In mathematics, the differential geometry of surfaces deals with the differential geometry of smooth surfaces with various additional structures, most often, a Riemannian metric.Surfaces have been extensively studied from various perspectives: extrinsically, relating to their embedding in Euclidean space and intrinsically, reflecting their properties determined solely by the distance within the surface as measured along curves on the surface. One of the fundamental concepts investigated is the Gaussian curvature, first studied in depth by Carl Friedrich Gauss, who showed that curvature was an intrinsic property of a surface, independent of its isometric embedding in Euclidean space.

Difficult, Tennessee

Differently

In mathematics, a differential operator is an operator defined as a function of the differentiation operator. It is helpful, as a matter of notation first, to consider differentiation as an abstract operation that accepts a function and returns another function (in the style of a higher-order function in computer science). This article considers mainly linear operators, which are the most common type. However, non-linear differential operators, such as the Schwarzian derivative also exist.

Differential optical absorption spectroscopy

Differentiation of measures

Differential of the second kind

The differential grasshopper (Melanoplus differentialis) is a species of grasshopper belonging to the genus Melanoplus found throughout northern Mexico, central United States and southern Ontario, Canada. It is considered a pest in most of its range.

Differential inheritance is a common inheritance model used by prototype-based programming languages such as JavaScript, Io and NewtonScript. It operates on the principle that most objects are derived from other, more general objects, and only differ in a few small aspects; while usually maintaining a list of pointers internally to other objects which the object differs from.

Differentiation with respect to a parameter

Differential pressure

Difficult Loves

Differential graded algebra

Differentiating with respect to a parameter

Differentiated rate law

Differential outcomes effect

Differential scanning calorimetry, or DSC is a thermoanalytical technique in which the difference in the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of a sample and reference is measured as a function of temperature. Both the sample and reference are maintained at nearly the same temperature throughout the experiment. Generally, the temperature program for a DSC analysis is designed such that the sample holder temperature increases linearly as a function of time. The reference sample should have a well-defined heat capacity over the range of temperatures to be scanned. Types of DSC:

Differential stress is the difference between the greatest and the least compressive stress experienced by an object. For both the geological and civil engineering convention is the greatest compressive stress and is the weakest, . In other engineering fields and in physics, is the greatest compressive stress and is the weakest, so . These conventions originated because geologists and civil engineers (especially soil mechanicians) are often concerned with failure in compression, while many other engineers are concerned with failure in tension. A further reason for the second convention is that it allows a positive stress to cause a compressible object to increase in size, making the sign convention self-consistent. In structural geology, differential stress is used to assess whether or will occur when a Mohr circle (plotted using and ) touches the failure envelope of the rocks. If the differential stress is less than four times the tensile strength of the rock, then extensional failure will occur. If the differential stress is more than four times the tensile strength of the rock, then shear failure will occur.

Difficult women

Differential penalty

Differential inclusion

Differential tax analysis

Differential equations of mathematical physics

Differentiated service

Differential heat treatment (also called selective heat treatment or local heat treatment) is a technique used during heat treating to harden or soften certain areas of a steel object, creating a difference in hardness between these areas. There are many techniques for creating a difference in properties, but most can be defined as either differential hardening or differential tempering. These were common heat treating techniques used historically in Europe and Asia, with possibly the most widely known example being from Japanese swordsmithing. Some modern varieties were developed in the twentieth century as metallurgical knowledge and technology rapidly increased. Differential hardening consists of either two methods. It can involve heating the metal evenly to a red-hot temperature and then cooling it at different rates, turning part of the object into very hard martensite while the rest cools slower and becomes softer pearlite. It may also consist of heating only a part of the object very quickly to red-hot and then rapidly cooling (quenching), turning only part of it into hard martensite but leaving the rest unchanged. Conversely, differential tempering methods consist of heating the object evenly to red-hot and then quenching the entire object, turning the whole thing into martensite. The object is then heated to a much lower temperature to soften it (tempering), but is only heated in a localized area, softening only a part of it.

In mathematics, a differential variational inequality (DVI) is a dynamical system that incorporates ordinary differential equations and variational inequalities or complementarity problems. DVIs are useful for representing models involving both dynamics and inequality constraints. Examples of such problems include, for example, mechanical impact problems, electrical circuits with ideal diodes, Coulomb friction problems for contacting bodies, and dynamic economic and related problems such as and networks of queues (where the constraints can either be upper limits on queue length or that the queue length cannot become negative). DVIs are related to a number of other concepts including differential inclusions, projected dynamical systems, , and . Differential variational inequalities were first formally introduced by and , whose definition should not be confused with the differential variational inequality used in Aubin and Cellina (1984). Differential variational inequalities have the form to find such that for every and almost all t; K a closed convex set, where Closely associated with DVIs are dynamic/differential complementarity problems: if K is a closed convex cone, then the variational inequality is equivalent to the complementarity problem:

Differentiation rule

Differential nonlinearity (acronym DNL) is a term describing the deviation between two analog values corresponding to adjacent input digital values. It is an important specification for measuring error in a digital-to-analog converter (DAC); the accuracy of a DAC is mainly determined by this specification. Ideally, any two adjacent digital codes correspond to output analog voltages that are exactly one Least Significant Bit (LSB) apart. Differential non-linearity is a measure of the worst case deviation from the ideal 1 LSB step. For example, a DAC with a 1.5 LSB output change for a 1 LSB digital code change exhibits 1⁄2 LSB differential non-linearity. Differential non-linearity may be expressed in fractional bits or as a percentage of full scale. A differential non-linearity greater than 1 LSB may lead to a non-monotonic transfer function in a DAC. It is also known as a missing code. Differential linearity refers to a constant relation between the change in the output and input. For transducers if a change in the input produces a uniform step change in the output the transducer possess differential linearity. Differential linearity is desirable and is inherent to a system such as a single-slope analog-to-digital converter used in nuclear instrumentation.

Diffie-Hellman problem

Differentiation therapy

Differential technological development is a strategy proposed by transhumanist philosopher Nick Bostrom in which societies would seek to influence the sequence in which emerging technologies developed. On this approach, societies would strive to retard the development of harmful technologies and their applications, while accelerating the development of beneficial technologies, especially those that offer protection against the harmful ones.

Differential survival rate

Differential signaling

As a solution to the Bertrand paradox in economics, it has been suggested that each firm produces a somewhat differentiated product, and consequently faces a demand curve that is downward-sloping for all levels of the firm's price. An increase in a competitor's price is represented as an increase (for example, an upward shift) of the firm's demand curve. As a result, when a competitor raises price, generally a firm can also raise its own price and increase its profits.

Differential inheritance

Differentiation (cellular)

In fractional calculus, an area of applied mathematics, the differintegral is a combined differentiation/integration operator. Applied to a function ƒ, the q-differintegral of f, here denoted by is the fractional derivative (if q > 0) or fractional integral (if q < 0). If q = 0, then the q-th differintegral of a function is the function itself. In the context of fractional integration and differentiation, there are several legitimate definitions of the differintegral.

Difficulty

Differential signaling is a method for electrically transmitting information using two complementary signals. The technique sends the same electrical signal as a differential pair of signals, each in its own conductor. The pair of conductors can be wires (typically twisted together) or traces on a circuit board. The receiving circuit responds to the electrical difference between the two signals, rather than the difference between a single wire and ground. The opposite technique is called single-ended signaling.Differential pairs are usually found on printed circuit boards, in twisted-pair and ribbon cables, and in connectors.

Differentiated cell

Differentiating under the integral sign

Differer

Difficult Loves (album)

Differential tariff

Differin

Difficult

Differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, also known as Nomarski interference contrast (NIC) or Nomarski microscopy, is an optical microscopy technique used to enhance the contrast in unstained, transparent samples. DIC works on the principle of interferometry to gain information about the optical path length of the sample, to see otherwise invisible features. A relatively complex optical system produces an image with the object appearing black to white on a grey background. This image is similar to that obtained by phase contrast microscopy but without the bright diffraction halo. The technique was developed by Polish physicist Georges Nomarski in 1952. DIC works by separating a polarized light source into two orthogonally polarized mutually coherent parts which are spatially displaced (sheared) at the sample plane, and recombined before observation. The interference of the two parts at recombination is sensitive to their optical path difference (i.e. the product of refractive index and geometric path length). Adding an adjustable offset phase determining the interference at zero optical path difference in the sample, the contrast is proportional to the path length gradient along the shear direction, giving the appearance of a three-dimensional physical relief corresponding to the variation of optical density of the sample, emphasising lines and edges though not providing a topographically accurate image.

