In functional analysis, a branch of mathematics, a bounding point of a subset of vector space is a conceptual extension of the boundary of the set.

In the mathematical field of order theory, a partially ordered set is bounded complete if all of its subsets that have some upper bound also have a least upper bound. Such a partial order can also be called consistently or coherently complete (), since any upper bound of a set can be interpreted as some consistent (non-contradictory) piece of information that extends all the information present in the set. Hence the presence of some upper bound in a way guarantees the consistency of a set. Bounded completeness then yields the existence of a least upper bound of any "consistent" subset, which can be regarded as the most general piece of information that captures all the knowledge present within this subset. This view closely relates to the idea of information ordering that one typically finds in domain theory. Formally, a partially ordered set (P, ≤) is bounded complete if the following holds for any subset S of P: If S has some upper bound, then it also has a least upper bound. Bounded completeness has various relationships to other completeness properties, which are detailed in the article on completeness in order theory. Note also that the term bounded poset is sometimes used to refer to a partially ordered set that has both a least and a greatest element. Hence it is important to distinguish between a bounded-complete poset and a bounded complete partial order (cpo). For a typical example of a bounded-complete poset, consider the set of all finite decimal numbers starting with "0." (like 0.1, 0.234, 0.122) together with all infinite such numbers (like the decimal representation 0.1111... of 1/9). Now these elements can be ordered based on the prefix order of words: a decimal number n is below some other number m if there is some string of digits w such that nw = m. For example, 0.2 is below 0.234, since one can obtain the latter by appending the string "34" to 0.2. The infinite decimal numbers are the maximal elements within this order. In general, subsets of this order do not have least upper bounds: just consider the set {0.1, 0.3}. Looking back at the above intuition, one might say that it is not consistent to assume that some number starts both with 0.1 and with 0.3. However, the order is still bounded complete. In fact, it is even an example of a more specialized class of structures, the Scott domains, which provide many other examples for bounded-complete posets.

Boundary layer suction is a boundary layer control technique in which an air pump is used to extract the boundary layer at the wing or the inlet of an aircraft. Improving the air flow can reduce drag. Improvements in fuel efficiency have been estimated as high as 30%.

Bounding interval hierarchy

Boundary conditions

The Boundary Treaty of 1866 between Chile and Bolivia, also called the Mutual Benefits Treaty, was signed in Santiago de Chile on August 10, 1866 by the Chilean Foreign Affairs Minister Alvaro Covarrubias and the Bolivian Plenipotentiary in Santiago Juan R. Muñoz Cabrera. It drew, for the first time, the border between both countries at the 24° South parallel from the Pacific Ocean to the eastern border of Chile and defined a zone of bipartite tax collection, the "Mutual Benefits zone", and tax preferences for articles from Bolivia and Chile. Despite increasing border tensions since the 1840s, both countries fought together against Spain in the Chincha Islands War (1864–65) and resolved the question under the Governments of Mariano Melgarejo in Bolivia and José Joaquín Pérez in Chile. But before long, both countries were discontented with it, and Peru and Bolivia signed a secret treaty against Chile in 1873. The Lindsay-Corral protocol, thought to clarify the treaty, was approved by Chile but never by Bolivia. In 1874, a new boundary treaty was signed, which was violated by Bolivia in 1878. In 1879 began the War of the Pacific.

Boundary testing

Not to be mistaken with the demarcation problem or boundary problem in the philosophy of science, boundary problem in spatial analysis is a geographical phenomenon and one of the four major issues that interfere with an accurate estimation of the statistical parameter. The four issues include the boundary problem as well as the scale problem, pattern problem (or spatial autocorrelation), and modifiable areal unit problem (Barber 1988). The boundary problem occurs because of the loss of neighbors in analyses that depend on the values of the neighbors. While geographic phenomena are measured and analyzed within a specific unit, identical spatial data can appear either dispersed or clustered depending on the boundary placed around the data. In analysis with point data, dispersion is evaluated as dependent of the boundary. In analysis with areal data, statistics should be interpreted based upon the boundary. In geographical research, two types of areas are taken into consideration in relation to the boundary: an area surrounded by fixed natural boundaries (e.g., coastlines or streams), outside of which neighbors do not exist (Henley 1981), or an area included in a larger region defined by arbitrary artificial boundaries (e.g., an air pollution boundary in modeling studies or an urban boundary in population migration) (Haining 1990). In an area isolated by the natural boundaries, the spatial process discontinues at the boundaries. In contrast, if a study area is delineated by the artificial boundaries, the process continues beyond the area. If a spatial process in an area occurs beyond a study area or has an interaction with neighbors outside artificial boundaries, the most common approach is to neglect the influence of the boundaries and assume that the process occurs at the internal area. However, such an approach leads to a significant model misspecification problem (Upton and Fingleton 1985). That is, for measurement or administrative purposes, geographic boundaries are drawn, but the boundaries can bring about different spatial patterns in geographic phenomena (BESR 2002). It has been reported that the difference in the way of drawing the boundary significantly affects identification of the spatial distribution and estimation of the statistical parameters of the spatial process (Cressie 1992; Fotheringham and Rogerson 1993; Griffith 1983; Martin 1987). The difference is largely based on the fact that spatial processes are generally unbounded or fuzzy-bounded (Leung 1987) but the processes are expressed in data imposed within boundaries for analysis purposes (Miller 1999). Although the boundary problem was discussed in relation to artificial and arbitrary boundaries, the effect of the boundaries also occurs according to natural boundaries as long as it is ignored that properties at sites on the natural boundary such as streams are likely to differ from those at sites within the boundary (Martin 1989). The boundary problem occurs with regard not only to horizontal boundaries but also to vertically drawn boundaries according to delineations of heights or depths (Pineda 1993). For example, biodiversity such as the density of species of plants and animals is high near the surface, so if the identically divided height or depth is used as a spatial unit, it is more likely to find fewer number of the plant and animal species as the height or depth increases. Figure 1. Boundary problem: urban sprawl in central Florida (an evaluation by land cover analysis with raster datasets vs. an evaluation by population density bounded in the census tract) Figure 2. Boundary problem: horizontal boundaries Figure 3. Boundary problem: vertical boundaries

Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina

Boundary review

Boundary scan test

Boundary dispute

Boundary vector field

Boundji Airport (IATA: BOE, ICAO: FCOB) is an airport serving the city of Boundji in Cuvette Department, Republic of the Congo. The runway is on the western edge of the city, and has an additional 700 metres (2,300 ft) of cleared, unpaved overrun on its western end.

Bounded arithmetic is a collective name for a family of weak subtheories of Peano arithmetic. Such theories are typically obtained by requiring that quantifiers be bounded in the induction axiom or equivalent postulates (a bounded quantifier is of the form ∀x ≤ t or ∃x ≤ t, where t is a term not containing x). The main purpose is to characterize one or another class of computational complexity in the sense that a function is provably total if and only if it belongs to a given complexity class.

Boundary Street

Bounder is a 1985 action game published by Gremlin Graphics in which the player navigates a variety of courses as a bouncing tennis ball.

