Closed loop (disambiguation)

Closed heart surgery

"Closer" (stylized as "CLOSER") is the second single by Japanese-American recording artist Joe Inoue. The song was used as one of the opening themes of Naruto: Shippūden. "Closer" is the most successful of Inoue's singles, peaking at 22 on the Oricon Weekly Singles Charts and remaining on the charts for seven weeks. Both the title track and "Gravity" are included on Me! Me! Me!.Inoue later digitally released an English language cover of the title track on May 19, 2010. This version was later included as a bonus track on Dos Angeles.A subsequent digital EP of the song was also released to the American iTunes Store on October 5, 2010. The EP includes the three variations of "Closer" from the original CD release as well as the English version.

Closeness is an album of duets by bassist Charlie Haden recorded in 1976 and released on the Horizon label.

Closed elimia

Closed syllables

Closed pneumothorax

Closeness

In surfing, a closeout is a wave formation that does not allow a tubular ride or smooth ridable transitional and optimum trajectory of hydrodynamic wave action from drop in to either left or right. When a wave closes out, a surfer may drop-in from the wave crest and have nowhere ridable to go without encountering or running into wave action falls blocking his or her forward momentum or pathway. Normally, the term closing out refers to when the wave sets crest and fall parallel to the shore line. When the wave crests and falls across the whole set line simultaneously, this is referred to as dumping.

Closed community

Closer (Lacuna Coil song)

Closed loop transfer function

Closer is the debut extended play (EP) by American country music singer Kane Brown. Brown released the EP in early June 2015 after raising funds via Kickstarter.

Closeout (sale)

Closer (Mandy Capristo song)

Closed format

Closed inclusion

Closeout sale

In a connected graph, closeness centrality (or closeness) of a node is a measure of centrality in a network, calculated as the sum of the length of the shortest paths between the node and all other nodes in the graph. Thus the more central a node is, the closer it is to all other nodes.Closeness was defined by Bavelas (1950) as the reciprocal of the farness, that is: C ( x ) = 1 ∑ y d ( y , x ) . {\displaystyle C(x)={\frac {1}{\sum _{y}d(y,x)}}.} where d ( y , x ) {\displaystyle d(y,x)} is the distance between vertices x {\displaystyle x} and y {\displaystyle y} . When speaking of closeness centrality, people usually refer to its normalized form which represents the average length of the shortest paths instead of their sum. It is generally given by the previous formula multiplied by N − 1 {\displaystyle N-1} , where N {\displaystyle N} is the number of nodes in the graph. For large graphs this difference becomes inconsequential so the − 1 {\displaystyle -1} is dropped resulting in: C ( x ) = N ∑ y d ( y , x ) . {\displaystyle C(x)={\frac {N}{\sum _{y}d(y,x)}}.} This adjustment allows comparisons between nodes of graphs of different sizes.Taking distances from or to all other nodes is irrelevant in undirected graphs, whereas it can produce totally different results in directed graphs (e.g. a website can have a high closeness centrality from outgoing link, but low closeness centrality from incoming links).

Closer: The Best of Sarah McLachlan

Closed sentence

Closed systems

Closed On Account of Rabies (1997) is a double-CD with poems and tales of Edgar Allan Poe performed by various artists, and produced by Hal Willner. It is one of numerous multi-artist tribute albums that Willner has produced, as well as one of the many spoken word albums he has produced.

Closed session of the United States Congress

Closed economies

Closer is the third studio album by Danish singer Christopher. It was released on 15 April 2016, by EMI Records. The album was preceded by the singles "Tulips", "Limousine" featuring Madcon and "I Won't Let You Down" featuring Bekuh Boom, which was released on 1 April.

Closed for the Season (book)

Closer (British magazine)

Closed stud book

Closed town

Closer (Better Than Ezra album)

Closed for Business

Closed group

Closed surface

Closer (2004 film)

Closeness (graph theory)

Closed regular set

"Closer" is a song by English singer-songwriter Corinne Bailey Rae, released as the third and final single from her second studio album The Sea (2010). It was the third UK and worldwide single and had a release date of 2 August 2010. It was also issued to radio alone in the United States on 25 January 2010.

Closed new york city subway stations

Closed testing principle

Closed terms

Closer / Sweet Dreams

Closely Watched Trains (film)

Closed cycle rocket engine

In mathematics, a closed manifold is a type of topological space, namely a compact manifold without boundary. In contexts where no boundary is possible, any compact manifold is a closed manifold.Compact manifolds are, in an intuitive sense, "finite". By the basic properties of compactness, a closed manifold is the disjoint union of a finite number of connected closed manifolds.

Closed for Winter is a 2009 Australian drama film starring Natalie Imbruglia.It is based on Georgia Blain's critically acclaimed novel of the same title. The film was produced by Goalpost Pictures.

Closed system drug transfer device

Closely Watched Trains

Closed interval

Closer is the second studio album by vocalist Josh Groban, released in November 2003. Much like his first studio album, half of this album's songs are sung in English, with the remainder sung in various other languages (Italian, Spanish and French). Closer was the top selling classical album of the 2000s in the US, according to Nielsen SoundScan.The album debuted at #4 on the Billboard 200 albums chart, selling about 375,000 copies in its first week.

Closely-held company

Closed subscriber group

A closeout sale is the final sale of an item either by a retailer or sell off of a retailer inventory to a 3rd party company. It may be a given model of item that is not selling well, or in the case of the final closure of a retailer because of a relocation, a fire (fire sale), extra inventory, or especially because of a bankruptcy. In the latter case, it is usually known as a going-out-of-business sale, and is part of a liquidation.

Closed metric ball

"Closer" is a pop-rock song that Robin Grubert and Martin Tingvall wrote for the German singer Mandy Capristo. The play, which Robin Grubert and Martin Tingvall was produced, 2012 published on Capristos debut album Grace and released as the second single.