In mathematics, the problem of differentiation of integrals is that of determining under what circumstances the mean value integral of a suitable function on a small neighbourhood of a point approximates the value of the function at that point. More formally, given a space X with a measure μ and a metric d, one asks for what functions f : X → R does

Differential screw

Differential phase is a kind of linearity distortion which affects the color hue in TV broadcasting.

Differential fault analysis (DFA) is a type of side channel attack in the field of cryptography, specifically cryptanalysis. The principle is to induce faults—unexpected environmental conditions—into cryptographic implementations, to reveal their internal states. For DES and Triple DES, about 200 single-flipped bits are necessary to obtain a secret key. DFA was also applied successfully to the AES cipher. Many countermeasures have been proposed to defend from this kind of attacks. Most of them are based on error detection schemes.

Differential object marking (DOM) is a linguistic phenomenon that is present in more than 300 languages; the term was coined by Georg Bossong. It is a form of differential argument marking that applies to the direct object. In languages where DOM is active, direct objects are divided in two different classes, depending on different meanings, and, in most DOM languages, only one of the classes receives a marker, the other being unmarked (but there are languages, like Finnish, where both types of objects are marked with different endings).

Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions

Differentiate (cellular)

Differring

Differentiated Object Marking

Differently colored catasetum

Differentially methylated regions (DMRs)

Differential sticking

Differentiation Inducing Factor

Differential signalling

Differential steering

Differential threshold

Differingly

Differentiation is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering cell differentiation and cell development. It was established in 1973 and is published 10 times per year by Elsevier, on behalf of the . The editor-in-chief is Colin Stewart (Agency for Science, Technology and Research). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2016 impact factor of 2.567.

Difficulty breating

Differentiation by taking logs

Differentiated services code point

Differentiation (orthogenesis)

Differentiation notation

In optics, differential group delay is the difference in propagation time between the two eigenmodes X and Y polarizations. Consider two eigenmodes that are the 0° and 90° linear polarization states. If the state of polarization of the input signal is the linear state at 45° between the two eigenmodes, the input signal is divided equally into the two eigenmodes. The power of the transmitted signal ET,total is the combination of the transmitted signals of both x and y modes.

Differential mode delay

Difficult Loves (Italian: Gli amori difficili) is a 1970 short story collection by Italo Calvino. It concerns love and the difficulty of communication. Some published versions of the English translation by William Weaver omit a number of the stories, and also include other Calvino stories about the Second World War and postwar period, including those from The Crow Comes Last; some of these were translated by Archibald Colquhoun and Peggy Wright. "The Argentine Ant" and "The Cloud of Smog" (as "Smog") do not appear in this book, but rather in the translated The Watcher and Other Stories. An English translation of "The Adventure of a Skier" was published by The New Yorker in their July 3, 2017 issue.

Difficile émergence vers la lumière (Difficult emergence into the Light) is an artwork by Haitian artist Frankétienne created on 2011, and represents the victims of the Hurricanes that usually lash this region, and their effort to reach the Light. It was shown to the public for the last time during the exposition "Pour la memoire et la lumière" ("For memory and light") promoted by the foundation Ayiti Bel at the Hotel NH Haiti El Rancho, in Pétion-Ville, Haití, between April 11 and April 25, 2014. Later, it was acquired by a private collector.,

Differentiated teaching

Differential voting right shares

Differential field

Difficile émergence vers la lumière (Difficult emergence into the Light) is an artwork by Haitian artist Frankétienne created on 2011, and represents the victims of the Hurricanes that usually lash this region, and their effort to reach the Light. It was shown to the public for the last time during the exposition "Pour la memoire et la lumière" ("For memory and light") promoted by the foundation Ayiti Bel at the Hotel NH Haiti El Rancho, in Pétion-Ville, Haití, between April 11 and April 25, 2014. Later, it was acquired by a private collector., On the bottom of the artwork, the artist wrote before his signature: "Par-delà la fureur des tempêtes saisonnières il y a des voix qui parlent et des tripes que saignent." It can be translated as "Beyond the rage of seasonal storms there are voices that speak and bleeding guts."

Differential operators

Differential testing

Difficult People

"Differently" is a song recorded by Australian pop singer, Cassie Davis. It is the second single taken off of Cassie's upcoming debut album of the same title. It features guest vocals from Travie McCoy, the lead singer of American alternative hip hop band, Gym Class Heroes. Signed copies of the single are available if pre-ordered at Sanity or JB Hi-Fi. The song went Gold on 18 September 2009 confirmed via her Twitter page

Differentiation (disambiguation)

The differential outcomes effect is a theory in behaviorism, a branch of psychology, that shows that a positive effect on accuracy occurs in discrimination learning between different stimuli when unique rewards are paired with each individual stimulus. The DOE was first demonstrated in 1970 by Milton Trapold on an experiment with rats. Rats were trained to discriminate between a clicker and a tone by pressing the left and right levers. Half of the rats were trained using the differential outcomes procedure, where the clicker was paired with sucrose and tone with food pellets. The remaining rats were trained with only sucrose or only food pellets. The rats trained with the differential outcomes procedure were significantly more accurate than those trained with only one type of reinforcement (common outcome). Since then it has been established through a myriad of experiments that the Differential Outcome Effect exists in most species capable of learning.

Differentially methylated regions

Differential entropy

Differential ring

Difficulty urinating

Difficult language

Differentiation-inducing factor (DIF) is one of a class of effector molecules that induce changes in cell chemistry, inhibiting growth and promoting differentiation of cell type. This name has been given to several factors before it was clear if they were the same or different effectors. More recently DIFs have garnered interest with their potential tumor inhibiting properties. DIFs have also been used to help regulate plant growth.

"Differentology" is a song by Trinidadian singer and songwriter Bunji Garlin. "Differentology" was released by Sheriff Music on November 7, 2012, as one of the first of Garlin's offerings for the 2013 Carnival season in Trinidad and Tobago. The song was written by Garlin, and produced by Keron Thompson. Garlin stated that the song was a blessing from God that was a great collaboration with the song's producer Keron "Sheriff" Thompson while in an impromptu session while his wife Fayann Lyons was in law class. Fayann then suggested afterwards to add Nigel Rojas the amazing guitarist and artist to the track. The track was remixed by Major Lazer for their free EP Lazers Never Die Vol. 4. This song was distributed and marketed by the great j rod records (Jarrod Faria) who aided very greatly in the songs success. "Differentology" was well received by soca music fans and critics alike. The song peaked at number 9 on the iTunes World Music Chart, and the exact download numbers have not yet been published. A music video for "Differentology" was filmed in February 2013, directed and edited by Nigel Thompson (Black Ice Studios). The song has been featured in an episode of ABC network's Grey's Anatomy and in the NBC arena.

Difficulty breathing

Differential identification

Differential exponent

Differential susceptibility hypothesis

Difficulty sleeping

Difficult to cure

Differential weathering

Differentiation under the integral sign in higher dimensions

Differential structure

Difficult Women

Differential pulse voltammetry

Differential psychology studies the ways in which individuals differ in their behavior and the processes that underlie it. This is a discipline that develops classifications (taxonomies) of psychological individual differences. This is distinguished from other aspects of psychology in that although psychology is ostensibly a study of individuals, modern psychologists often study groups, or attempt to discover general psychological processes that apply to all individuals. For example, in evaluating the effectiveness of a new therapy, the mean performance of the therapy in one treatment group might be compared to the mean effectiveness of a placebo (or a well-known therapy) in a second, control group. In this context, differences between individuals in their reaction to the experimental and control manipulations are actually treated as errors rather than as interesting phenomena to study. This approach is applied because psychological research depends upon statistical controls that are only defined upon groups of people. To study individual differences psychologists use a variety of methods. Most expensive and time-consuming methods use psychophysiological experiments on both, humans and other mammals. These methods include EEG, PET-scans, MRI, functional MRI, neurochemistry experiments with neurotransmitter and hormonal systems, caffeine and controlled drug challenges. These methods are used for a search of biomarkers of most consistent, biologically-based behavioural patterns (temperament traits and symptoms of psychiatric disorders). Other sets of methods, less expensive but also time-consuming are behavioural experiments, to see how different people behave in similar settings. This set of methods is often used in personality and social psychology. The easiest methods are lexical and self-report methods where people are asked to complete paper-based and computer-based forms prepared by psychologists.