Bounded from below

Bounding pulse

Bounded genericity

Boundiale

Boundless Informant

Boundary Ranges

Boundin'

Boundary case

Bounding mine

Boundary Treaty of 1866 between Chile and Bolivia

In mathematical analysis, a function of bounded variation, also known as BV function, is a real-valued function whose total variation is bounded (finite): the graph of a function having this property is well behaved in a precise sense. For a continuous function of a single variable, being of bounded variation means that the distance along the direction of the y-axis, neglecting the contribution of motion along x-axis, traveled by a point moving along the graph has a finite value. For a continuous function of several variables, the meaning of the definition is the same, except for the fact that the continuous path to be considered cannot be the whole graph of the given function (which is a hypersurface in this case), but can be every intersection of the graph itself with a hyperplane (in the case of functions of two variables, a plane) parallel to a fixed x-axis and to the y-axis. Functions of bounded variation are precisely those with respect to which one may find Riemann–Stieltjes integrals of all continuous functions. Another characterization states that the functions of bounded variation on a compact interval are exactly those f which can be written as a difference g − h, where both g and h are bounded monotone. In the case of several variables, a function f defined on an open subset Ω of ℝn is said to have bounded variation if its distributional derivative is a vector-valued finite Radon measure. One of the most important aspects of functions of bounded variation is that they form an algebra of discontinuous functions whose first derivative exists almost everywhere: due to this fact, they can and frequently are used to define generalized solutions of nonlinear problems involving functionals, ordinary and partial differential equations in mathematics, physics and engineering. We have the following chains of inclusions for functions over a closed, bounded interval of the real line: Continuously differentiable ⊆ Lipschitz continuous ⊆ absolutely continuous ⊆ bounded variation ⊆ differentiable almost everywhere

Bounded bypass

Boundbrook, New Jersey

Boundary critique (BC) is the concept in critical systems thinking that, according to Ulrich (2002), states that "both the meaning and the validity of professional propositions always depend on boundary judgments as to what 'facts' (observation) and 'norms' (valuation standards) are to be considered relevant" or not. In the practice of boundary critique, according to Ulrich (2000) different kind of boundaries can be set based on different questions:

Bounded sequences

Bounding Main is an American a cappella quintet focusing on traditional sea shanties and maritime music. Formed in 2003, Bounding Main performs maritime music, presenting an "Elizabethan sea dog" look in their costumes and gear as well as informal looks that represents them as a contemporary vocal group. They perform traditional sea shanties and nautical ballads from as far back as 400 years ago, as well as new maritime music, and original compositions. Bounding Main attempts to introduce historical music and structure in a way that appeals to listeners who might otherwise consider it "old-fashioned" through the use of harmony-focused arrangements agreeable to the modern ear and attention span. The group has won awards for their performances at renaissance festivals, and they have taken several international tours, bringing their music to popular shanty festivals in locations such as Germany, Netherlands, Poland, France, Cornwall, and Canada. Their music has been preserved in the British Library's Sound Archive. Their fan club is known as the Bounding Mainiacs.

Boundary Waters

In functional analysis, a bounded linear operator is a linear transformation L between normed vector spaces X and Y for which the ratio of the norm of L(v) to that of v is bounded above by the same number, over all non-zero vectors v in X. In other words, there exists some such that for all v in X The smallest such M is called the operator norm of L. A bounded linear operator is generally not a bounded function, as generally one can find a sequence in X such that. Instead, all that is required for the operator to be bounded is that So, the operator L could only be a bounded function if it satisfied L(v)=0 for all v, as is easy to understand by considering that for a linear operator,for all scalars a.Rather, a bounded linear operator is a locally bounded function. A linear operator between normed spaces is bounded if and only if it is continuous, and by linearity, if and only if it is continuous at zero.

Boundary Peak 79

Bounder

Bounded measure

Boundary Waters Blues Festival

Boundary of a set

This page describes some parameters used to characterize the properties of a boundary layer formed by fluid flow along a wall. The boundary layer concept was first described by Ludwig Prandtl. Consider a stationary body with a fluid flowing around it, like the semi-infinite flat plate with air flowing over the top of the plate (assume the flow and the plate extends to infinity in the positive/negative direction perpendicular to the plane). At the solid walls of the body the fluid satisfies a no-slip boundary condition and has zero velocity, but as you move away from the wall, the velocity of the flow asymptotically approaches the free stream mean velocity. Therefore, it is impossible to define a sharp point at which the boundary layer becomes the free stream, yet this layer has a well-defined characteristic thickness. The parameters below provide a useful definition of this characteristic, measurable thickness. Also included in this boundary layer description are some parameters useful in describing the shape of the boundary layer.

Boundary rider is a long-established (1864) Australasian term for a cattle or sheep station employee whose duties entail a regular tour (by horse, camel or motor vehicle) of the outer perimeter (boundary) of the property, checking condition of fences, collecting stock that may have escaped and ejecting strays that may have wandered onto the property, effecting any repairs that may be required, and reporting anything out of the ordinary to the owner or manager. On larger properties semi-permanent shelters (boundary rider's huts) may be provided for overnight accommodation, riders generally carrying their own swags.

Boundary peak wilderness

Boundedness (disambiguation)

Boundaryless organization

Boundary cycle

Boundary Peak 96 is a mountain in the city and borough of Juneau, Alaska, United States. Located on the Canada–United States border, it is a part of the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains in western North America.

In mathematics, the bounded inverse theorem (or inverse mapping theorem) is a result in the theory of bounded linear operators on Banach spaces. It states that a bijective bounded linear operator T from one Banach space to another has bounded inverse T−1. It is equivalent to both the open mapping theorem and the closed graph theorem. It is necessary that the spaces in question be Banach spaces. For example, consider the space X of sequences x : N → R with only finitely many non-zero terms equipped with the supremum norm. The map T : X → X defined by is bounded, linear and invertible, but T−1 is unbounded. This does not contradict the bounded inverse theorem since X is not complete, and thus is not a Banach space. To see that it's not complete, consider the sequence of sequences x(n) ∈ X given by converges as n → ∞ to the sequence x(∞) given by which has all its terms non-zero, and so does not lie in X. The completion of X is the space of all sequences that converge to zero, which is a (closed) subspace of the ℓp space ℓ∞(N), which is the space of all bounded sequences. However, in this case, the map T is not onto, and thus not a bijection. To see this, one need simply note that the sequence is an element of , but is not in the range of .

Boundji Airport

Bounding box

Bounded (set theory)

Boundin

Bounded Retransmission Protocol is a variant of the alternating bit protocol introduced by Philips. The service it delivers is to transfer in a reliable manner, if possible, large files (sequence of data of arbitrary length) from a sender to a receiver.

Boundary Trail Railway

Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness Act

Bounded complete

Bounded emotionality is a communications studies approach to dealing with emotional control in the workplace. Emotional control simply refers to how employers and employees handle the range of emotions that naturally occur in the workplace. These emotions can occur because of work, or they can be brought into work from an employee's home life. Bounded emotionality was proposed by and . Mumby and Putnam (1992) stress that bounded emotionality encourages the expression of a wide range of emotions. Their theory encourages expression of emotions because it is a way to maintain interpersonal relationships and boundaries among people in the organization. Additionally, the expression of emotions strengthens work relations because people bond over mutual feelings. Bounded emotionality is a broad framework for organizations to use when dealing with emotions. It has six defining characteristics. The characteristics are: intersubjective limitations, spontaneously emergent work feelings, tolerance of ambiguity, heterarchy of values, integrated self identity and authenticity, and community.

Bounded pointer

Boundary Waters Canoe Wilderness Area

The Boundary Treaty of 1970 is a treaty between the United States and Mexico that settled all outstanding boundary disputes and uncertainties related to the Rio Grande (Río Bravo del Norte) border between them.

Bounded expansion

Boundji is a district in the Cuvette Region of northeastern Republic of the Congo. The city is served by Boundji Airport.