A closed system drug transfer device or "CSTD" is a drug transfer device that mechanically prohibits the transfer of environmental contaminants into a system and the escape of hazardous drug or vapor concentrations outside the system.

Closed dialing plans

Closer/Careless Whisper

Closed shell configuration

Closed for the Season

Closed cities

Closed unbounded set

Closed walk

"Closer" is the debut single from Australian singer-songwriter, Michael Paynter. It was released physically and digitally on 28 June 2008. The single was used in advertisements for the Seven Network's drama series, City Homicide. It was to be included on Paynter's debut album This Welcome Diversion, however its release was delayed and then cancelled by Sony after Paynter was dropped from the label. However, an acoustic version of the song was included on Paynter's free album Money on Your Tongue.

Closed unit ball

Closed shops

Closed guard

Closely related key

Closed sessions of the United States Senate

Closed convex hull

Closed consort

Closer (Anberlin song)

"Closer" (stylized as "CLOSER") is the second single by Japanese-American recording artist Joe Inoue. The song was used as one of the opening themes of Naruto: Shippūden. "Closer" is the most successful of Inoue's singles, peaking at 22 on the Oricon Weekly Singles Charts and remaining on the charts for seven weeks. Both the title track and "Gravity" are included on Me! Me! Me!.Inoue later digitally released an English language cover of the title track on May 19, 2010.

In poetics, closed couplets are two line units of verse that do not extend their sense beyond the line's end. Furthermore, the lines are usually rhymed. When the lines are in iambic pentameter, they are referred to as heroic verse. However, Samuel Butler also used closed couplets in his iambic tetrameter Hudibrastic verse."True wit is nature to advantage dressedWhat oft was thought, but ne'er so well express'd"is an example of the closed couplet in heroic verse from Alexander Pope's Essay on Criticism.One of the modern exponents of closed couplets is Dr. Mulki Radhakrishna Shetty. He has written 1,37,788 couplets in English in 11,68,687 words, one of the largest in any literature.

Closed end funds

Closed couplets

"Closer" is a song written and performed by Christian rock act Jars of Clay. The radio single was released in promotion of the band's 2008-released EP, Closer. Although the track also appears on the band's 2009 album The Long Fall Back to Earth, the single was released far in advance of its announcement and release to be considered that album's first single. The version of the song that appears on The Long Fall Back to Earth is a different mix than the one that appears on the Closer EP, containing a longer intro and song length. "Closer" was co-produced by Ron Aniello, who also helped co-produce the band's 2003 release Who We Are Instead and helped co-write a handful of tracks from their Good Monsters studio album.

In statistics, the closed testing procedure is a general method for performing more than one hypothesis test simultaneously.

Closer (Mike Stud album)

Closed convex function

Closed rides and attractions

Closed set

Closed cinemas in Kingston upon Hull

Closer is the second studio album by vocalist Josh Groban, released in November 2003. Much like his first studio album, half of this album's songs are sung in English, with the remainder sung in various other languages (Italian, Spanish and French). Closer was the top selling classical album of the 2000s in the US, according to Nielsen SoundScan.The album debuted at #4 on the Billboard 200 albums chart, selling about 375,000 copies in its first week. In January 2004, the album rose from #11 to #1 in its ninth week on the chart, selling about 110,000 copies that week. This followed a sales campaign by Target.In Australia, Closer reached a peak position of #25 on the ARIA Albums Chart of Australia. On June 13, 2007, it re-entered the chart at #39. As of October 2015, the album has sold over 6.1 million copies in the US. The track, "You Raise Me Up", charted at #73 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #1 on the Adult Contemporary chart. The track, "Remember When It Rained", reached #15 on the AC chart.

Closed shop

Closed waveguide

Closed formula

Closed kinetic chain exercises or closed chain exercises (CKC) are physical exercises performed where the hand (for arm movement) or foot (for leg movement) is fixed in space and cannot move. The extremity remains in constant contact with the immobile surface, usually the ground or the base of a machine.The opposite of CKC exercises are open kinetic chain exercises (OKC).Closed chain exercises are often compound movements, that generally incur compressive forces, while open-chain exercises are often isolation movements that promote more shearing forces.CKC exercises involve more than one muscle group and joint simultaneously rather than concentrating solely on one, as many OKC exercises do (single-joint movements), lending the former to more utilitarian and athletic activities.

Closed embedding

In 1898 William Morton's Theatre Royal showed a 'Veriscope' film, probably the first time any film was shown in a Hull theatre. The Prince's Hall was the first purpose-built cinema in Kingston upon Hull, and was opened in George Street by Morton in 1910 (renamed the Curzon 1955). As Hull embraced the new age of public entertainment, attendances at traditional theatre declined.