Differential equations from Mathematical Physics

Differentiation of measures (disambiguation)

In mathematics, a differential variational inequality (DVI) is a dynamical system that incorporates ordinary differential equations and variational inequalities or complementarity problems. DVIs are useful for representing models involving both dynamics and inequality constraints. Examples of such problems include, for example, mechanical impact problems, electrical circuits with ideal diodes, Coulomb friction problems for contacting bodies, and dynamic economic and related problems such as and networks of queues (where the constraints can either be upper limits on queue length or that the queue length cannot become negative). DVIs are related to a number of other concepts including differential inclusions, projected dynamical systems, , and .

Differential hybridization

Differentiation of integrals

Difficult Loves is the fourth studio album released by Australian rock band Weddings Parties Anything. The album was named after a Gabriel Garcia Marquez short story. The first single lifted from the album, "Father's Day" reached #29 on the Australian Singles Charts.

Differential geometry

Differently abled

Difficult Three Year Period

Differential pricing

Difficult crossing puzzle

Difficult Women (book)

Differentiated Bertrand competition

Differential volume element

The differential outcomes effect is a theory in behaviorism, a branch of psychology, that shows that a positive effect on accuracy occurs in discrimination learning between different stimuli when unique rewards are paired with each individual stimulus. The DOE was first demonstrated in 1970 by Milton Trapold on an experiment with rats. Rats were trained to discriminate between a clicker and a tone by pressing the left and right levers. Half of the rats were trained using the differential outcomes procedure, where the clicker was paired with sucrose and tone with food pellets. The remaining rats were trained with only sucrose or only food pellets. The rats trained with the differential outcomes procedure were significantly more accurate than those trained with only one type of reinforcement

Difficult to Cure

Difficult is an unincorporated community in Smith County, Tennessee, in the United States. It lies just north of State Route 85, about halfway between Defeated to the south and Kempville to the east. Defeated Creek, a tributary of the Cumberland River, passes through the community.

"Difficult" is the fourth single from French-American recording artist Uffie's debut album, Sex Dreams and Denim Jeans. The single was produced by Uffie's label-mate and friend SebastiAn and was released by Ed Banger Records, Because Music and Elektra Records on October 18, 2010. Remixes by SebastiAn and Azari & III were included in the release.

In the theory of differential forms, a differential ideal I is an algebraic ideal in the ring of smooth differential forms on a smooth manifold, in other words a graded ideal in the sense of ring theory, that is further closed under exterior differentiation d. In other words, for any form α in I, the exterior derivative dα is also in I. In the theory of differential algebra, a differential ideal I in a differential ring R is an ideal which is mapped to itself by each differential operator.

Differential signaling hypothesis

Differential nonlinearity

Differential thermogravimetry

Differential fault analysis

Differentiation under the integral sign

Differentiation in semantics is defined by Löbner (2002) as a meaning shift reached by "adding concepts to the original concepts". His example is James Joyce is hard to understand, where understand is differentiated from "perceiving the meaning" to "interpret the text meaning". A related meaning shift is metonymy, where one builds a new concept out of an element of the original concept. In the example mentioned, James Joyce most likely refers to "the work of James Joyce" and not to the author – a metonymical shift. If the name were to refer to the man, understand would be differently differentiated, perhaps one would read it as "interpret the speech articulation" or "comprehend the actions" of the person James Joyce. Meaning shifts are very common among language users, and allow for great flexibility of word usage. It is not to be confused with lexical ambiguity though, words as uttered in a context may have perfectly precise meanings even though in varying contexts they may be used to express widely different meanings.

Differential technological development is a strategy proposed by transhumanist philosopher Nick Bostrom in which societies would seek to influence the sequence in which emerging technologies developed. On this approach, societies would strive to retard the development of harmful technologies and their applications, while accelerating the development of beneficial technologies, especially those that offer protection against the harmful ones. Paul Christiano believes that while accelerating technological progress appears to be one of the best ways to improve human welfare in the next few decades, a faster rate of growth cannot be equally important for the far future because growth must eventually saturate due to physical limits. Hence, from the perspective of the far future, differential technological development appears more crucial. Inspired by Bostrom's proposal, Luke Muehlhauser and Anna Salamon suggested a more general project of "differential intellectual progress", in which society advances its wisdom, philosophical sophistication, and understanding of risks faster than its technological power. Brian Tomasik has expanded on this notion.

Difficult Creek Natural Area Preserve

Differential of a smooth map

Differential sticking is a problem that occurs when drilling a well with a greater well bore pressure than formation pressure, as is usually the case. The drill pipe is pressed against the wellbore wall so that part of its circumference will see only reservoir pressure, while the rest will continue to be pushed by wellbore pressure. As a result, the pipe becomes stuck to the wall, and can require millions of pounds of force to remove, which may prove impossible. In many cases the drilling fluid (mud) weight is reduced, thus relieving the pressure difference and releasing the stuck pipe string. Should this option be unavailable, as in sour gas wells, a specialty fishing company is called to retrieve the stuck pipe or 'fish'. Many options exist once a fishing company is on site: oil or nitro

Difficult Years (Italian: Anni difficili) is a 1948 Italian drama film directed by Luigi Zampa and starring Umberto Spadaro, adapted from the 1946 short story Vecchio con gli stivali (Old Man in Boots), by the Sicilian author Vitaliano Brancati.

Differential thermal analysis (or DTA) is a thermoanalytic technique that is similar to differential scanning calorimetry. In DTA, the material under study and an inert reference are made to undergo identical thermal cycles, (i.e., same cooling or heating programme) while recording any temperature difference between sample and reference. This differential temperature is then plotted against time, or against temperature (DTA curve, or thermogram). Changes in the sample, either exothermic or endothermic, can be detected relative to the inert reference. Thus, a DTA curve provides data on the transformations that have occurred, such as glass transitions, crystallization, melting and sublimation. The area under a DTA peak is the enthalpy change and it's not affected by the heat capacity of the

Differentiate

Differential pulse-code modulation (DPCM) is a signal encoder that uses the baseline of pulse-code modulation (PCM) but adds some functionalities based on the prediction of the samples of the signal. The input can be an analog signal or a digital signal. If the input is a continuous-time analog signal, it needs to be sampled first so that a discrete-time signal is the input to the DPCM encoder. DPCM was invented by C. Chapin Cutler at Bell Labs in 1950; his patent includes both methods.

The differentiation of trigonometric functions is the mathematical process of finding the derivative of a trigonometric function, or its rate of change with respect to a variable. Common trigonometric functions include sin(x), cos(x) and tan(x). For example, the derivative of f(x) = sin(x) is represented as f ′(a) = cos(a). f ′(a) is the rate of change of sin(x) at a particular point a. All derivatives of circular trigonometric functions can be found using those of sin(x) and cos(x). The quotient rule is then implemented to differentiate the resulting expression. Finding the derivatives of the inverse trigonometric functions involves using implicit differentiation and the derivatives of regular trigonometric functions.

Differently (song)

Differneces

Differentials of a function

"Differentiation" is a term in system theory. From the viewpoint of this theory, the principal feature of modern society is the increased process of system differentiation as a way of dealing with the complexity of its environment. This is accomplished through the creation of subsystems in an effort to copy within a system the difference between it and the environment. The differentiation process is a means of increasing the complexity of a system, since each subsystem can make different connections with other subsystems. It allows for more variation within the system in order to respond to variation in the environment. Increased variation facilitated by differentiation not only allows for better responses to the environment, but also allows for faster evolution (or perhaps sociocultural e

Difficult (song)

Differentiated security

Differentiated asteroid

Differential entropy (also referred to as continuous entropy) is a concept in information theory that began as an attempt by Shannon to extend the idea of (Shannon) entropy, a measure of average surprisal of a random variable, to continuous probability distributions. Unfortunately, Shannon did not derive this formula, and rather just assumed it was the correct continuous analogue of discrete entropy, but it is not. The actual continuous version of discrete entropy is the limiting density of discrete points (LDDP). Differential entropy (described here) is commonly encountered in the literature, but it is a limiting case of the LDDP, and one that loses its fundamental association with discrete entropy.

Difficult Women is a 2017 short story collection by Roxane Gay.

Difficult Shapes & Passive Rhythms Some People Think It's Fun to Entertain is the debut album by English new wave group China Crisis released in 1982. It spent 17 weeks on the UK Albums Chart and peaked at number 21 in February 1983.