The Boundary Waters Treaty is the 1909 treaty between the United States and Canada providing mechanisms for resolving any dispute over any waters bordering the two countries. The treaty covers the Main shore to main shore of the lakes and rivers and connecting waterways, or the portions thereof, along which the international boundary between the United States and the Dominion of Canada passes, including all bays, arms, and inlets thereof, but not including tributary waters which in their natural channels would flow into such lakes, rivers, and waterways, or waters flowing from such lakes, rivers, and waterways,or canals or streams, or steams or the waters of rivers flowing across the boundary.

Bounded quantifiers

Bounding volume hierarchies

Bounded linear map

Boundary conformal field theory

Boundiale is a village in the Bassar Prefecture in the Kara Region of north-western Togo.

The boundary vector field (BVF) is an external force for parametric active contours (i.e. Snakes). In the fields of computer vision and image processing, parametric active contours are widely used for segmentation and object extraction. The active contours move progressively towards its target based on the external forces. There are a number of shortcomings in using the traditional external forces, including the capture range problem, the concave object extraction problem, and high computational requirements. The BVF is generated by an interpolation scheme which reduces the computational requirement significantly, and at the same time, improves the capture range and concave object extraction capability. The BVF is also tested in moving object tracking and is proven to provide fast detection method for real time video applications.

Boundary Road (Chinese: 曼德里路) is a major road in Serangoon, Singapore. It begins at the junction of Lorong Chuan and Serangoon Avenue 2, and ends at Upper Serangoon Road. It continues westwards as Lorong Chuan, and extends eastwards as Upper Paya Lebar Road.

Boundary current

Bounded type (mathematics)

Bounded polymorphism

Boundary Peak 98

Boundary Road (disambiguation)

Boundary Peak (Maine)

Bounded Rationality

Boundary Peak 83 is a mountain in the city and borough of Juneau, Alaska, United States. Located on the Canada–United States border, it is a part of the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains in western North America.

Bounded chain complex

Boundary between Europe and Asia

Boundary Peak

Boundary Road, Singapore

A boundaryless organization is a contemporary approach in organization design. It is an organization that is not defined by, or limited to, the horizontal, vertical, or external boundaries imposed by a predefined structure. This term was coined by former General Electric chairman Jack Welch because he wanted to eliminate vertical and horizontal boundaries within the company and break down external barriers between the company and its customers and suppliers.

The bounded weak echo region, also known as a BWER or a vault, is a radar signature within a thunderstorm characterized by a local minimum in radar reflectivity at low levels which extends upward into, and is surrounded by, higher reflectivities aloft. This feature is associated with a strong updraft and is almost always found in the inflow region of a thunderstorm. It cannot be seen visually. The BWER has been noted on radar imagery of severe thunderstorms since 1973 and has a lightning detection system equivalent known as a lightning hole.

Boundary problem in geography

Boundary layer control

Boundary friction

The Boundary Red Mountain Mine of Whatcom County, Washington, United States, consists of six patented lode claims survey in 1902 and patented under patent number 39545. The property is privately owned. The lode claims include Rocky draw lode, Klondike lode, Mountain Boy Lode, Glacier Lode, Climax lode, & Climax Ext No. 1 lode. Located in Whatcom County, Washington, U.S.A., the mine is approximately ½ mile south of the Canada–US border. It is within close approximation of the currently active Lone Jack Mine. Geology: The gold veins of the Boundary Red Mountain Mine are mainly fissure quartz veins.

Bounded symmetric domain

Bounded set (topological vector spaces)

Boundary Peak 83

Boundary Waters – Canadian derecho

Boundary changes for the United Kingdom general election, 2010

Bounder (video game)

Boundary Pass is a strait that runs for about 23 kilometres (12 nmi) along the boundary between the U.S. state of Washington and the Canadian province of British Columbia. It connects Haro Strait to the south with the Strait of Georgia to the north. The USGS defines its northern boundary as a line extending from East Point on Saturna Island to Alden Point on Patos Island. Its southeastern boundary is a line from Alden Point on Patos Island to Point Hammond on Waldron Island then from Sandy Point on Waldron Island to Charles Point on Stuart Island. Its southwestern boundary is a line connecting Turn Point on Stuart Island to Point Fairfax on Moresby Island. Its western boundary is a line running from Pelorus Point on Moresby Island to Wallace Point on North Pender Island then to Tilly Point on South Pender Island then from Teece Point on South Pender Island to Taylor Point on Saturna Island.

Boundary parallel

Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness

Boundary layer control system

Boundary layer fence

Boundary conditions in CFD

Bounding

Boundary Vector Field

The Boundary Red Mountain Mine of Whatcom County, Washington, United States, consists of six patented lode claims survey in 1902 and patented under patent number 39545. The property is privately owned. The lode claims include Rocky draw lode, Klondike lode, Mountain Boy Lode, Glacier Lode, Climax lode, & Climax Ext No. 1 lode. Located in Whatcom County, Washington, U.S.A., the mine is approximately ½ mile south of the Canada–US border. It is within close approximation of the currently active Lone Jack Mine.

In theoretical physics, boundary conformal field theory (BCFT) is a conformal field theory defined on a spacetime with a boundary (or boundaries). Different kinds of boundary conditions for the fields may be imposed on the fundamental fields; for example, Neumann boundary condition or Dirichlet boundary condition is acceptable for free bosonic fields. BCFT was developed by John Cardy. In the context of string theory, physicists are often interested in two-dimensional BCFTs. The specific types of boundary conditions in a specific CFT describe different kinds of D-branes. BCFT is also used in condensed matter physics - it can be used to study boundary critical behavior and to solve quantum impurity models.

Bounded

Bounded weak-echo region

In solid modeling and computer-aided design, boundary representation—often abbreviated as B-rep or BREP—is a method for representing shapes using the limits. A solid is represented as a collection of connected surface elements, the boundary between solid and non-solid.

This mountain, which has no formal name, is located on the Canada–US border between boundary markers 445 and 446. It is the highest point on the border east of the Rocky Mountains. Specifically it is the highest point for 3190 miles of border from the Passamquoddy Bay up to 111 degrees west in Liberty County, Montana at border monument 360 (miles) from the Pacific. The southeast half is in Oxford County, Maine; the northwest half is in Le Granit Regional County Municipality, Quebec, Canada. The south and east sides of the mountain drain via streams into the Kennebago River, then into , through a series of lakes into the Rapid River and Umbagog Lake, the source of the Androscoggin River, which drains into Merrymeeting Bay, the estuary of the Kennebec River, and then into the Gulf of Maine. The north and west sides of the mountain drain into Ruisseau Clearwater, then into the Rivière Arnold, and the Rivaux Araignées, into Lac Mégantic, then into the Chaudière River, and Saint Lawrence River, which drains into the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
This mountain, which has no formal name, is located on the Canada–US border between boundary markers 445 and 446. It is the highest point on the border east of the Rocky Mountains. Specifically it is the highest point for 3190 miles of border from the Passamquoddy Bay up to 111 degrees west in Liberty County, Montana at border monument 360 (miles) from the Pacific. The southeast half is in Oxford County, Maine; the northwest half is in Le Granit Regional County Municipality, Quebec, Canada.