Closed eye hallucinations

Closed tube

Closed ecological system

Closed gentian

Closed graph theorem

Closed end

Closed lakes

Closed vowel

Closed infinite broom

Closed time loop

A closeout sale is the final sale of an item either by a retailer or sell off of a retailer inventory to a 3rd party company. It may be a given model of item that is not selling well, or in the case of the final closure of a retailer because of a relocation, a fire (fire sale), extra inventory, or especially because of a bankruptcy. In the latter case, it is usually known as a going-out-of-business sale, and is part of a liquidation. A "hail sale" is a closeout at a car dealership after hail damage. Often, when the store is shutting down, they let people know that this is their last chance to buy the merchandise. However, often it's companies that can't sell their inventory, inventors that had a bad idea or businesses that are looking for fast cash flow to pay their bills such as payroll, etc.A closeout store is a retailer specializing in buying closeout items wholesale from other retailers and selling them at a discount. Big Lots is a well-known closeout store chain in the U.S., but other stores such as TJ Maxx, Ross Dress For Less, Marshalls, and Value City are also common, specializing more in clothing and housewares.Some clearance merchandise is non-returnable at some stores, as the intent is of course to get rid of the items. This is especially the case with liquidation and store-closing sales. However, in many jusrisdictions such as the United Kingdom, consumers retain their usual rights during a sale, such as the right to return faulty goods (under the Sale of Goods Act 1979) and the right to return goods granted by the Distance Selling Regulations.Rather than storing merchandise until the following year, almost every U.S. store also has post-holiday clearance sales now, sometimes starting even before the holiday (especially Christmas and Halloween). Early discounts are often around 25%, but range from zero to as much as 50%, particularly if the "regular" prices were deliberately inflated as some stores do. 50% is common just after the holiday, often followed by 75%, and sometimes even 90%, at which point there is very little if anything left to choose from. Often during after-Christmas clearance sales, they let people know that this is their chance to buy everything they didn't get for Christmas, or as the phrase goes, "everything Santa Claus forgot." Particularly in Canada, “Boxing Day sales” draw large crowds of shoppers seeking after-Christmas closeout deals.Some stores do pack-up holiday merchandise after going 50% off for a week or so, but often fail to remove the items from shelves before going back to regular price, especially if the items are non-perishable. A few merchants actually get credit back from vendors if they do not sell certain merchandise (this, in turn, is more common with perishable merchandise, such as fresh food), who in turn may sell it to a closeout store at reduced prices.Some customers take note of when specific retailers normally mark down merchandise further, showing up at the store on the very first day for the best selection. More general seasonal merchandise (such as winter clothing or summer patio furniture) is also put on clearance, but at more irregular times, making way for new fashions and fads.Even thrift stores have "rolling" closeouts. In this case, all merchandise put out in a given week is given a colored tag, or a letter to indicate what color if the item is directly marked with a grease pencil. During the last week before the color is used again, everything marked in that color is discounted, usually by 50%. At the end of the week, all remaining item with that tag color are removed from the shelves. There are typically four colors, so that all merchandise is rotated every month or so. Some independent stores may use other similar systems, such as using more colors, and possibly marking down a color by 25% the week before it goes 50% off.Clearance sales typically occur on clearance racks in brick-and-mortar stores. Stores typically place merchandise on a clearance rack and mark the price down until someone purchases the item. This clearance sale can be further enhanced by using banners and signs, both on the interior and exterior of the store. This process has been replicated on the internet. The defunct drop.com was the first clearance website to mimic a retail store clearance rack by allowing sellers to automatically mark down their items to a pool of consumers.

Closed parentheses

Closenberg Hotel is a three star heritage hotel located in Galle, Sri Lanka. It is situated on the southern side of Galle Harbour.

Closer is the second studio album by American rapper Mike Stud released on July 7, 2014.

In the mathematical theory of Banach spaces, the closed range theorem gives necessary and sufficient conditions for a closed densely defined operator to have closed range.

Closed class

Closely Observed Trains

Closed concept

Closed map

Closed form

Closedir

Closed polygonal chain

Closed kinetic chain movements

A closed platform, walled garden or closed ecosystem is a software system where the carrier or service provider has control over applications, content, and media, and restricts convenient access to non-approved applications or content. This is in contrast to an open platform, where consumers generally have unrestricted access to applications and content.

Closed game

Closer (Corrs song)

Closer is a 2004 American romantic drama film written by Patrick Marber, based on his award-winning 1997 play of the same name. The film was produced and directed by Mike Nichols and stars Julia Roberts, Jude Law, Natalie Portman, and Clive Owen. The film, like the play on which it is based, has been seen by some as a modern and tragic version of Mozart's opera Così fan tutte, with references to the opera in both the plot and the soundtrack.

"Closed for Business" is a song by Englsh rock band Mansun. It was released as the lead song on Seven EP in 1997 and became their second top ten hit on the UK Singles Chart.

Closed for the Season is a 2010 supernatural thriller film written and directed by Jay Woelfel, starring Aimee Brooks, Damian Maffei, and Joe Unger.

Closed kinetic chain exercises or closed chain exercises (CKC) are physical exercises performed where the hand (for arm movement) or foot (for leg movement) is fixed in space and cannot move.

Closed railway stations in western australia

Closed linear operator

Closed reversed epsilon

Closed software for linux

Closed for Winter

Closeness (album)

Closed source for linux

Closer: The Best of Sarah McLachlan is a greatest hits album by Canadian singer-songwriter Sarah McLachlan, and also contains two new tracks. It was released on 7 October 2008. The album was released in Germany on 17 October. The release date for Closer was pushed back to 11 May 2009 in the United Kingdom.

Closed source

In mathematics, a closed manifold is a type of topological space, namely a compact manifold without boundary. In contexts where no boundary is possible, any compact manifold is a closed manifold.Compact manifolds are, in an intuitive sense, "finite". By the basic properties of compactness, a closed manifold is the disjoint union of a finite number of connected closed manifolds. One of the most basic objectives of geometric topology is to understand what the supply of possible closed manifolds is.

Closed e

Closed for the Season (film)

Closed london underground stations

Closedown

Closer (Goapele album)

Closeness relation

Closed reduction of fracture

Closed spandrel concrete arch

Closed chain movements

Closed end product

Closed end investment companies

Closed class word

Closed for the Season (ISBN 978-0-547-08451-0) is a book written by Mary Downing Hahn and published by Clarion Books (now owned by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt) on 15 June 2009 which later went on to win the Edgar Award for Best Juvenile in 2010.

Closeout (disambiguation)

A closed concept is a concept where all the necessary and sufficient conditions required to include something within the concept can be listed. For example, the concept of a triangle is closed because a three-sided polygon, and only a three-sided polygon, is a triangle. All the conditions required to call something a triangle can be, and are, listed.