Differential quenching

Differential scanning calorimetry, or DSC is a thermoanalytical technique in which the difference in the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of a sample and reference is measured as a function of temperature. Both the sample and reference are maintained at nearly the same temperature throughout the experiment. Generally, the temperature program for a DSC analysis is designed such that the sample holder temperature increases linearly as a function of time. The reference sample should have a well-defined heat capacity over the range of temperatures to be scanned. The technique was developed by E. S. Watson and M. J. O'Neill in 1962, and introduced commercially at the 1963 Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy. The first adiabatic differential scanning calorimeter that could be used in biochemistry was developed by P. L. Privalov and D. R. Monaselidze in 1964 at Institute of Physics in Tbilisi, Georgia. The term DSC was coined to describe this instrument, which measures energy directly and allows precise measurements of heat capacity. Types of DSC:
* Power-compensated DSC in which power supply remains constant
* Heat-flux DSC in which heat flux remains constant

Differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia

Differentiation under the integral

Differential Vascular Labeling is a labeling method that allows differentiation between blood and lymphatic systems for intravital imaging. This approach takes advantage of the differences in particle distribution across blood and lymphatic endothelia. The DVL is based on a single intravenous injection of a fluorescent particles of different size. Due to differential distribution of fluorescent particles by size the larger particles remain in blood whereas the smaller once diffuses out of blood and into the lymphatic system thus functionally labeling the vasculature. Vascular system differentiation by DVL allows for real-time observation of cell traffic across physiological barriers (including lymphocyte traffic and tumor cell metastasis). DVL provides means to differential study the roles of angiogenesis and lymohangiogenesis in tumor metastasis. Lastly, DVL intrinsic fluid phase labeling allows a single-field fluid (either blood or lymph) velocity analysis in intact vascular systems. Thus DVL allows for the simultaneous determination of fluid flow rates in diverse blood and lymphatic compartments and in newly formed tumor vessels.

Differential geometry of surfaces

Differential of a Boolean function

Differential inequality

Differentiated Services

Differential of Boolean function

Differential housing

Differential pulse-code modulation

Differentiation syndrome

Differential gain

Differential equations from outside physics

Differred

Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) (also differential pulse polarography, DPP) is a voltammetry method used to make electrochemical measurements and a derivative of linear sweep voltammetry or staircase voltammetry, with a series of regular voltage pulses superimposed on the potential linear sweep or stairsteps. The current is measured immediately before each potential change, and the current difference is plotted as a function of potential. By sampling the current just before the potential is changed, the effect of the charging current can be decreased. By contrast, in normal pulse voltammetry the current resulting from a series of ever larger potential pulses is compared with the current at a constant 'baseline' voltage. Another type of pulse voltammetry is squarewave voltammetry, which can be considered a special type of differential pulse voltammetry in which equal time is spent at the potential of the ramped baseline and potential of the superimposed pulse.

Differential reflectivity

Differential thermal analysis

Differential static light scatter (DSLS) is a term coined to represent the change in total light scatter of a system over time or temperature in a static environment. Static light scattering or SLS and its many types are well outlined in literature and is the base principal for DSLS but varies specifically in that the difference (before and after) is the focus of this measurement. Typically the system will commence measurement at T0 and over the course of time measure the change in light scatter. One of the more practical applications of DSLS is in the area of proteomic research and protein based chemistry. Solution conditions can be varied across samples of a specific protein in a screening scenario and the system can be kept at either a static temperature or be ramped up, or in some case

Difficult Shapes & Passive Rhythms Some People Think It's Fun To Entertain

Differentially perfect field

Differentiated security is a form of computer security that deploys a range of different security policies and mechanisms according to the identity and context of a user or transaction. This makes it much more difficult to scale or replicate attacks, since each cluster/individual has a different security profile and there should be no common weaknesses. One way of achieving this is by subdividing the population into small differentiated clusters. At the extreme, each individual belongs to a different class.

Differential gain is a kind of linearity distortion which affects the color saturation in TV broadcasting.

Diffie-Helman

Diffie-Hellman-Merkle key exchange

Differential pressure transducer

Differential heat treating

Differential extraction

Differentness

Differentiating solvents

In mathematics, a differential poset is a partially ordered set (or poset for short) satisfying certain local properties. (The formal definition is given below.) This family of posets was introduced by as a generalization of Young's lattice (the poset of integer partitions ordered by inclusion), many of whose combinatorial properties are shared by all differential posets. In addition to Young's lattice, the other most significant example of a differential poset is the Young–Fibonacci lattice.

Differently is the debut album by Australian singer Cassie Davis and was released on 14 August 2009. Davis herself is writing and producing most of the album, with the help of producers Printz Board, Rodney Jerkins and Wayne Wilkins.

Differently-abled people

Difficulty in walking

Differentiated Instruction

Differentiation (mathematics)

In mathematics, differential inclusions are a generalization of the concept of ordinary differential equation of the form where F is a multivalued map, i.e. F(t, x) is a set rather than a single point in . Differential inclusions arise in many situations including differential variational inequalities, projected dynamical systems, dynamic Coulomb friction problems and fuzzy set arithmetic.

Differentiation operator

Diffidence

Differentiation

Difficile lectu

Differential testing, also known as differential fuzzing, is a popular software testing technique that attempts to detect bugs, by providing the same input to a series of similar applications (or to different implementations of the same application), and observing differences in their execution. Differential testing complements traditional software testing, because it is well-suited to find semantic or logic bugs that do not exhibit explicit erroneous behaviors like crashes or assertion failures. Differential testing is sometimes called back-to-back testing. Differential testing finds semantic bugs by using different implementations of the same functionality as cross-referencing oracles, pinpointing differences in their outputs across many inputs: any discrepancy between the program behaviors on the same input is marked as a potential bug.

Difficulty levels

Differentiation by taking logarithms

In evolutionary computation, differential evolution (DE) is a method that optimizes a problem by iteratively trying to improve a candidate solution with regard to a given measure of quality. Such methods are commonly known as metaheuristics as they make few or no assumptions about the problem being optimized and can search very large spaces of candidate solutions. However, metaheuristics such as DE do not guarantee an optimal solution is ever found.

Differential linearity

The differentiation of trigonometric functions is the mathematical process of finding the derivative of a trigonometric function, or its rate of change with respect to a variable. Common trigonometric functions include sin(x), cos(x) and tan(x). For example, the derivative of f(x) = sin(x) is represented as f ′(a) = cos(a). f ′(a) is the rate of change of sin(x) at a particular point a.

Differential geometer

Differential non-linearity

Differentiator circuit

Differentially methylated regions (DMRs) are genomic regions with different DNA methylation status across different biological samples and regarded as possible functional regions involved in gene transcriptional regulation. The biological samples can be different cells/tissues within the same individual, the same cell/tissue at different times, cells/tissues from different individuals, even different alleles in the same cell. DNA is mostly methylated at a CpG site, which is a cytosine followed by a guanine. The “p” refers to the phosphate linker between them. DMR usually involves adjacent sites or a group of sites close together that have different methylation patterns between samples. CpG islands appear to be unmethylated in most of the normal tissues, however, are highly methylated in cancer tissues. There are several different types of DMRs. These include tissue-specific DMR (tDMR), cancer-specific DMR (cDMR), development stages (dDMRs), reprogramming-specific DMR (rDMR), allele-specific DMR (AMR), and aging-specific DMR (aDMR). DNA methylation is associated with cell differentiation and proliferation.

Differential wheeled robot

Differential fault attack

Difficult Woman is the ninth studio album by Australian soul and R&B singer Renée Geyer. The album was released in September 1994 and peaked at number 91 on the ARIA Charts. In a 2009 with ABC, Geyer said of Paul Kelly, "I think some of the best things that he's ever written have been when he's written for somebody else. He's got an uncanny way of putting things that a billion people have said a million times, but he has a way of making it sound like it's the first time you've heard it. And that's why he's such a great writer." adding the title track is "about a complicated woman and that's it."

Difficult People is an American dark comedy web television series created by Julie Klausner. Klausner stars alongside Billy Eichner as two struggling and jaded comedians living in New York City; the duo seemingly hate everyone but each other. The series premiered on Hulu on August 5, 2015, and the second season premiered on July 12, 2016. On October 17, 2016, Hulu renewed the series for a 10-episode third season, which premiered on August 8, 2017. On November 14, 2017, Hulu canceled the series after three seasons.