Bounding volumes

Boundary Treaty of 1941 between Colombia and Venezuela

Bounded (topological vector spaces)

Bounded set (topological vector space)

Boundary layer separation

In mathematics, a function defined on a region of the complex plane is said to be of bounded type if it is equal to the ratio of two analytic functions bounded in that region. But more generally, a function is of bounded type in a region if and only if is analytic on and has a harmonic majorant on where . Being the ratio of two bounded analytic functions is a sufficient condition for a function to be of bounded type (defined in terms of a harmonic majorant), and if is simply connected the condition is also necessary. The class of all such on is commonly denoted and is sometimes called the Nevanlinna class for . The Nevanlinna class includes all the Hardy classes. Functions of bounded type are not necessarily bounded, nor do they have a property called "type" which is bounded. The reason for the name is probably that when defined on a disc, the Nevanlinna characteristic (a function of distance from the centre of the disc) is bounded. Clearly, if a function is the ratio of two bounded functions, then it can be expressed as the ratio of two functions which are bounded by 1: The logarithms of and of are non-negative in the region, so The latter is the real part of an analytic function and is therefore harmonic, showing that has a harmonic majorant on Ω. For a given region, sums, differences, and products of functions of bounded type are of bounded type, as is the quotient of two such functions as long as the denominator is not identically zero.

Boundary layer effect

Bounded types

Bounded variation

In mathematics, the bounded inverse theorem (or inverse mapping theorem) is a result in the theory of bounded linear operators on Banach spaces. It states that a bijective bounded linear operator T from one Banach space to another has bounded inverse T−1. It is equivalent to both the open mapping theorem and the closed graph theorem. It is necessary that the spaces in question be Banach spaces. For example, consider the space X of sequences x : N → R with only finitely many non-zero terms equipped with the supremum norm. The map T : X → X defined by

Boundary morphism

Boundedness axiom

In mathematics, a closed n-manifold N embedded in an (n + 1)-manifold M is boundary parallel (or ∂-parallel, or peripheral) if there is an isotopy of N onto a boundary component of M.

Boundary Red Mountain Mine

Boundary value analysis

Boundji

Boundary Peak (Maine/Quebec)

Boundary Peak 96

Boundary tracing (also known as contour tracing) of a binary digital region can be thought of as a segmentation technique that identifies the boundary pixels of the digital region. Boundary tracing is an important first step in the analysis of that region.

Boundary fill

Boundary layers

Boundary Trail Railway Company

Bounded complete poset

In computer science, a bounded pointer is a pointer that is augmented with additional information that enable the storage bounds within which it may point to be deduced. This additional information sometimes takes the form of two pointers holding the upper and lower addresses of the storage occupied by the object to which the bounded pointer points.

A bounding interval hierarchy (BIH) is a partitioning data structure similar to that of bounding volume hierarchies or kd-trees. Bounding interval hierarchies can be used in high performance (or real-time) ray tracing and may be especially useful for dynamic scenes. The BIH was first presented under the name of SKD-Trees, presented by Ooi et al., and BoxTrees, independently invented by Zachmann.

Boundary point

In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics, a set in a topological vector space is called bounded or von Neumann bounded, if every neighborhood of the zero vector can be inflated to include the set. Conversely a set that is not bounded is called unbounded. Bounded sets are a natural way to define a locally convex polar topologies on the vector spaces in a dual pair, as the polar of a bounded set is an absolutely convex and absorbing set. The concept was first introduced by John von Neumann and Andrey Kolmogorov in 1935.

Boundary Peak (disambiguation)

Boundary knot method

Bounded error probability in polynomial time

Bounded linear functional

Boundido

Boundary particle method

In mathematics, given a non-empty set of objects of finite extension in -dimensional space, for example a set of points, a bounding sphere, enclosing sphere or enclosing ball for that set is an -dimensional solid sphere containing all of these objects. In the plane the terms bounding or enclosing circle are used. Used in computer graphics and computational geometry, a bounding sphere is a special type of bounding volume. There are several fast and simple bounding sphere construction algorithms with a high practical value in real-time computer graphics applications.

Bounded poset

Boundary rider (sport)

The Boundary Treaty of 1970 is a treaty between the United States and Mexico that settled all outstanding boundary disputes and uncertainties related to the Rio Grande (Río Bravo del Norte) border between them. The most significant dispute remaining after the Chamizal Settlement in 1963 involved the location of the boundary in the area of Presidio, Texas, and Ojinaga, Chihuahua. The river channel was relocated to approximate conditions existing prior to the dispute that arose from changes in the course of the river in 1907. The International Boundary and Water Commission was charged with its implementation. The of October 25, 1972 authorized participation by the United States IBWC section. The project commenced in 1975 and completed in 1977.

Bounder (Farthing Wood)

Boundary Stones; District of Columbia

The Boundary Peak Wilderness is a protected wilderness area in the White Mountains of Esmeralda County, in the western section of the state of Nevada in the western United States. The wilderness covers an area of approximately 10,000 acres (40 km²), and is administered by the Inyo National Forest. Boundary Peak, the highest point in Nevada, is the namesake and within the Boundary Peak Wilderness.

Boundiali is a town in northern Ivory Coast. It is a sub-prefecture of and the seat of Boundiali Department. It is also the seat of Bagoué Region in Savanes District and a commune. Its population, the Boundialikas, is composed mainly of ethnic groups shared across the borders of Mali, Guinea, and Burkina Faso, as well as some Fulas. Boundiali is a centre for Senoufo people and is known for crafts. The inhabitants are chiefly farmers and stockbreeders as well as tradesmen or civil servants.

Boundary friction occurs when a surface is at least partially wet, but not so lubricated that there is no direct friction between two surfaces.

Boundedness (linguistics)

Bounded linear operator

The Boundary Waters Treaty is the 1909 treaty between the United States and Canada providing mechanisms for resolving any dispute over any waters bordering the two countries. The treaty covers the Main shore to main shore of the lakes and rivers and connecting waterways, or the portions thereof, along which the international boundary between the United States and the Dominion of Canada passes, including all bays, arms, and inlets thereof, but not including tributary waters which in their natural channels would flow into such lakes, rivers, and waterways, or waters flowing from such lakes, rivers, and waterways,or canals or streams, or steams or the waters of rivers flowing across the boundary. Canada, as a dominion of the Crown of Britain at the time, subsequently enacted the International Boundary Waters Treaty Act to implement the treaty.

The Boundary Waters, also called the Quetico-Superior country, is a region of wilderness straddling the Canada–United States border between Ontario and Minnesota, in the region just west of Lake Superior. This region is part of the Superior National Forest in northeastern Minnesota, and in Canada it includes La Verendrye and Quetico Provincial Parks in Ontario. Voyageurs National Park in Minnesota may also be considered part of the Boundary Waters. The name "Boundary Waters" is often used in the U.S. to refer specifically to the U.S. Wilderness Area protecting its southern extent, the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness. The Boundary Waters region is characterized by a vast network of waterways and bogs within a glacially-carved landscape of Precambrian bedrock covered in thin soils and boreal forests. The Boundary Waters is a popular destination for recreationalists pursuing camping, canoeing, and fishing as well as for those simply looking for natural scenery and relaxation. The area is one of several distinct regions of Minnesota.

Bounded convergence theorem

Bounded type

Boundary stones

Boundary Waters Blues Festival was established in 2001 by , host of a blues radio show in Ely, Minnesota and Deb Pettit and Doug Brown, of Timber Wolf Lodge. He continues to run the festival, which occurs on the weekend before the Labor Day weekend. The official host of the event is .

