Constitutional Court, the federal courts provided for in the Basic Law, and the courts of the Länder (Landesgerichte). The federal courts are:
* Supreme courts, mandated by art. 95 of the Basic Law
* Federal Court of Justice (supreme court of ordinary jurisdiction)
* Federal Administrative Court (supreme court of administrative jurisdiction)
* Federal Finance Court (supreme court of financial jurisdiction)
* Federal Labour Court (supreme court of labour jurisdiction)
* Federal Social Court (supreme court of social jurisdiction)
* Other courts, created under art. 96 of the Basic Law
* Federal Patent Court of Germany, a court of ordinary jurisdiction
* and , courts of administrative jurisdiction for disciplinary proceedings against members of the Bundeswehr It is also possible to establish military criminal courts for exercising criminal jurisdiction during a state of defence or over members of the Bundeswehr serving abroad, however the federal legislature has so far not done so. A Federal Disciplinary Court for disciplinary proceedings against Beamte existed until 2004, but this matter has since been transferred to the ordinary administrative courts. The initial version of the Basic Law had provided for a Supreme Federal Court to be established, superior to the five highest courts for the different branches of jurisdiction. Such a court was never established; in 1968 the Basic Law was changed to establish the Joint Senate of the Supreme Courts instead. Furthermore, pursuant to art. 96 section 5 of the Basic Law, federal law can provide for courts of the Länder to exercise the Federation's criminal jurisdiction concerning protection of the state, crimes of war and crimes against humanity. This is currently implemented by making Oberlandesgerichte the first instance for such cases, with appeals being to the Federal Court of Justice.

Federal power

A federal capital is a political entity, often a municipality or capital city, that serves as the seat of the federal government. A federal capital is typically a city that physically encompasses the offices and meeting places of its respective government, where its location and relationship to subnational states are fixed by law or federal constitution. Federal capitals may or may not be considered states in themselves, and either exercise significant political autonomy from the federation or are directly ruled by the national government located within their premises, as federal districts.

Federal opposition (Australia)

Federal party of manipur

Federal league

Federal dependencies of venezuela

Federal government college ogbomoso

Federal budget (disambiguation)

Federal court system

Federal crimes

Federal express

Federal judicial district

Federal parliament of Nepal

A federal enterprise architecture framework (FEAF) is the U.S. reference enterprise architecture of a federal government. It provides a common approach for the integration of strategic, business and technology management as part of organization design and performance improvement.

Federal enclaves