Differential erosion

Differential media

Differential phase shift keying

In mathematics, a differential field K is differentially closed if every finite system of differential equations with a solution in some differential field extending K already has a solution in K. This concept was introduced by . Differentially closed fields are the analoguesfor differential equations of algebraically closed fields for polynomial equations.

Differential gear

Difficult Shapes & Passive Rhythms, Some People Think It's Fun to Entertain

Differentiation therapy is an approach to treating advanced cancers in which malignant cells are encouraged to differentiate into more mature forms using pharmacological agents. The basis of the therapy stems from the tendency of malignant tumor cells to assume a less specialized, stem cell-like dedifferentiated state.

Differential reinforcement

Differential fault analysis (DFA) is a type of side channel attack in the field of cryptography, specifically cryptanalysis. The principle is to induce faults—unexpected environmental conditions—into cryptographic implementations, to reveal their internal states. For example, a smartcard containing an embedded processor might be subjected to high temperature, unsupported supply voltage or current, excessively high overclocking, strong electric or magnetic fields, or even ionizing radiation to influence the operation of the processor. The processor may begin to output incorrect results due to physical data corruption, which may help a cryptanalyst deduce the instructions that the processor is running, or what its internal data state is. For DES and Triple DES, about 200 single-flipped bits are necessary to obtain a secret key. DFA was also applied successfully to the AES cipher. Many countermeasures have been proposed to defend from this kind of attacks. Most of them are based on error detection schemes.

Differentially closed field

Differringly

Differentiation (marketing)

Differrer

Differential space-time code

Differentially closed

Differential manchester encoding

Difficult Years

Differential extraction (also known as differential lysis) refers to the process by which the DNA from two different types of cells can be extracted without mixing their contents. The most common application of this method is the extraction of DNA from vaginal epithelial cells and sperm cells from sexual assault cases in order to determine the DNA profiles of the victim and the perpetrator. Its success is based on the fact that sperm cells pack their DNA using protamines (rather than histones) which are held together by disulfide bonds. The protamines sequester DNA from spermatozoa, making it more resilient to DNA extraction than DNA from epithelial cells.

Differential testing, also known as differential fuzzing, is a popular software testing technique that attempts to detect bugs, by providing the same input to a series of similar applications (or to different implementations of the same application), and observing differences in their execution. Differential testing complements traditional software testing, because it is well-suited to find semantic or logic bugs that do not exhibit explicit erroneous behaviors like crashes or assertion failures. Differential testing is sometimes called back-to-back testing.

Difficulty level

Difficult to Cure is the fifth studio album by the British hard rock band Rainbow, released in 1981. The album marked the further commercialization of the band's sound, with Ritchie Blackmore once describing at the time his appreciation of the band Foreigner. The album artwork is designed by British graphic design company Hipgnosis.

"Differentiation" is a term in system theory. From the viewpoint of this theory, the principal feature of modern society is the increased process of system differentiation as a way of dealing with the complexity of its environment. This is accomplished through the creation of subsystems in an effort to copy within a system the difference between it and the environment. The differentiation process is a means of increasing the complexity of a system, since each subsystem can make different connections with other subsystems. It allows for more variation within the system in order to respond to variation in the environment. Increased variation facilitated by differentiation not only allows for better responses to the environment, but also allows for faster evolution (or perhaps sociocultural evolution), which is defined sociologically as a process of selection from variation; the more differentiation (and thus variation) that is available, the better the selection.

Differintegral

Difficulty swallowing

Differential medium

Differential tariff is an example of demand side management where the price per unit of energy varies with the consumption. If a power utility uses differential tariff, it may change the rate per kWH of energy used during different times, such as raising the price during times of high energy consumption and lowering the price during times of low energy consumption. This helps balance the rate at which power is used and the rate at which power is created.

Differential galois theory

Differential solubility

In mathematics, an n-dimensional differential structure (or differentiable structure) on a set M makes M into an n-dimensional differential manifold, which is a topological manifold with some additional structure that allows for differential calculus on the manifold. If M is already a topological manifold, it is required that the new topology be identical to the existing one.

Differential geometry is a mathematical discipline that uses the techniques of differential calculus, integral calculus, linear algebra and multilinear algebra to study problems in geometry. The theory of plane and space curves and surfaces in the three-dimensional Euclidean space formed the basis for development of differential geometry during the 18th century and the 19th century. Since the late 19th century, differential geometry has grown into a field concerned more generally with the geometric structures on differentiable manifolds. Differential geometry is closely related to differential topology and the geometric aspects of the theory of differential equations. The differential geometry of surfaces captures many of the key ideas and techniques endemic to this field.

Differential space

Difficult crossing problem

Differentiate (biology)

In mathematics, the problem of differentiation of integrals is that of determining under what circumstances the mean value integral of a suitable function on a small neighbourhood of a point approximates the value of the function at that point. More formally, given a space X with a measure μ and a metric d, one asks for what functions f : X → R does for all (or at least μ-almost all) x ∈ X? (Here, as in the rest of the article, Br(x) denotes the open ball in X with d-radius r and centre x.) This is a natural question to ask, especially in view of the heuristic construction of the Riemann integral, in which it is almost implicit that f(x) is a "good representative" for the values of f near x.

Differential extraction (also known as differential lysis) refers to the process by which the DNA from two different types of cells can be extracted without mixing their contents. The most common application of this method is the extraction of DNA from vaginal epithelial cells and sperm cells from sexual assault cases in order to determine the DNA profiles of the victim and the perpetrator. Its success is based on the fact that sperm cells pack their DNA using protamines (rather than histones) which are held together by disulfide bonds. The protamines sequester DNA from spermatozoa, making it more resilient to DNA extraction than DNA from epithelial cells. After determining that sperm cells are present (typically through staining and light microscopy) in a vaginal/rectal sample, the subject's epithelial cells are lysed by a standard DNA extraction method, like a phenol/chloroform extraction and their DNA extracted through normal means. The epithelial DNA in solution is removed and saved, while the sperm cell's DNA precipitates with the attached protamines. Differential extraction uses a chemical called dithiothreitol (DTT) to disrupt the sulfur bonds in the protamines in order to release its DNA. Once the DNA is detached from the protamines, it is prone to standard DNA extraction methods. This creates two different DNA fractions from one sample, hopefully that of the victim and that of the perpetrator. However, the described method is difficult to carry out because it is both very labor intensive and time-consuming, leading to a build-up of untested rape kits. An estimated 500.000 rape kits alone in the US. Greenspoon et al. reported improvements in sample processing efficiency and throughput using robotic automation. However, associated costs for implementation in conjunction with low-throughput quantities of samples may be impractical for forensic laboratories and cannot be justified. Recently a multistep nucleic acid extraction procedure was introduced to provide DNA lysates of highest quality. A self-sealing membrane allows a stepwise release and separation of DNA from mixed specimens. Implemented in a spin-column system, it is ideally suitable for DNA extraction procedures involving differential extraction of forensic samples such as epithelium, saliva or blood vs. sperms. Simple and reliable extraction protocols for both, stained samples as well as gynecological swabs, respectively, overcome the often claimed difficulties in differential extraction (e.g. losing a sperm pellet through several washing steps). Furthermore, an early qualified decision whether the process of a differential extraction is worth the time and efforts is possible due to gradual buffer separation. As an immunological pre-test for semen in a sample of sexual assault can be carried out using the identical sample.

Differential forms

Differently-abled

Difficile émergence vers la lumière

Differential pair

Differential pulse code modulation

A differential refractometer (DRI), or refractive index detector (RI or RID) is a detector that measures the refractive index of an analyte relative to the solvent. They are often used as detectors for high-performance liquid chromatography and size exclusion chromatography. They are considered to be universal detectors because they can detect anything with a refractive index different from the solvent, but they have low sensitivity.

Differential mobility detector

Differentiation (sociology)

Differential steering is the means of steering a land vehicle by applying more or less drive torque to one side of the vehicle than the other. Differential steering is the primary means of steering tracked vehicles, such as tanks and bulldozers, is also used in certain wheeled vehicles commonly known as skid-steer, and even implemented in some automobiles, where it is called torque vectoring, to augment steering by changing wheel direction relative to the vehicle. Differential steering is distinct from torque steer, which is usually considered a negative side effect of drive-train design choices.

Difficult Woman

Differentially permeable membrane

In mathematics, differentiation of measures may refer to:
* the problem of differentiation of integrals, also known as the differentiation problem for measures;
* the Radon–Nikodym derivative of one measure with respect to another.