Boundary extension

Boundary Scan Description Language

The Boundary Stelae of Akhenaten are a group of royal monuments in Upper Egypt. They are carved into the cliffs surrounding the area of Akhetaten, or the Horizon of Aten, which demarcates the limits of the site. The Pharaoh Akhenaten commissioned the construction of Akhetaten in year five of his reign during the New Kingdom. It served as a sacred space for the god Aten in an uninhabited location roughly halfway between Memphis and Thebes at today’s Tell El-Amarna. The boundary stelae include the foundation decree of Akhetaten along with later additions to the text, which delineate the boundaries and describe the purpose of the site and its founding by the Pharaoh. Total of sixteen stelae have been discovered around the area. According to Barry Kemp, the Pharaoh Akhenaten did not “conceive

Bounded sequence

Boundary algebra

Boundary problem (spatial analysis)

Boundary tone (linguistics)

Boundetingou Airport

Bounded emotionality is a communications studies approach to dealing with emotional control in the workplace. Emotional control simply refers to how employers and employees handle the range of emotions that naturally occur in the workplace. These emotions can occur because of work, or they can be brought into work from an employee's home life. Bounded emotionality was proposed by and . Mumby and Putnam (1992) stress that bounded emotionality encourages the expression of a wide range of emotions. Their theory encourages expression of emotions because it is a way to maintain interpersonal relationships and boundaries among people in the organization. Additionally, the expression of emotions strengthens work relations because people bond over mutual feelings. Bounded emotionality is a broad

In numerical mathematics, the boundary knot method (BKM) is proposed as an alternative boundary-type meshfree distance function collocation scheme. Recent decades have witnessed a research boom on the meshfree numerical PDE techniques since the construction of a mesh in the standard finite element method and boundary element method is not trivial especially for moving boundary, and higher-dimensional problems. The boundary knot method is different from the other methods based on the fundamental solutions, such as boundary element method, method of fundamental solutions and singular boundary method in that the former does not require special techniques to cure the singularity. The BKM is truly meshfree, spectral convergent (numerical observations), symmetric (self-adjoint PDEs), integration-free, and easy to learn and implement. The method has successfully been tested to the Helmholtz, diffusion, convection-diffusion, and Possion equations with very irregular 2D and 3D domains.

Bounded PCP

The Boundary Treaty of 1874 between Chile and Bolivia, also called the Treaty of Sucre, was signed in Sucre on August 6, 1874 by the Bolivian Minister of Foreign Affairs Mariano Baptista and the Chilean plenipotentiary minister Carlos Walker Martínez. It superseded the Boundary Treaty of 1866 between Chile and Bolivia and it kept the border between both countries at the 24° South parallel from the Pacific Ocean to the eastern border of Chile. The Treaty abolished the zone of bipartite tax collection on the export dues on minerals found between parallel 23°S and 25°S, and Bolivia promised explicitly in article 4 of the Treaty not to augment the existing taxes for twenty-five years on Chilean capital and industry. To realize its Saltpeter Monopoly, Peru tried fruitless to prevent the signing of the treaty. In February 1878, Bolivia imposed a new tax upon saltpeter and one year later began the War of the Pacific. The Treaty of 1874 is of capital importance in the understanding of the causes of the War, because it established the legal position that existed between both countries when that war brokeout.

Boundedly generated

Bounding Home (foaled 1941 in Virginia) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse best known as the upset winner of the 1944 Belmont Stakes that deprived Pensive of the U.S. Triple Crown. Bred by foodstuffs manufacturer at his Hickory Tree Stable in Middleburg, Virginia, Bounding Home was conditioned for racing by . At age three he had his best year in racing, winning the Belmont Stakes and notably earning second place in three important handicaps, the Jerome, the Peter Pan, and the Lawrence Realization plus a third in the Travers Stakes to winner and 1944 Champion 3-year-old colt, . An avid yachtsman, William Ziegler, Jr. named his 53-foot racing schooner for the horse.

Boundary change recommendations for the next UK general election

Boundary riding

Bounder (disambiguation)

Boundary commission

Boundary cases

A boundary marker, border marker, boundary stone, or border stone is a robust physical marker that identifies the start of a land boundary or the change in a boundary, especially a change in direction of a boundary. There are several other types of named border markers, known as pillars, obelisks, and corners. Border markers can also be markers through which a border line runs in a straight line to determine that border. They can also be the markers from which a border marker has been fixed.

Not to be mistaken with the demarcation problem or boundary problem in the philosophy of science, boundary problem in spatial analysis is a geographical phenomenon and one of the four major issues that interfere with an accurate estimation of the statistical parameter. The four issues include the boundary problem as well as the scale problem, pattern problem (or spatial autocorrelation), and modifiable areal unit problem (Barber 1988). Figure 2. Boundary problem: horizontal boundaries Figure 3. Boundary problem: vertical boundaries

Bounded lattice

Bounding sphere

Bounded Retransmission Protocol

Bounded Post correspondence problem

Boundary Street–Newberry Cotton Mills Historic District

Bounded reverse mathematics

The Boundary Treaty of 1874 between Chile and Bolivia, also called the Treaty of Sucre, was signed in Sucre on August 6, 1874 by the Bolivian Minister of Foreign Affairs Mariano Baptista and the Chilean plenipotentiary minister Carlos Walker Martínez. It superseded the Boundary Treaty of 1866 between Chile and Bolivia and it kept the border between both countries at the 24° South parallel from the Pacific Ocean to the eastern border of Chile. To realize its Saltpeter Monopoly, Peru tried fruitless to prevent the signing of the treaty.

This page describes some parameters used to characterize the properties of a boundary layer formed by fluid flow along a wall. The boundary layer concept was first described by Ludwig Prandtl. Consider a stationary body with a fluid flowing around it, like the semi-infinite flat plate with air flowing over the top of the plate (assume the flow and the plate extends to infinity in the positive/negative direction perpendicular to the plane). At the solid walls of the body the fluid satisfies a no-slip boundary condition and has zero velocity, but as you move away from the wall, the velocity of the flow asymptotically approaches the free stream mean velocity. Therefore, it is impossible to define a sharp point at which the boundary layer becomes the free stream, yet this layer has a well-def

In social sciences research on commercial R&D laboratories, boundary spanning is a term to describe individuals within an innovation system who have, or adopt, the role of linking the organization's internal networks with external sources of information. While the term was coined by Tushman, the concept was being developed by social scientists from the late 1950s onwards. Most of the early work was conducted in large American corporations with well established R&D laboratories. The term has since been used in relation to less well defined innovation networks.

Boundary layer of uterus

Boundin' is a 2003 Pixar computer-animated short film, which was shown in theaters before the feature-length film The Incredibles. The short is a musically narrated story about a dancing sheep, who loses his confidence after being sheared. The film was written, directed, narrated and featured the musical composition and performance of Pixar animator Bud Luckey.

Boundary set

Bounded subset

Boundary element

Boundary Peak Wilderness

In mathematics, a group is called boundedly generated if it can be expressed as a finite product of cyclic subgroups. The property of bounded generation is also closely related with the congruence subgroup problem (see ).

Boundless Informant (stylized as BOUNDLESSINFORMANT) is a big data analysis and data visualization tool used by the United States National Security Agency (NSA). It gives NSA managers summaries of the NSA's worldwide data collection activities by counting metadata. The existence of this tool was disclosed by documents leaked by Edward Snowden, who worked at the NSA for the defense contractor Booz Allen Hamilton. Those disclosed documents were in a direct contradiction to the NSA's assurance to United States Congress that it does not collect any type of data on millions of Americans.