For the same-name concept in differential geometry, see immersion (mathematics).In algebraic geometry, a closed immersion of schemes is a morphism of schemes f : Z → X {\displaystyle f:Z\to X} that identifies Z as a closed subset of X such that regular functions on Z can be extended locally to X. The latter condition can be formalized by saying that f # : O X → f ∗ O Z {\displaystyle f^{\#}:{\mathcal {O}}_{X}\rightarrow f_{\ast }{\mathcal {O}}_{Z}} is surjective.An example is the inclusion map Spec ⁡ ( R / I ) → Spec ⁡ ( R ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {Spec} (R/I)\to \operatorname {Spec} (R)} induced by the canonical map R → R / I {\displaystyle R\to R/I} .

In surfing, a closeout is a wave formation that does not allow a tubular ride or smooth ridable transitional and optimum trajectory of hydrodynamic wave action from drop in to either left or right. When a wave closes out, a surfer may drop-in from the wave crest and have nowhere ridable to go without encountering or running into wave action falls blocking his or her forward momentum or pathway.

Closed form (calculus)

Closed orbit

Closed system (thermodynamics)

Closed spandrel

Closed hi-hat

Closed cycle

Closed ecological systems (CES) are ecosystems that do not rely on matter exchange with any part outside the system.The term is most often used to describe small manmade ecosystems. Such systems are scientifically interesting and can potentially serve as a life support system during space flights, in space stations or space habitats.In a closed ecological system, any waste products produced by one species must be used by at least one other species.

Closed lines

Closed software

In partner dancing, closed position is a category of positions in which partners hold each other while facing at least approximately toward each other.Closed positions employ either body contact or body support, that is, holding each other is not limited to handhold. If the partners are comfortable with each other and the dance style allows it, body contact increases the connection between the partners. Some dances, such as Balboa and Collegiate Shag are only done in body contact.

Closed curve

Closed control loop

Closed sessions of the Untied States House of Representatives

Closed loop sanitation

Closed time-like

In music, a closely related key is one sharing many common tones with an original key, as opposed to a distantly related key (or "close key" and "distant key"). In music harmony, such a key shares all, or all except one, pitches with a key with which it is being compared, and is adjacent to it on the circle of fifths and its relative major or minor.Such keys are the most commonly used destinations or transpositions in a modulation, because of their strong structural links with the home key.

Closed hardware

Closed primaries

Closer (Jars of Clay EP)

Closepet

For the same-name concept in differential geometry, see immersion (mathematics).In algebraic geometry, a closed immersion of schemes is a morphism of schemes f : Z → X {\displaystyle f:Z\to X} that identifies Z as a closed subset of X such that regular functions on Z can be extended locally to X.

Closed kinetic chain exercises

Closer/Careless Whisper (Slinkee Minx Single)

Closed upper half-plane

Closed subspace (topology)

Closed season

The United States House of Representatives rarely meets in closed session.

Closer (Kane Brown EP)

Closer is an EP by Christian rock act Jars of Clay. It was released in digital download format on July 29, 2008 and in CD format on August 19, 2008. The only radio single released off the EP is the title track, although the new recording of "Love Song for a Savior" has been known to be played by radio stations in place of the original single.

Closed mapping

Closely Watched Trains (Czech: Ostře sledované vlaky) is a 1966 Czechoslovak film directed by Jiří Menzel and is one of the best-known products of the Czechoslovak New Wave. It was released in the United Kingdom as Closely Observed Trains. It is a coming-of-age story about a young man working at a train station in German-occupied Czechoslovakia during World War II. The film is based on a 1965 novel by Bohumil Hrabal. It was produced by Barrandov Studios and filmed on location in Central Bohemia. Released outside Czechoslovakia during 1967, it won the Best Foreign Language Oscar at the 40th Academy Awards in 1968.

Closed transition

Closeouts

Closed helmet

Closed region

Closed on Account of Rabies

Closed circulatory system

Closed cycle ocean thermal energy conversion

Closer (JP Cooper song)

Closed country edict of 1635

Closer

Closed geodesic

In geometry, topology, and related branches of mathematics, a closed set is a set whose complement is an open set. In a topological space, a closed set can be defined as a set which contains all its limit points. In a complete metric space, a closed set is a set which is closed under the limit operation.

Closeness (Russian: Теснота) is a 2017 Russian drama film directed by Kantemir Balagov, in his feature film debut. It was selected to compete in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2017 Cannes Film Festival. At Cannes, it won the FIPRESCI Prize in the Un Certain Regard section.

Closed fund

Closed parenthesis

Closer is the fifth studio album by the New Orleans-based rock trio Better Than Ezra. It was released on August 7, 2001 by Beyond Records. Closer initially performed better than its predecessor, How Does Your Garden Grow?, peaking at #110 on the Billboard charts. The first single off the album, "Extra Ordinary," placed on both the Billboard Modern Rock and Adult Top 40 charts (it was the eighth and last BTE single to date to place on the Modern Rock charts). A second single, "Misunderstood," was planned, but Beyond Records declared bankruptcy before it could be released.As of early 2007, Closer was out of print due to Beyond Records going out of business and copies were scarce, though some were still in stock in stores. Legal problems resulting from Beyond's bankruptcy meant it would be four years before Better than Ezra's next studio album, Before the Robots. In the meantime, the band would release a live album in 2004, recorded in their hometown at the House of Blues.In June 2009, the band announced they had acquired the rights to "Closer" and all of the master tracks recorded during the sessions for the album, and would be reissuing it via their own label on CD, The re-release was made available in October 2009 via the band's online store, sporting a bright new red cover, and two bonus tracks, "Simple Song", a long-standing fan favorite, and "Screwed Up And Beautiful". Both tracks were recorded during the 2001 sessions for the album but omitted from the final record.