Differential polynomial

Differentiated service is a design pattern for business services and software, in which the service varies automatically according to the identity of the consumer and/or the context in which the service is used. Sometimes known as smart service or context-aware service.

This is a summary of differentiation rules, that is, rules for computing the derivative of a function in calculus.

Differentiation by parts

Differentiating under the integration sign

Differentiated biological cells

Difficulties

Differentiated service (design pattern)

Difficult Creek Natural Area Preserve is an 819-acre (3.31 km2) Natural Area Preserve located in Halifax County, Virginia. The preserve aims to restore a portion of Virginia's southern Piedmont to pre-settlement conditions, when the region was dominated by savannas maintained through a natural fire regime. These savannas featured open, prairie-like areas with scattered pines and hardwoods. Management of the preserve includes utilizing prescribed burns and removing loblolly pine plantations to restore the former landscape. Several rare plants, remnants of the original prairie vegetation, survived by colonizing roadsides and power lines; these plants are now protected and encouraged within the preserve. The preserve is owned and maintained by the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, and is open to the public. The preserve includes about two miles (3.2 km) of fire breaks which may be used by hikers.

Differential graded scheme

Differential heat treatment (also called selective heat treatment or local heat treatment) is a technique used during heat treating to harden or soften certain areas of a steel object, creating a difference in hardness between these areas. There are many techniques for creating a difference in properties, but most can be defined as either differential hardening or differential tempering. These were common heat treating techniques used historically in Europe and Asia, with possibly the most widely known example being from Japanese swordsmithing. Some modern varieties were developed in the twentieth century as metallurgical knowledge and technology rapidly increased.

Difficult Couple

Differential variational inequality

Differentology (Ready for the Road)

Differentiation-inducing factor

Difficulty (disambiguation)

Differential voting right (DVR) shares are same as ordinary equity shares except such stock does not dilute the promoters voting rights and makes it difficult for hostile takeovers.

Differential psychology studies the ways in which individuals differ in their behavior and the processes that underlie it. This is a discipline that develops classifications (taxonomies) of psychological individual differences. This is distinguished from other aspects of psychology in that although psychology is ostensibly a study of individuals, modern psychologists often study groups, or attempt to discover general psychological processes that apply to all individuals.

Differing

Difficult (single)

Differential windlass

Differential item functioning

Difficult Women is a literary-folk music cabaret created in 1992, in Melbourne, by Lin Van Hek and Joe Dolce and has been performing internationally for 15 years.

Diffie-Hellmann

A differential wheeled robot is a mobile robot whose movement is based on two separately driven wheels placed on either side of the robot body. It can thus change its direction by varying the relative rate of rotation of its wheels and hence does not require an additional steering motion. To balance the robot, additional wheels or casters may be added.

Differential equations/Examples

Differential interference contrast microscopy

Differential fuzzing

Differential graded category

Differential operator

Differential satellite navigation

Differential games with random time horizon

Differential rotation in stars

Differentially perfect

Differentiation rules

Differential threshold.

Differentiation in semantics is defined by Löbner (2002) as a meaning shift reached by "adding concepts to the original concepts". His example is James Joyce is hard to understand, where understand is differentiated from "perceiving the meaning" to "interpret the text meaning". Meaning shifts are very common among language users, and allow for great flexibility of word usage. It is not to be confused with lexical ambiguity though, words as uttered in a context may have perfectly precise meanings even though in varying contexts they may be used to express widely different meanings.

In mathematics, especially homological algebra, a differential graded category, often shortened to dg-category or DG category, is a category whose morphism sets are endowed with the additional structure of a differential graded Z-module. In detail, this means that , the morphisms from any object A to another object B of the category is a direct sum and there is a differential d on this graded group, i.e. for all n a linear map , which has to satisfy . This is equivalent to saying that is a cochain complex. Furthermore, the composition of morphisms is required to be a map of complexes, and for all objects A of the category, one requires .

Differential scanning calorimeter

Differentiation in Frechet spaces

Differintegration of some elementary functions

Differrers

Differential manifold

Differential graded commutative algebra

Difficulty in swallowing

Differential geometry is a mathematical discipline that uses the techniques of differential calculus, integral calculus, linear algebra and multilinear algebra to study problems in geometry. The theory of plane and space curves and surfaces in the three-dimensional Euclidean space formed the basis for development of differential geometry during the 18th century and the 19th century.

Differentiated bertrand competition

Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) (also differential pulse polarography, DPP) is a voltammetry method used to make electrochemical measurements and a derivative of linear sweep voltammetry or staircase voltammetry, with a series of regular voltage pulses superimposed on the potential linear sweep or stairsteps. The current is measured immediately before each potential change, and the current difference is plotted as a function of potential. By sampling the current just before the potential is changed, the effect of the charging current can be decreased.

Differential tempering

Differential of a function

Differential geometrical methods in theoretical physics

Differential geometry and topology

Differential protection

Differential system

Difficult Love

In mathematics, in particular in functional analysis and nonlinear analysis, it is possible to define the derivative of a function between two Fréchet spaces. This notion of differentiation, as it is Gateaux derivative between Fréchet spaces, is significantly weaker than the derivative in a Banach space, even between general topological vector spaces. Nevertheless, it is the weakest notion of differentiation for which many of the familiar theorems from calculus hold. In particular, the chain rule is true. With some additional constraints on the Fréchet spaces and functions involved, there is an analog of the inverse function theorem called the Nash–Moser inverse function theorem, having wide applications in nonlinear analysis and differential geometry.

Difficile lectu, K. 559, is a canon composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. The music, in F major, is set for three singers. The words are probably by Mozart himself. The work was entered by the composer into his personal catalog on 2 September 1788 as part of a set of ten canons; it was probably written some time during the years 1786–87.

Difficulty of learning languages

Diffie-Hellman

Differential petri net

The differential susceptibility hypothesis proposed by Jay Belsky is another interpretation of psychological findings that are usually discussed according to the diathesis-stress model. Both models suggest that people's development and emotional affect are differentially susceptible to experiences or qualities of the environment. Where the Diathesis-stress model suggests a distinct and mostly negativity-sensitive group, Belsky describes a group that is sensitive to negative experiences but also to positive experiences. These models may be complementary, if some individuals are dually or uniquely positivity-sensitive, while other people are uniquely negativity-sensitive.

Differential probe

In evolutionary computation, differential evolution (DE) is a method that optimizes a problem by iteratively trying to improve a candidate solution with regard to a given measure of quality. Such methods are commonly known as metaheuristics as they make few or no assumptions about the problem being optimized and can search very large spaces of candidate solutions. However, metaheuristics such as DE do not guarantee an optimal solution is ever found. DE is used for multidimensional real-valued functions but does not use the gradient of the problem being optimized, which means DE does not require the optimization problem to be differentiable, as is required by classic optimization methods such as gradient descent and quasi-newton methods. DE can therefore also be used on optimization problems that are not even continuous, are noisy, change over time, etc. DE optimizes a problem by maintaining a population of candidate solutions and creating new candidate solutions by combining existing ones according to its simple formulae, and then keeping whichever candidate solution has the best score or fitness on the optimization problem at hand. In this way the optimization problem is treated as a black box that merely provides a measure of quality given a candidate solution and the gradient is therefore not needed. DE is originally due to Storn and Price. Books have been published on theoretical and practical aspects of using DE in parallel computing, multiobjective optimization, constrained optimization, and the books also contain surveys of application areas. Surveys on the multi-faceted research aspects of DE can be found in journal articles .