Boundary of Emptiness

Boundary Treaty of 1874 between Chile and Bolivia

Boundedness (topological vector spaces)

Boundedness (topological vector space)

Boundary Value Analysis

Boundary Value

Bounding Main is an American a cappella quintet focusing on traditional sea shanties and maritime music. Formed in 2003, Bounding Main performs maritime music, presenting an "Elizabethan sea dog" look in their costumes and gear as well as informal looks that represents them as a contemporary vocal group. They perform traditional sea shanties and nautical ballads from as far back as 400 years ago, as well as new maritime music, and original compositions. Bounding Main attempts to introduce historical music and structure in a way that appeals to listeners who might otherwise consider it "old-fashioned" through the use of harmony-focused arrangements agreeable to the modern ear and attention span. The group has won awards for their performances at renaissance festivals, and they have taken se

Boundary estimation in EIT is the term used in the field of electrical impedance tomography, if the inverse problem is the estimation of boundary instead of the conductivity distribution inside an object domain.

Boundary of Space

Boundary rope

Bounded real-valued data

Boundary Waters Blues Festival was established in 2001 by , host of a blues radio show in Ely, Minnesota and Deb Pettit and Doug Brown, of Timber Wolf Lodge. He continues to run the festival, which occurs on the weekend before the Labor Day weekend. The official host of the event is . Since its conception the Boundary Waters Blues Festival has showcased over 30 different blues acts, including Little Milton, Bobby Rush, Ronnie Baker Brooks, Reneé Austin, Larry McCray, Ernie Lancaster, Floyd Miles, George "Mojo" Buford, Jimmy D. Lane, Peach, Chris Beard, Kelly Richey, Big Walter Smith, Rita Chiarelli, Fruteland Jackson, Diunna Greenleaf, Rico McFarland, and Johnny Rawls.

Boundary lake

Boundiali Airport

Boundary Peak 100

Bounding Box

Boundary Umpire

Bounded generic

The Boundary Trail Railway Company (reporting mark BTR) is a Canadian short line railway company operating in southern Manitoba. In 2009, the railway purchased 37 kilometres (23 mi) of operational railway linking Morden, Manitoba to the Binney Siding (4 kilometres [2.5 mi] northwest of Manitou), as well as 89 kilometres (55 mi) of abandoned railway from Binney Siding to the Pembina Valley, and on to (east of Killarney). The railway was formed through the investment of CAD$1.25 million by a consortium of about 80 area farmers, the rural municipality of Pembina, Mission Terminal and the provincial government. Originally focused on the transport of wheat, the railway was also in discussion with Quaker Oats to also transport oats. In 2010, after its first year of operation, the railway received the Capturing Opportunities Economic Development Innovation award. The railway interlines with Canadian Pacific Railway at Morden.

In computer graphics and computational geometry, a bounding volume for a set of objects is a closed volume that completely contains the union of the objects in the set. Bounding volumes are used to improve the efficiency of geometrical operations by using simple volumes to contain more complex objects. Normally, simpler volumes have simpler ways to test for overlap.

Boundary marker

In mathematics, a function of bounded deformation is a function whose distributional derivatives are not quite well-behaved-enough to qualify as functions of bounded variation, although the symmetric part of the derivative matrix does meet that condition. Thought of as deformations of elasto-plastic bodies, functions of bounded deformation play a major role in the mathematical study of materials, e.g. the Francfort-Marigo model of brittle crack evolution. More precisely, given an open subset Ω of Rn, a function u : Ω → Rn is said to be of bounded deformation if the ε(u) of u,

Boundary critique (BC) is the concept in critical systems thinking that, according to Ulrich (2002), states that "both the meaning and the validity of professional propositions always depend on boundary judgments as to what 'facts' (observation) and 'norms' (valuation standards) are to be considered relevant" or not. Boundary critique is a general systems thinking principle similar to concepts as multiple perspectives, and interconnectedness. Boundary critique according to Cabrera (2006) is "in a way identical to distinction making as both processes cause one to demarcate between what is in and what is out of a particular construct. Boundary critique may also allude to how one must be explicit (e.g., critical) of these boundary decisions. Distinction making, on the other hand, is autonomic—one constantly makes distinctions all of the time." Boundary critique is based on Churchman's (1970) argument, "that what is to be included or excluded for any analysis of a situation is a vital consideration". According to Kagan et al. (2004) "Something that appears to be relevant to overall project improvement given a narrowly defined boundary, may not be seen as relevant at all if the boundaries are pushed out. Thus, he argues, as much information as possible should be 'swept in' to the definition of the intervention". This argumentation was extended by Werner Ulrich in the 1980s. According to Kagan et al. (2004) he "offered a detailed challenge to the idea that the boundaries of any system are given and linked to "social reality". They are social or personal constructs that define the limits of knowledge relevant to any particular analysis. From this position, pushing out the boundaries of an analysis, in the context of human systems, also involves pushing the boundaries of who may be considered a decision maker". In the practice of boundary critique, according to Ulrich (2000) different kind of boundaries can be set based on different questions:
* Self-reflective boundary relating to the question "What are my boundary judgements?".
* Dialogical boundary relating to the question "Can we agree on our boundary judgements?".
* Controversial boundary relating to the question "Don't you claim too much?".

Bounden (video game)

Bounded queue

Boundary problem

Boundary of a manifold

A boundary problem in analysis is a phenomenon in which geographical patterns are differentiated by the shape and arrangement of boundaries that are drawn for administrative or measurement purposes. This is distinct from and must not be confused with the boundary problem in the philosophy of science that is also called the demarcation problem.

Bounded quantifier

Bounded buffer problem

Bounded operators

Boundary Park Elementary School

Boundiali, Ivory Coast

Boundedly generated group

Boundary Peak 93

Boundary problem (in spatial analysis)

Boundary representation

Bounded Arithmetic

Boundido is a village in the Bassar Prefecture in the Kara Region of north-western Togo.

Boundiali

Bounded space

Bounded weak echo region

In numerical mathematics, the boundary knot method (BKM) is proposed as an alternative boundary-type meshfree distance function collocation scheme. Recent decades have witnessed a research boom on the meshfree numerical PDE techniques since the construction of a mesh in the standard finite element method and boundary element method is not trivial especially for moving boundary, and higher-dimensional problems. The boundary knot method is different from the other methods based on the fundamental solutions, such as boundary element method, method of fundamental solutions and singular boundary method in that the former does not require special techniques to cure the singularity. The BKM is truly meshfree, spectral convergent (numerical observations), symmetric (self-adjoint PDEs), integration

In functional analysis, a bounded linear operator is a linear transformation L between normed vector spaces X and Y for which the ratio of the norm of L(v) to that of v is bounded above by the same number, over all non-zero vectors v in X. In other words, there exists some such that for all v in X The smallest such M is called the operator norm of L. A bounded linear operator is generally not a bounded function, as generally one can find a sequence in X such that. Instead, all that is required for the operator to be bounded is that

The Boundary Treaty of 1881 (Spanish: Tratado de Límites de 1881) between Argentina and Chile was signed on the 23 July 1881 in Buenos Aires by Bernardo de Irigoyen, on the part of Argentina, and Francisco de Borja Echeverría, on the part of Chile, with the aim of establishing a precise and exact borderline between the two countries based on the uti possidetis juris principle. Despite dividing largely unexplored lands, the treaty laid the groundwork for nearly all of Chile's and Argentina's current 5600 km shared border.