Closed joint stock company

Closed seas

Closed primary

Closed session

Closed innovation

Closed unit interval

Closed schools in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York

Closed secret city

Closed linear span

Closed question

Before being open, innovation happened in closed environments often performed by individuals, scientists or employees. However, the expression closed innovation was coined later and not before the paradigm of open innovation became popular by works of Henry Chesbrough and Don Tapscott et Anthony D. Williams Closed innovation was described in March 2003 by Henry Chesbrough, a professor and executive director at the Center for Open Innovation at UC Berkeley, in his book Open Innovation: The new imperative for creating and profiting from technology. The concept is related to user innovation, know-how trading and mass innovation and subject of recent research projects

Closed mitosis

Closer (Capone-N-Noreaga song)

"Closer" is the debut single from Australian singer-songwriter, Michael Paynter. It was released physically and digitally on 28 June 2008. The single was used in advertisements for the Seven Network's drama series, City Homicide. It was to be included on Paynter's debut album This Welcome Diversion, however its release was delayed and then cancelled by Sony after Paynter was dropped from the label.

Closely guarded rule

Closed test procedure

Closed toll collection

Closed form (disambiguation)

Closed cycle gas turbine

Closed source software

Closed platform

Closed ecosystem

Closer is an EP by Christian rock act Jars of Clay. It was released in digital download format on July 29, 2008 and in CD format on August 19, 2008. The only radio single released off the EP is the title track, although the new recording of "Love Song for a Savior" has been known to be played by radio stations in place of the original single. Both "Closer" and "Safe to Land" would later appear on the band's 2009 album The Long Fall Back to Earth, but the version of "Closer" is a slightly different mix than the original version from the EP. The song "Prisoner of Hope" is a track from the soundtrack to the motion picture Sons of Lwala.

Closed sessions of the United States House of Representatives

Closed hashing

Closed point

Closed unit disk

Closed ecological life support systems

The United States Senate has the authority for meeting in closed session, as described in the Standing Rules of the Senate.The Continental Congress and Constitutional Convention met in secret. The Senate met in secret until 1794. The Senate’s executive sessions (such as nominations and treaties) were not opened until 1929.Standing Senate Rules XXI, XXIX, and XXXI cover secret sessions for legislative and executive business (nominations and treaties). Rule XXIX calls for Senate consideration of treaties to be conducted in secret unless a majority votes to lift the “injunction of secrecy,” which it usually does. Rule XXXI mandates that all nominations be considered in open session unless the Senate votes to do so in secret. Rule XXI calls for the Senate to close its doors once a motion is made and seconded. The motion is not debatable, and its disposition is made behind closed doors. All of a chamber’s normal rules of debate apply during secret sessions, except during impeachment deliberations in the Senate.For Senate impeachment proceedings, Rules XX and XXIV of the Senate Rules for Impeachment Trials govern secret deliberations. The Senate has interpreted these rules to require closed deliberations during impeachment trials.The proceedings of a secret session are not published unless the Senate votes, during the meeting or at a later time, to release them. Then, those portions released are printed in the Congressional Record. If the Senate does not approve release of a secret session transcript, the transcript is stored in the Office of Senate Security and ultimately sent to the National Archives and Records Administration. The proceedings remain sealed until the Senate votes to remove the injunction of secrecy.These sessions have been held 56 times since 1929. The following is a full list of those sessions, along with their dates and the reasons they were called:

The closed elimia, scientific name †Elimia clausa, was a species of gastropod in the family Pleuroceridae. It was endemic to the United States. It is now extinct.

In differential geometry and dynamical systems, a closed geodesic on a Riemannian manifold is a geodesic that returns to its starting point with the same tangent direction. It may be formalized as the projection of a closed orbit of the geodesic flow on the tangent space of the manifold.

In mathematics, the closed graph theorem is a basic result which characterizes continuous functions in terms of their graphs. There are several versions of the theorem.

Closed extension topology

Closeness is a basic concept in topology and related areas in mathematics. Intuitively we say two sets are close if they are arbitrarily near to each other. The concept can be defined naturally in a metric space where a notion of distance between elements of the space is defined, but it can be generalized to topological spaces where we have no concrete way to measure distances.Note the difference between closeness, which describes the relation between two sets, and closedness, which describes a single set.The closure operator closes a given set by mapping it to a closed set which contains the original set and all points close to it. The concept of closeness is related to limit point.

The United States Senate has the authority for meeting in closed session, as described in the Standing Rules of the Senate.The Continental Congress and Constitutional Convention met in secret. The Senate met in secret until 1794. The Senate’s executive sessions (such as nominations and treaties) were not opened until 1929.Standing Senate Rules XXI, XXIX, and XXXI cover secret sessions for legislative and executive business (nominations and treaties).

Closed monoidal category

Closed system (computing)

Closed talik

Closely-related key

Closed material procedures

Closeout

Closed semiring

Closed map lemma

Closer (Nine Inch Nails)

In the Congress of the United States, a closed session (formally a session with closed doors) is a parliamentary procedure for the Senate or the House of Representatives to discuss matters requiring secrecy.The discussions which take place in a closed session are subject to confidentiality rules and are similar to an executive session, which itself can be open or closed. An executive session is for business which includes the President of the United States.

Closer is a 2004 American romantic drama film written by Patrick Marber, based on his award-winning 1997 play of the same name. The film was produced and directed by Mike Nichols and stars Julia Roberts, Jude Law, Natalie Portman, and Clive Owen. The film, like the play on which it is based, has been seen by some as a modern and tragic version of Mozart's opera Così fan tutte, with references to the opera in both the plot and the soundtrack. Owen starred in the play as Dan, the role played by Law in the film.The film was recognized with a number of awards and nominations, including Oscar nominations and Golden Globe wins for both Portman and Owen for their performances in supporting roles.

Closed string

Closed disc

Closed spandrel deck arch

Closeout stores

Closed unbounded operator

Closed for winter

Closenberg hotel

Closer (Halsey song)

Closed lake

Closed mine

Closed ecological life support system

Closed model category

Closed position

Closely Watched Trains (Czech: Ostře sledované vlaky) is a 1966 Czechoslovak film directed by Jiří Menzel and is one of the best-known products of the Czechoslovak New Wave. It was released in the United Kingdom as Closely Observed Trains. It is a coming-of-age story about a young man working at a train station in German-occupied Czechoslovakia during World War II. The film is based on a 1965 novel by Bohumil Hrabal.