Differredly

Differential static light scatter (DSLS) is a term coined to represent the change in total light scatter of a system over time or temperature in a static environment. Static light scattering or SLS and its many types are well outlined in literature and is the base principal for DSLS but varies specifically in that the difference (before and after) is the focus of this measurement. Typically the system will commence measurement at T0 and over the course of time measure the change in light scatter. One of the more practical applications of DSLS is in the area of proteomic research and protein based chemistry. Solution conditions can be varied across samples of a specific protein in a screening scenario and the system can be kept at either a static temperature or be ramped up, or in some cases down. The change will be observed over time and the focus of the calculation is on the amount of change in signal from T0 to Tfinal . This method of analysis provides researchers with data that helps them predict a protein or compound's stability in various conditions and further, in the case of proteomic structural work, can help identify the best protein candidates, and their optimal conditions to crystallize and thereby undergo x-ray crystallography for structural analysis. There are other technologies or techniques using similar concepts such as DLS (dynamic light scattering) to obtain this information with the help of fluorophores and the use of lasers for excitation however the primary focus in this arena is on particle sizing. Also DLS has a greater focus in 'flow-based' instrumentation. Many proteins are discovered on an annual basis and in the field of drug discovery it is very important characterize the structure of a novel peptides as well as the best conditions to keep them in solution. Because of this staggering number of potential therapeutics churning out of this research sector today there is a strong need for instrumentation to best capture this data and to date there are a few solutions that are DSLS focused. One such oriented instrument designed for high throughput scenarios utilizing standard HTS (high-throughput screening) SBS standard type plates (or automation friendly) is the StarGazer2. There are other solutions also available that have either wider focus to include particular sizing and Zeta potential but are limited but are limited by how many samples can be run at once, thus, non-HTS. As DSLS in principal measures particles as they either aggregate (or grow larger) or, in theory, breakdown and grow smaller, this technology and method of measurement will pull in a number of great applications in the future in the food and beverage, or environmental sector as the technology is stretched into new applications beyond proteomics.

Differential offending

In mathematics, in particular abstract algebra and topology, a differential graded algebra is a graded algebra with an added chain complex structure that respects the algebra structure.

Differentiation in Fréchet spaces

Differential reproduction

Differentiated Services Code Point

Differentiation formulas

Differential interferometry

Differential item functioning (DIF) is a statistical characteristic of an item that shows the extent to which the item might be measuring different abilities for members of separate subgroups. Average item scores for subgroups having the same overall score on the test are compared to determine whether the item is measuring in essentially the same way for all subgroups. The presence of DIF requires review and judgment, and it does not necessarily indicate the presence of bias. DIF analysis provides an indication of unexpected behavior of items on a test. An item does not display DIF if people from different groups have a different probability to give a certain response; it displays DIF if and only if people from different groups with the same underlying true ability have a different probabi

In mathematics, differential of the first kind is a traditional term used in the theories of Riemann surfaces (more generally, complex manifolds) and algebraic curves (more generally, algebraic varieties), for everywhere-regular differential 1-forms. Given a complex manifold M, a differential of the first kind ω is therefore the same thing as a 1-form that is everywhere holomorphic; on an algebraic variety V that is non-singular it would be a global section of the coherent sheaf Ω1 of Kähler differentials. In either case the definition has its origins in the theory of abelian integrals. The dimension of the space of differentials of the first kind, by means of this identification, is the Hodge number h1,0. The differentials of the first kind, when integrated along paths, give rise to integrals that generalise the elliptic integrals to all curves over the complex numbers. They include for example the hyperelliptic integrals of type where Q is a square-free polynomial of any given degree > 4. The allowable power k has to be determined by analysis of the possible pole at the point at infinity on the corresponding hyperelliptic curve. When this is done, one finds that the condition is k ≤ g − 1, or in other words, k at most 1 for degree of Q 5 or 6, at most 2 for degree 7 or 8, and so on (as g = [(1+ deg Q)/2]). Quite generally, as this example illustrates, for a compact Riemann surface or algebraic curve, the Hodge number is the genus g. For the case of algebraic surfaces, this is the quantity known classically as the irregularity q. It is also, in general, the dimension of the Albanese variety, which takes the place of the Jacobian variety.

Differentiation formulae

Differentiation (linguistics)

Differential posets

Diffey weighted UV irradiance

Differential norming

Differential scanning calorimeters

Differentiated human cells

Differential heat treatment

Differentiated instruction and assessment

Difficulty becoming pregnant

Differential grasshopper

Difficulty in breathing

Differential evolution

Differential methylated regions

In atmospheric chemistry, differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) is used to measure concentrations of trace gases. When combined with basic optical spectrometers such as prisms or diffraction gratings and automated, ground-based observation platforms, what we have is a cheap and powerful means for the measurement of such trace gas species as ozone and nitrogen dioxide. Typical setups allow for detection limits corresponding to optical depths of 0.0001 along lightpaths of up to typically 15 km and thus allow for the detection also of weak absorbers, such as water vapour, Nitrous acid, Formaldehyde, Tetraoxygen, Iodine oxide, Bromine oxide and Chlorine oxide.

Differential poset

In mathematics, especially homological algebra, a differential graded category, often shortened to dg-category or DG category, is a category whose morphism sets are endowed with the additional structure of a differential graded Z-module.

Differintegration

Differentiated interior

Differential thermal analysis (or DTA) is a thermoanalytic technique that is similar to differential scanning calorimetry. In DTA, the material under study and an inert reference are made to undergo identical thermal cycles, (i.e., same cooling or heating programme) while recording any temperature difference between sample and reference. This differential temperature is then plotted against time, or against temperature (DTA curve, or thermogram). Changes in the sample, either exothermic or endothermic, can be detected relative to the inert reference. Thus, a DTA curve provides data on the transformations that have occurred, such as glass transitions, crystallization, melting and sublimation. The area under a DTA peak is the enthalpy change and it's not affected by the heat capacity of the sample.

Differential static light scatter

Differential of the first kind

Differentially methylated regions (DMRs) are genomic regions with different DNA methylation status across different biological samples and regarded as possible functional regions involved in gene transcriptional regulation. The biological samples can be different cells/tissues within the same individual, the same cell/tissue at different times, cells/tissues from different individuals, even different alleles in the same cell.

Differentiation (biology)

Differential interference contrast

Difficult Creek Natural Area Preserve is an 819-acre (3.31 km2) Natural Area Preserve located in Halifax County, Virginia. The preserve aims to restore a portion of Virginia's southern Piedmont to pre-settlement conditions, when the region was dominated by savannas maintained through a natural fire regime. These savannas featured open, prairie-like areas with scattered pines and hardwoods. Management of the preserve includes utilizing prescribed burns and removing loblolly pine plantations to restore the former landscape. Several rare plants, remnants of the original prairie vegetation, survived by colonizing roadsides and power lines; these plants are now protected and encouraged within the preserve.

Differential psychology

A differential screw is a mechanism used for making small, precise adjustments to the spacing between two objects (such as in focusing a microscope, moving the anvils of a micrometer, or positioning optics). A differential screw uses a spindle with two screw threads of differing leads (aka thread pitch), and possibly opposite handedness, on which two nuts move. As the spindle rotates, the space between the nuts changes based on the difference between the threads. These mechanisms allow extremely small adjustments using commonly available screws. A differential screw mechanism using two nuts incurs higher friction and therefore requires more torque to turn than a simple, single lead screw with an equivalent pitch.

Differs

Differentiation under the integration sign

Differently (Cassie Davis song)

Differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, also known as Nomarski interference contrast (NIC) or Nomarski microscopy, is an optical microscopy technique used to enhance the contrast in unstained, transparent samples. DIC works on the principle of interferometry to gain information about the optical path length of the sample, to see otherwise invisible features. A relatively complex optical system produces an image with the object appearing black to white on a grey background. This image is similar to that obtained by phase contrast microscopy but without the bright diffraction halo. The technique was developed by Polish physicist Georges Nomarski in 1952.

Difficile emergence vers la lumiere

Differentiating Functions

Differential geometers

Difficile lectu (Mozart)

Differential hardening

Differentials

"Differentology" is a song by Trinidadian singer and songwriter Bunji Garlin. "Differentology" was released by Sheriff Music on November 7, 2012, as one of the first of Garlin's offerings for the 2013 Carnival season in Trinidad and Tobago. The song was written by Garlin, and produced by Keron Thompson. Garlin stated that the song was a blessing from God that was a great collaboration with the song's producer Keron "Sheriff" Thompson while in an impromptu session while his wife Fayann Lyons was in law class. Fayann then suggested afterwards to add Nigel Rojas the amazing guitarist and artist to the track. The track was remixed by Major Lazer for their free EP Lazers Never Die Vol. 4.

Differential k-form

In optics, differential group delay is the difference in propagation time between the two eigenmodes X and Y polarizations. Consider two eigenmodes that are the 0° and 90° linear polarization states. If the state of polarization of the input signal is the linear state at 45° between the two eigenmodes, the input signal is divided equally into the two eigenmodes. The power of the transmitted signal ET,total is the combination of the transmitted signals of both x and y modes. The differential group delay Dt is defined as the difference in propagation time between the eigenmodes: Dt = |tt,x − tt,y|.