Boundary bend

Boundary waters

Boundary extension (BE) is a cognitive psychology phenomenon and an error of commission in which people remember more of a scene or boundary than was originally present in the original picture. Boundary extension is typically studied using a recognition memory test where participants are shown a series of photos and then shown new photos that are either the same or have been altered in some way and asked if they are the same or different from the original photos. For example, people are typically presented with either a close-angle photo, which shows less of a picture scene, or a wide-angle photo, which shows more of a picture scene, during the study phase where the participant tries to memorize the picture and then a close or wide-angle photo during the test phase where the participant is tested on the original photos. Consequently, there are four different viewing conditions that people could experience the photos in: close-close, wide-wide, close-wide, or wide-close. If the participants respond that the new photos with more background are the same as the original photos, then they are demonstrating boundary extension because they are extending the boundary of the original photo. How psychologists have studied boundary extension has evolved over time. For example, psychologists first studied this phenomenon by asking participants to draw scenes from memory. But after many studies, researchers moved to studying boundary extension through a picture recognition memory task which is the more widely used way to study boundary extension currently. Boundary extension occurs with a variety of stimuli. For example, boundary extension happens with simple and complex photos, simple and complex objects, line-drawings, and photos and objects that have been zoomed in or out varying degrees. Multimodal boundary extension also happens with both the haptic and auditory senses. Boundary extension occurs with a variety of ages as well. For example, boundary extension is apparent very early in life in 3 to 4-month old infants and for children. College students are susceptible to boundary extension and so are older adults. Boundary extension even happens with people who have disorders such as Down syndrome. Because boundary extension is so universal regarding different altered stimuli and age groups, there are many possible causes, examples, and scenarios of boundary extension. For example, people tend to draw entire scenes instead of what was just in the picture. Also, people naturally add more background into scenes regardless of whether they are just looking at the scene or drawing it. Essentially, what is just beyond the current boundaries becomes a part of the internal representation of the recalled scene in a person’s mind. In addition, many cognitive mechanisms influence boundary extension such as a source monitoring error and a perceptual schema.

Bounded emotionality

Bounding Interval Hierarchy

Boundary Treaty of 1881

Boundary Stones (District of Columbia)

In mathematics, a function defined on a region of the complex plane is said to be of bounded type if it is equal to the ratio of two analytic functions bounded in that region. But more generally, a function is of bounded type in a region if and only if is analytic on and has a harmonic majorant on where . Being the ratio of two bounded analytic functions is a sufficient condition for a function to be of bounded type (defined in terms of a harmonic majorant), and if is simply connected the condition is also necessary. The logarithms of and of are non-negative in the region, so

Boundary values

Bounded metric

Boundary Pass is a strait that runs for about 23 kilometres (12 nmi) along the boundary between the U.S. state of Washington and the Canadian province of British Columbia. It connects Haro Strait to the south with the Strait of Georgia to the north.

Bounded stack

Boundary line (disambiguation)

Bounding Overwatch

The Boundary Waters–Canadian Derecho (also called the Boundary Waters Blowdown) was an international derecho that occurred during the afternoon and evening hours of July 4 and the early morning hours of July 5, 1999. It traveled 1,300 miles (2,092 km) and lasted 22 hours.

Boundary committee for england

The Boundary Trail Railway Company (reporting mark BTR) is a Canadian short line railway company operating in southern Manitoba. In 2009, the railway purchased 37 kilometres (23 mi) of operational railway linking Morden, Manitoba to the Binney Siding (4 kilometres [2.5 mi] northwest of Manitou), as well as 89 kilometres (55 mi) of abandoned railway from Binney Siding to the Pembina Valley, and on to (east of Killarney). In 2010, after its first year of operation, the railway received the Capturing Opportunities Economic Development Innovation award.

Boundary estimation in EIT

Boundary agreement

Boundary Stelae of Akhenaten

A bounding volume hierarchy (BVH) is a tree structure on a set of geometric objects. All geometric objects are wrapped in bounding volumes that form the leaf nodes of the tree. These nodes are then grouped as small sets and enclosed within larger bounding volumes. These, in turn, are also grouped and enclosed within other larger bounding volumes in a recursive fashion, eventually resulting in a tree structure with a single bounding volume at the top of the tree. Bounding volume hierarchies are used to support several operations on sets of geometric objects efficiently, such as in collision detection and ray tracing. Although wrapping objects in bounding volumes and performing collision tests on them before testing the object geometry itself simplifies the tests and can result in significant performance improvements, the same number of pairwise tests between bounding volumes are still being performed. By arranging the bounding volumes into a bounding volume hierarchy, the time complexity (the number of tests performed) can be reduced to logarithmic in the number of objects. With such a hierarchy in place, during collision testing, children volumes do not have to be examined if their parent volumes are not intersected.

Bounding mines

In linguistics, boundedness is a semantic feature that relates to an understanding of the referential limits of a lexical item. Fundamentally, words that specify a spatio-temporal demarcation of their reference are considered bounded, while words that allow for a fluidly interpretable referent are considered unbounded. This distinction also relies on the divisibility of the lexical item's referent into distinct segments, or strata. Though this feature most often distinguishes countability in nouns and aspect in verbs, it applies more generally to any syntactic category.

Bounded rationalityt

Boundary layer control refers to methods of controlling the behaviour of fluid flow boundary layers. It may be desirable to reduce flow separation on fast vehicles to reduce the size of the wake (streamlining), which may reduce drag. Boundary layer separation is generally undesirable in aircraft high lift coefficient systems and jet engine intakes. Laminar flow produces less skin friction than turbulent but a turbulent boundary layer transfers heat better. Turbulent boundary layers are more resistant to separation. The energy in a boundary layer may need to be increased to keep it attached to its surface. Fresh air can be introduced through slots or mixed in from above. The low momentum layer at the surface can be sucked away through a perforated surface or bled away when it is in a high pressure duct. It can be scooped off completely by a diverter or internal bleed ducting. Its energy can be increased above that of the free stream by introducing high velocity air.

The Boundary Ranges, also known in the singular and as the Alaska Boundary Range, are the largest and most northerly subrange of the Coast Mountains. They begin at the Nass River, near the southern end of the Alaska Panhandle in the Canadian province of British Columbia and run to the Kelsall River, near the Chilkoot Pass, beyond which are the Alsek Ranges of the Saint Elias Mountains, and northwards into the Yukon Territory flanking the west side of the Yukon River drainage as far as Champagne Pass, north of which being the Yukon Ranges. To their east are the Skeena Mountains and Stikine Plateau of the Interior Mountains complex that lies northwest of the Interior Plateau; the immediately adjoining subregion of the Stikine Plateau is the Tahltan Highland. To their northeast is the Tagish Highland, which is a subregion of the Yukon Plateau. Both highlands are considered in some descriptions as included in the Coast Mountains. The Alexander Archipelago lies offshore and is entirely within Alaska. The Boundary Ranges include several large icefields, including the Juneau Icefield, between the Alaskan city of the same name and Atlin Lake in B.C.; and the Stikine Icecap, which lies between the lower Stikine River and the Whiting River. Some of the highest mountains in the Boundary Ranges are: Mount Ratz, 3090 m (10138 ft), Chutine Peak, 2910 m (9547 ft), and Devils Thumb, 2766 m (9077 ft), all in the Stikine Icecap region; and Devils Paw, 2593 m (8507 ft), in the Juneau Icefield. (Other peaks in the Stikine Icecap are higher than 2600 m (8500 ft), but they have relatively low topographic prominence.) Despite the height of Mount Ratz and its neighbours, most of the Boundary Ranges are considerably lower than the Pacific Ranges of the southern Coast Mountains. The larger icefields of the Boundary Ranges are at a much lower elevation than their southern counterparts in the Pacific Ranges because of the difference in latitude. Physiographically, they are a section of the larger Pacific Border province, which in turn is part of the larger Pacific Mountain System physiographic division. The granitic intrusions that form the Boundary Ranges are remnants of a Late Cretaceous volcanic arc system called the Coast Range Arc.