Closed function

Closed kinetic chain exercise

In 1898 William Morton's Theatre Royal showed a 'Veriscope' film, probably the first time any film was shown in a Hull theatre. The Prince's Hall was the first purpose-built cinema in Kingston upon Hull, and was opened in George Street by Morton in 1910 (renamed the Curzon 1955). As Hull embraced the new age of public entertainment, attendances at traditional theatre declined. Luxurious cinemas, taking their inspiration from theatres and music halls, were built to accommodate audiences in almost every neighbourhood in the city. By 1914, there were 29 cinemas, theatres and halls showing films in the city. The London and Provincial Cinema Company owned the Hippodrome; the National Electric Picture Theatres owned the Theatre de Luxe, but Morton's was the largest and most influential cinema chain in Hull.Since 1895, Morton had been a leading light in theatre and then, from 1910, also cinema. However in 1935, with decline in theatre going, his long reign and businesses came to an end. Associated Hull Cinemas Ltd became the largest circuit in the city, owning 11 cinemas, and this enabled them to command the best films. The consortium later bought the Prince's Hall. Another expanding speculative group, City and Suburban Cinemas (Hull) Ltd, built the Regal, the Rex, the Regis, and the Royalty in rapid succession.The number of cinemas in Hull peaked at 36 in 1938. British film making flourished during the war years and cinema attendances were much higher, but by the end of the Second World War there were only 25 (several had been bombed). By 1964 competition from radio and television (and latterly bingo) reduced the number of cinemas to 10.A number of old picture houses remain around Kingston upon Hull, one the former National Picture Theatre is a ruin from the Hull Blitz; others have been converted to different uses.

Closed schools in Northland, New Zealand

Closed head injuries

Closer (Album)

Closed disk

Closed line segment

Closed for the Season Movie

Closer (Christopher album)

Closed eye visualization

Closeness (film)

Closeout (surfing)

Closer (Josh Groban album)

Closed form expression

Closed ecosystem (technology)

Closed for Business (Seven EP)

Closed time-like curve

Closed timelike loop

Closed term

Closed word classes

Closed expression

A closed system is a physical system that does not allow certain types of transfers (such as transfer of mass and energy transfer) in or out of the system. The specification of what types of transfers are excluded varies in the closed systems of physics, chemistry or engineering.

Closed circut television

Closed sea

Closed subset

Closer (Jars of Clay song)

Closed country edict

Closed port

Closed silo of content

Closed four

Closed under

A pre-entry closed shop (or simply closed shop) is a form of union security agreement under which the employer agrees to hire union members only, and employees must remain members of the union at all times in order to remain employed. This is different from a post-entry closed shop (US: union shop), which is an agreement requiring all employees to join the union if they are not already members. In a union shop, the union must accept as a member any person hired by the employer.International Labour Organization covenants do not address the legality of closed shop provisions, leaving the question up to each individual nation. The legal status of closed shop agreements varies widely from country to country, ranging from bans on the agreement, to extensive regulation of the agreement to not mentioning it at all.

Closed proxy

Closed fist injury

Closed mind

Closed subgroup

Before being open, innovation happened in closed environments often performed by individuals, scientists or employees. However, the expression closed innovation was coined later and not before the paradigm of open innovation became popular by works of Henry Chesbrough and Don Tapscott et Anthony D.

Closely held company

Closeness centrality

Closed differential form

Closer (EP)

Closed couplet

Closeout store

Closed kinetic chain movement

Closer is the fifth studio album by the New Orleans-based rock trio Better Than Ezra. It was released on August 7, 2001 by Beyond Records. Closer initially performed better than its predecessor, How Does Your Garden Grow?, peaking at #110 on the Billboard charts. The first single off the album, "Extra Ordinary," placed on both the Billboard Modern Rock and Adult Top 40 charts (it was the eighth and last BTE single to date to place on the Modern Rock charts).

Closely held corporation

Closed seminaries in the United States

Closed wings

Closed loop lifecycle management

In mathematics, a function f : R n → R {\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} ^{n}\rightarrow \mathbb {R} } is said to be closed if for each α ∈ R {\displaystyle \alpha \in \mathbb {R} } , the sublevel set { x ∈ dom f | f ( x ) ≤ α } {\displaystyle \{x\in {\mbox{dom}}f\vert f(x)\leq \alpha \}} is a closed set.Equivalently, if the epigraph defined by epi f = { ( x , t ) ∈ R n + 1 | x ∈ dom f , f ( x ) ≤ t } {\displaystyle {\mbox{epi}}f=\{(x,t)\in \mathbb {R} ^{n+1}\vert x\in {\mbox{dom}}f,\;f(x)\leq t\}} is closed, then the function f ( x ) {\displaystyle f(x)} is closed.This definition is valid for any function, but most used for convex functions.

Closer (Elephante song)

Closed operator

Closed ecological systems (CES) are ecosystems that do not rely on matter exchange with any part outside the system.The term is most often used to describe small manmade ecosystems. Such systems are scientifically interesting and can potentially serve as a life support system during space flights, in space stations or space habitats.In a closed ecological system, any waste products produced by one species must be used by at least one other species. If the purpose is to maintain a life form, such as a mouse or a human, waste products such as carbon dioxide, feces and urine must eventually be converted into oxygen, food, and water.A closed ecological system must contain at least one autotrophic organism. While both chemotrophic and phototrophic organisms are plausible, almost all closed ecological systems to date are based on a phototroph such as green algae.Frieda Taub reviewed work from 1953 to 1974.

Closed universe

Closed source software for linux

Closed spandrel arch

Closer (Michael Paynter song)

A closed community intentionally limits links with outsiders and outside communities. Closed communities may be of a religious, ethnic, or political nature. Governance of closed societies varies. Typically, members of closed communities are either born into the community or are accepted into it. The opposite of a closed community is an open community, which maintains social relations with external communities.