In mathematics, differential inclusions are a generalization of the concept of ordinary differential equation of the form where F is a multivalued map, i.e. F(t, x) is a set rather than a single point in . Differential inclusions arise in many situations including differential variational inequalities, projected dynamical systems, dynamic Coulomb friction problems and fuzzy set arithmetic. For example, the basic rule for Coulomb friction is that the friction force has magnitude μN in the direction opposite to the direction of slip, where N is the normal force and μ is a constant (the friction coefficient). However, if the slip is zero, the friction force can be any force in the correct plane with magnitude smaller than or equal to μN Thus, writing the friction force as a function of position and velocity leads to a set-valued function.

In mathematics, the differential geometry of surfaces deals with the differential geometry of smooth surfaces with various additional structures, most often, a Riemannian metric.Surfaces have been extensively studied from various perspectives: extrinsically, relating to their embedding in Euclidean space and intrinsically, reflecting their properties determined solely by the distance within the surface as measured along curves on the surface. One of the fundamental concepts investigated is the Gaussian curvature, first studied in depth by Carl Friedrich Gauss, who showed that curvature was an intrinsic property of a surface, independent of its isometric embedding in Euclidean space. Surfaces naturally arise as graphs of functions of a pair of variables, and sometimes appear in parametric form or as loci associated to space curves. An important role in their study has been played by Lie groups (in the spirit of the Erlangen program), namely the symmetry groups of the Euclidean plane, the sphere and the hyperbolic plane. These Lie groups can be used to describe surfaces of constant Gaussian curvature; they also provide an essential ingredient in the modern approach to intrinsic differential geometry through connections. On the other hand, extrinsic properties relying on an embedding of a surface in Euclidean space have also been extensively studied. This is well illustrated by the non-linear Euler–Lagrange equations in the calculus of variations: although Euler developed the one variable equations to understand geodesics, defined independently of an embedding, one of Lagrange's main applications of the two variable equations was to minimal surfaces, a concept that can only be defined in terms of an embedding.

Differentially methylated region

Difficulty with balance

Differential input

Differential power analysis

Differentiation (calculus)

Differentiation (journal)

Differential phase

Differential replication

Differentology

Differential pulse-code modulation (DPCM) is a signal encoder that uses the baseline of pulse-code modulation (PCM) but adds some functionalities based on the prediction of the samples of the signal. The input can be an analog signal or a digital signal. If the input is a continuous-time analog signal, it needs to be sampled first so that a discrete-time signal is the input to the DPCM encoder.
* Option 1: take the values of two consecutive samples; if they are analog samples, quantize them; calculate the difference between the first one and the next; the output is the difference, and it can be further entropy coded.
* Option 2: instead of taking a difference relative to a previous input sample, take the difference relative to the output of a local model of the decoder process; in this option, the difference can be quantized, which allows a good way to incorporate a controlled loss in the encoding. Applying one of these two processes, short-term redundancy (positive correlation of nearby values) of the signal is eliminated; compression ratios on the order of 2 to 4 can be achieved if differences are subsequently entropy coded, because the entropy of the difference signal is much smaller than that of the original discrete signal treated as independent samples. DPCM was invented by C. Chapin Cutler at Bell Labs in 1950; his patent includes both methods.

Differential resolvent

In calculus, the differential represents the principal part of the change in a function y = f(x) with respect to changes in the independent variable. The differential dy is defined by where is the derivative of f with respect to x, and dx is an additional real variable (so that dy is a function of x and dx). The notation is such that the equation holds, where the derivative is represented in the Leibniz notation dy/dx, and this is consistent with regarding the derivative as the quotient of the differentials. One also writes The precise meaning of the variables dy and dx depends on the context of the application and the required level of mathematical rigor. The domain of these variables may take on a particular geometrical significance if the differential is regarded as a particular differential form, or analytical significance if the differential is regarded as a linear approximation to the increment of a function. Traditionally, the variables dx and dy are considered to be very small (infinitesimal), and this interpretation is made rigorous in non-standard analysis.

Differential temper

Differentials of the first kind

Differential nonlinearity (acronym DNL) is a term describing the deviation between two analog values corresponding to adjacent input digital values. It is an important specification for measuring error in a digital-to-analog converter (DAC); the accuracy of a DAC is mainly determined by this specification. Ideally, any two adjacent digital codes correspond to output analog voltages that are exactly one Least Significant Bit (LSB) apart. Differential non-linearity is a measure of the worst case deviation from the ideal 1 LSB step. For example, a DAC with a 1.5 LSB output change for a 1 LSB digital code change exhibits 1⁄2 LSB differential non-linearity. Differential non-linearity may be expressed in fractional bits or as a percentage of full scale. A differential non-linearity greater than

Differentiated

Differential stress is the difference between the greatest and the least compressive stress experienced by an object. For both the geological and civil engineering convention is the greatest compressive stress and is the weakest, . In other engineering fields and in physics, is the greatest compressive stress and is the weakest, so .
Differential stress

Differential refractometer

Differential sail

Differential technological development

Differential games

Differentiation (ethnography)

Differential survival

Differential sticking is a problem that occurs when drilling a well with a greater well bore pressure than formation pressure, as is usually the case. The drill pipe is pressed against the wellbore wall so that part of its circumference will see only reservoir pressure, while the rest will continue to be pushed by wellbore pressure. As a result, the pipe becomes stuck to the wall, and can require millions of pounds of force to remove, which may prove impossible. In many cases the drilling fluid (mud) weight is reduced, thus relieving the pressure difference and releasing the stuck pipe string. Should this option be unavailable, as in sour gas wells, a specialty fishing company is called to retrieve the stuck pipe or 'fish'. Many options exist once a fishing company is on site: oil or nitrogen may be pumped down the well, or the fish may be 'washed over' using a carbide shoe on a string of washpipe. Jarring is not usually attempted with differential sticking due to the massive amount of pressure that holds the pipe in place.

Differential lock

Differential group delay

Differentiation (economics)

Differential vascular labeling

Differential invariants

Differentiated Services Field

Differential k theory

Differential scanning calorimetry

Differentiated System Description Table

Differential item functioning (DIF) is a statistical characteristic of an item that shows the extent to which the item might be measuring different abilities for members of separate subgroups. Average item scores for subgroups having the same overall score on the test are compared to determine whether the item is measuring in essentially the same way for all subgroups. The presence of DIF requires review and judgment, and it does not necessarily indicate the presence of bias. DIF analysis provides an indication of unexpected behavior of items on a test. An item does not display DIF if people from different groups have a different probability to give a certain response; it displays DIF if and only if people from different groups with the same underlying true ability have a different probability of giving a certain response. Common procedures for assessing DIF are Mantel-Haenszel, item response theory (IRT) based methods, and logistic regression.

Differential splicing

Differential selection

Diffey weighted uv irradiance

In mathematics, differential of the first kind is a traditional term used in the theories of Riemann surfaces (more generally, complex manifolds) and algebraic curves (more generally, algebraic varieties), for everywhere-regular differential 1-forms. Given a complex manifold M, a differential of the first kind ω is therefore the same thing as a 1-form that is everywhere holomorphic; on an algebraic variety V that is non-singular it would be a global section of the coherent sheaf Ω1 of Kähler differentials. In either case the definition has its origins in the theory of abelian integrals. h1,0.

Differentiated learning

In calculus, the differential represents the principal part of the change in a function y = f(x) with respect to changes in the independent variable. The differential dy is defined by where is the derivative of f with respect to x, and dx is an additional real variable (so that dy is a function of x and dx). The notation is such that the equation holds, where the derivative is represented in the Leibniz notation dy/dx, and this is consistent with regarding the derivative as the quotient of the differentials. One also writes

Differential phase-shift keying

Differential Vascular Labeling is a labeling method that allows differentiation between blood and lymphatic systems for intravital imaging. This approach takes advantage of the differences in particle distribution across blood and lymphatic endothelia. The DVL is based on a single intravenous injection of a fluorescent particles of different size. Due to differential distribution of fluorescent particles by size the larger particles remain in blood whereas the smaller once diffuses out of blood and into the lymphatic system thus functionally labeling the vasculature. Vascular system differentiation by DVL allows for real-time observation of cell traffic across physiological barriers (including lymphocyte traffic and tumor cell metastasis). DVL provides means to differential study the roles

Differential ideal

Differential object marking

Differently (Cassie Davis album)

Differential of the third kind

Differential mobility analyzer

Differential relay