Closed sets

Closeness (disambiguation)

Closer (2000 film)

Closed space

A closed subscriber group (CSG) is a limited set of users with connectivity access to a femtocell. When a femtocell is configured in CSG mode, only those users included in the femtocell's access control list are allowed to use the femtocell resources. On the other hand, a femtocell can be also configured in Open Access mode, in which any user is allowed access to the femtocell.A closed access femto will accept LAU (Location Area Update) only from a subscriber who is in the ACL (Access Control List) of the femto, the other subscriber, named as Public User, who is not in the ACL will get a reject with a roaming not allowed cause 13 or 15.

Closer (Fool's Garden song)

Closed joint-stock company

In mathematics, especially in category theory, a closed monoidal category (or a monoidal closed category) is a category which is both a monoidal category and a closed category in such a way that the structures are compatible.A classic example is the category of sets, Set, where the monoidal product of sets A {\displaystyle A} and B {\displaystyle B} is the usual cartesian product A × B {\displaystyle A\times B} , and the internal Hom B A {\displaystyle B^{A}} is the set of functions from A {\displaystyle A} to B {\displaystyle B} .

Closeness (topology)

"Closer/Sweet Dreams" is the second single from Nylon. It was a number-one hit in Iceland.

Closed o

This is a list of schools which once operated in Northland, New Zealand, but no longer exist. The list is not comprehensive for schools closed before 1999.

Closed manifold

Closely guarded (basketball)

Closed room mystery

Closed system of thought

Closed ended question

Closed saline basin

Closed eye visualizations

Closed telephone numbering plan

Closed material procedure

Closed range theorem

Closed shop and open shop

Closed on account of rabies

Closener

Closed park

Closed device

Closer is the third single from Capone-N-Noreaga's debut album The War Report. The song samples "Closer Than Friends" by Surface and "Promise Me" by Luther Vandross. All of the verses in the song are performed by Noreaga whilst singer Nneka performs the hook.

Closed text

Closenberg Hotel

Closeness (mathematics)

In poetics, closed couplets are two line units of verse that do not extend their sense beyond the line's end. Furthermore, the lines are usually rhymed. When the lines are in iambic pentameter, they are referred to as heroic verse.

Closed word class

Closed roll

In mathematics, especially in category theory, a closed monoidal category (or a monoidal closed category) is a category which is both a monoidal category and a closed category in such a way that the structures are compatible.A classic example is the category of sets, Set, where the monoidal product of sets A {\displaystyle A} and B {\displaystyle B} is the usual cartesian product A × B {\displaystyle A\times B} , and the internal Hom B A {\displaystyle B^{A}} is the set of functions from A {\displaystyle A} to B {\displaystyle B} . A non-cartesian example is the category of vector spaces, K-Vect, over a field K {\displaystyle K} . Here the monoidal product is the usual tensor product of vector spaces, and the internal Hom is the vector space of linear maps from one vector space to another.The internal language of closed symmetric monoidal categories is linear logic and the type system is the linear type system. Many examples of closed monoidal categories are symmetric. However, this need not always be the case, as non-symmetric monoidal categories can be encountered in category-theoretic formulations of linguistics; roughly speaking, this is because word-order in natural language matters.

Closed system

"Closer" is a song written and performed by Christian rock act Jars of Clay. The radio single was released in promotion of the band's 2008-released EP, Closer. Although the track also appears on the band's 2009 album The Long Fall Back to Earth, the single was released far in advance of its announcement and release to be considered that album's first single.

Closed schools in the Northland Region

Closed shell

Closed ecological systems

Closed immersion

Closed syllable

Closed fracture

Closer (Joe Inoue song)

Closed end fund

Closed half-space

Closed railway station

Closed system (control theory)

Closed timelike curves

Closed head trauma

A pre-entry closed shop (or simply closed shop) is a form of union security agreement under which the employer agrees to hire union members only, and employees must remain members of the union at all times in order to remain employed. This is different from a post-entry closed shop (US: union shop), which is an agreement requiring all employees to join the union if they are not already members.

Closed system of belief

The terms closed system and open system have long been defined in the widely (and long before any sort of amplifier was invented) established subject of thermodynamics, in terms that have nothing to do with the concepts of feedback and feedforward. The terms 'feedforward' and 'feedback' arose first in the 1920s in the theory of amplifier design, more recently than the thermodynamic terms. Negative feedback was eventually patented by H.S Black in 1934. In thermodynamics, an open system is one that can take in and give out ponderable matter. In thermodynamics, a closed system is one that cannot take in or give out ponderable matter, but may be able to take in or give out radiation and heat and work or any form of energy. In thermodynamics, a closed system can be further restricted, by being 'isolated': an isolated system cannot take in nor give out either ponderable matter or any form of energy. It does not make sense to try to use these well established terms to try to distinguish the presence or absence of feedback in a control system.The theory of control systems leaves room for systems with both feedforward pathways and feedback elements or pathways. The terms 'feedforward' and 'feedback' refer to elements or paths within a system, not to a system as a whole. THE input to the system comes from outside it, as energy from the signal source by way of some possibly leaky or noisy path. Part of the output of a system can be compounded, with the intermediacy of a feedback path, in some way such as addition or subtraction, with a signal derived from the system input, to form a 'return balance signal' that is input to a PART of the system to form a feedback loop within the system. (It is not correct to say that part of the output of a system can be used as THE input to the system.)There can be feedforward paths within the system in parallel with one or more of the feedback loops of the system so that the system output is a compound of the outputs of the feedback loops and of the parallel feedforward paths. Feedforward and feedback often occur in one and the same system. It makes sense to speak of a control system only if it contains at least one feedforward path; the presence or absence of feedback is contingent.A feedback loop needs within itself both a feedforward element and a feedback element. For example, the feedforward element (for example a transistor) in an amplifier has access to a controlled power reservoir and provides power gain for the loop and is therefore called an active element. The feedback element is often, but not always, passive (for example a resistor). It makes sense to speak of a feedback loop only when referring to a loop with a well-defined active feedforward element. Without this, a loop does not have a definite sense (clockwise or anti-clockwise) of signal circulation by which one could distinguish its feedforward and feedback elements. Without this definite sense of signal circulation one is looking at a mere mesh in a network, and it makes no sense to speak of a feedback loop.A feedback loop can contain further feedback loops within itself, or it can provide a pathway inside another feedback loop, provided its 'input' and 'output' are defined.A 1993 paper, General Systems Theory by David S. Walonick, Ph.D., states in part, "A closed system is one where interactions occur only among the system components and not with the environment. An open system is one that receives input from the environment and/or releases output to the environment. The basic characteristics of an open system is the dynamic interaction of its components, while the basis of a cybernetic model is the feedback cycle. Open systems can tend toward higher levels of organization (negative entropy), while closed systems can only maintain or decrease in organization."

Closed curve theorem

Closed eye hallucination

Closed form solution

Closed end mutual fund

Closed world assumption

In mathematics, a function f : R n → R {\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} ^{n}\rightarrow \mathbb {R} } is said to be closed if for each α ∈ R {\displaystyle \alpha \in \mathbb {R} } , the sublevel set { x ∈ dom f | f ( x ) ≤ α } {\displaystyle \{x\in {\mbox{dom}}f\vert f(x)\leq \alpha \}} is a closed set.Equivalently, if the epigraph defined by epi f = { ( x , t ) ∈ R n + 1 | x ∈ dom f , f ( x ) ≤ t } {\displaystyle {\mbox{epi}}f=\{(x,t)\in \mathbb {R} ^{n+1}\vert x\in {\mbox{dom}}f,\;f(x)\leq t\}} is closed, then the function f ( x ) {\displaystyle f(x)} is closed.This definition is valid for any function, but most used for convex functions. A proper convex function is closed if and only if it is lower semi-continuous. For a convex function which is not proper there is disagreement as to the definition of the closure of the function.

Closer (Corinne Bailey Rae song)

The terms closed system and open system have long been defined in the widely (and long before any sort of amplifier was invented) established subject of thermodynamics, in terms that have nothing to do with the concepts of feedback and feedforward. The terms 'feedforward' and 'feedback' arose first in the 1920s in the theory of amplifier design, more recently than the thermodynamic terms. Negative feedback was eventually patented by H.S Black in 1934.

Closed room mysteries

Closed economy

Closed in

Closed reduction

Closed crown

In a connected graph, closeness centrality (or closeness) of a node is a measure of centrality in a network, calculated as the sum of the length of the shortest paths between the node and all other nodes in the graph.

Closeness is a basic concept in topology and related areas in mathematics. Intuitively we say two sets are close if they are arbitrarily near to each other.

In music, a closely related key is one sharing many common tones with an original key, as opposed to a distantly related key (or "close key" and "distant key"). In music harmony, such a key shares all, or all except one, pitches with a key with which it is being compared, and is adjacent to it on the circle of fifths and its relative major or minor.Such keys are the most commonly used destinations or transpositions in a modulation, because of their strong structural links with the home key. Distant keys may be reached sequentially through closely related keys by chain modulation, for example C to G to D or C to C minor to E♭ major. For example, "One principle that every composer of Haydn's day [Classical music era] kept in mind was over-all unity of tonality. No piece dared wander too far from its tonic key, and no piece in a four-movement form dared to present a tonality not closely related to the key of the whole series." For example, the first movement of Mozart's Piano Sonata No. 7 (Mozart), K. 309, modulates only to closely related keys (the dominant, supertonic, and submediant).Given a major key tonic (I), the related keys are:vi (submediant or relative minor): same key signatureIV (subdominant): one less sharp (or one more flat) around circle of fifthsV (dominant): one more sharp (or one fewer flat) around circle of fifthsi (parallel minor): same tonic, different key signatureii (supertonic, the relative minor of the subdominant)iii (mediant, the relative minor of the dominant)Specifically:Starting from a minor key (i), the closely related keys are the subdominant minor (iv), the dominant minor (v), the relative major (♭III), and the parallel majors of the subdominant and dominant (♭VI and ♭VII).Another view of closely related is that there are six closely related keys, based on the tonic and the remaining triads of the diatonic scale, excluding the dissonant leading-tone diminished triad. Four of which differ by one accidental, one with the same key signature, and the parallel modal form. In the key of C major these would be: D minor, E minor, F major, G major, A minor, and C minor.In modern music, the closeness of a relation between any two keys or sets of pitches may be determined by the number of tones they share in common, which allows one to consider modulations not occurring in standard major-minor tonality. For example, in music based on the pentatonic scale containing pitches C, D, E, G, and A, modulating a fifth higher gives the collection of pitches G, A, B, D, and E, having four of five tones in common. However, modulating up a tritone would produce F♯, G♯, A♯, C♯, D♯, which shares no common tones with the original scale. Thus the scale a fifth higher is very closely related, while the scale a tritone higher is not. Other modulations may be placed in order from closest to most distant depending upon the number of common tones.Another view in modern music, notably in Bartók, a common tonic produces closely related keys, the other scales being the six other modes. This usage can be found in several of the Mikrokosmos piano pieces.When modulation causes the new key to traverse the bottom of the circle of fifths this may give rise to a theoretical key, containing eight (or more) sharps or flats in its notated key signature; in such a case, notational conventions require recasting the new section in its enharmonically equivalent key.

Closed party list

Closed loops

Closed medulla

Closer/Sweet Dreams

Closed treatment

Closed testing procedure

A closed subscriber group (CSG) is a limited set of users with connectivity access to a femtocell. When a femtocell is configured in CSG mode, only those users included in the femtocell's access control list are allowed to use the femtocell resources.

Closed inflatable trampoline

Closehauled

Closed trial

Closed source movement