Bounded metric space

Bounding point

Bounding Main

Bounded map

Boundji District

Boundary disputes of Russia

Boundary Waters Treaty

Bounded linear mapping

Boundary Range

Boundary layer theory

Boundary Peak 71

Bounded deformation

Boundary map

Boundary Tracing

Boundary layer control refers to methods of controlling the behaviour of fluid flow boundary layers. It may be desirable to reduce flow separation on fast vehicles to reduce the size of the wake (streamlining), which may reduce drag. Boundary layer separation is generally undesirable in aircraft high lift coefficient systems and jet engine intakes. Laminar flow produces less skin friction than turbulent but a turbulent boundary layer transfers heat better. Turbulent boundary layers are more resistant to separation.

In graph theory, a family of graphs is said to have bounded expansion if all of its shallow minors are sparse graphs. Many natural families of sparse graphs have bounded expansion. A closely related but stronger property, polynomial expansion, is equivalent to the existence of separator theorems for these families. Families with these properties have efficient algorithms for problems including the subgraph isomorphism problem and model checking for the first order theory of graphs.

In theoretical physics, boundary conformal field theory (BCFT) is a conformal field theory defined on a spacetime with a boundary (or boundaries). Different kinds of boundary conditions for the fields may be imposed on the fundamental fields; for example, Neumann boundary condition or Dirichlet boundary condition is acceptable for free bosonic fields. BCFT was developed by John Cardy. In the context of string theory, physicists are often interested in two-dimensional BCFTs. The specific types of boundary conditions in a specific CFT describe different kinds of D-branes.

Boundary Waters-Canadian Derecho

Boundary Scan

In mathematical analysis, a function of bounded variation, also known as BV function, is a real-valued function whose total variation is bounded (finite): the graph of a function having this property is well behaved in a precise sense. For a continuous function of a single variable, being of bounded variation means that the distance along the direction of the y-axis, neglecting the contribution of motion along x-axis, traveled by a point moving along the graph has a finite value. For a continuous function of several variables, the meaning of the definition is the same, except for the fact that the continuous path to be considered cannot be the whole graph of the given function (which is a hypersurface in this case), but can be every intersection of the graph itself with a hyperplane (in th

Boundary goldenbush

Boundary extension (BE) is a cognitive psychology phenomenon and an error of commission in which people remember more of a scene or boundary than was originally present in the original picture. Boundary extension is typically studied using a recognition memory test where participants are shown a series of photos and then shown new photos that are either the same or have been altered in some way and asked if they are the same or different from the original photos. For example, people are typically presented with either a close-angle photo, which shows less of a picture scene, or a wide-angle photo, which shows more of a picture scene, during the study phase where the participant tries to memorize the picture and then a close or wide-angle photo during the test phase where the participant is

Boundary component

The Boundary Range, formerly known as the Boundary Mountains, is a subrange of the similarly named but much larger Boundary Ranges which run most of the length of the border between British Columbia, Canada, and Alaska, United States. The range lies west of the lower Stikine River between the (S) and (N).

Boundary operator

Bounder (character)

Boundary Peak 79 is a mountain in the city and borough of Juneau, Alaska, United States. It is a part of the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains in western North America. The name was collected by the United States Geological Survey between 1976 and 1981, and entered into the Survey's Geographic Names Information System on March 31, 1981.

A boundary microphone is a small omnidirectional condenser mic capsule positioned near or flush with a boundary (surface). The arrangement provides a directional half-space pickup pattern while delivering a relatively phase-coherent output signal.

Boundless

Bounding Home

Boundary treaty of 1881

Bounded linear function

Boundary Particle Method

Boundary layer flow

In the mathematical field of order theory, a partially ordered set is bounded complete if all of its subsets that have some upper bound also have a least upper bound. Such a partial order can also be called consistently or coherently complete (), since any upper bound of a set can be interpreted as some consistent (non-contradictory) piece of information that extends all the information present in the set. Hence the presence of some upper bound in a way guarantees the consistency of a set. Bounded completeness then yields the existence of a least upper bound of any "consistent" subset, which can be regarded as the most general piece of information that captures all the knowledge present within this subset. This view closely relates to the idea of information ordering that one typically fin

Boundary lane, Saltney

Boundary Waters-Canadian derecho

In mathematics, given a non-empty set of objects of finite extension in -dimensional space, for example a set of points, a bounding sphere, enclosing sphere or enclosing ball for that set is an -dimensional solid sphere containing all of these objects. In the plane the terms bounding or enclosing circle are used. Used in computer graphics and computational geometry, a bounding sphere is a special type of bounding volume. There are several fast and simple bounding sphere construction algorithms with a high practical value in real-time computer graphics applications. In statistics and operations research, the objects are typically points, and generally the sphere of interest is the minimal bounding sphere, that is, the sphere with minimal radius among all bounding spheres. It may be proven that such a sphere is unique: If there are two of them, then the objects in question lie within their intersection. But an intersection of two non-coinciding spheres of equal radius is contained in a sphere of smaller radius. The problem of computing the center of a minimal bounding sphere is also known as the "unweighted Euclidean 1-center problem".

The Boundary Waters, also called the Quetico-Superior country, is a region of wilderness straddling the Canada–United States border between Ontario and Minnesota, in the region just west of Lake Superior. This region is part of the Superior National Forest in northeastern Minnesota, and in Canada it includes La Verendrye and Quetico Provincial Parks in Ontario. Voyageurs National Park in Minnesota may also be considered part of the Boundary Waters. The name "Boundary Waters" is often used in the U.S. to refer specifically to the U.S. Wilderness Area protecting its southern extent, the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness.

Boundless (Long Distance Calling album)

The Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness (BWCAW or BWCA), is a 1,090,000-acre (4,400 km2) wilderness area within the Superior National Forest in northeastern part of the US state of Minnesota under the administration of the U.S. Forest Service. A mixture of forests, glacial lakes, and streams, the BWCAW's preservation as a primitive wilderness began in the 1900s and culminated in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness Act of 1978. It is a popular destination for both canoeing, hiking, and fishing, and is one of the most visited wildernesses in the United States.

Boundiali Department is a department of Bagoué Region in Savanes District, Ivory Coast. In 2014, its population was 127,684 and its seat is the settlement of Boundiali. The sub-prefectures of the department are Baya, Boundiali, Ganaoni, Kasséré, and Siempurgo.

Bounded elementary embedding

Boundary stelae of akhenaten

Boundary Peak 187

Bounded mean oscillation

Boundary Street is a three-lane one-way street in Kowloon, Hong Kong. It runs in an easterly direction from its start at the intersection with in the west, and ends at its intersection with Prince Edward Road West in the east, near the former Kai Tak Airport.

Bounded-input, bounded-output stability

Boundary Waters Canoe Area

In harmonic analysis in mathematics, a function of bounded mean oscillation, also known as a BMO function, is a real-valued function whose mean oscillation is bounded (finite). The space of functions of bounded mean oscillation (BMO), is a function space that, in some precise sense, plays the same role in the theory of Hardy spaces Hp that the space L∞ of essentially bounded functions plays in the theory of Lp-spaces: it is also called John–Nirenberg space, after Fritz John and Louis Nirenberg who introduced and studied it for the first time.

Boundary rider

The Boundary Ranges, also known in the singular and as the Alaska Boundary Range, are the largest and most northerly subrange of the Coast Mountains. They begin at the Nass River, near the southern end of the Alaska Panhandle in the Canadian province of British Columbia and run to the Kelsall River, near the Chilkoot Pass, beyond which are the Alsek Ranges of the Saint Elias Mountains, and northwards into the Yukon Territory flanking the west side of the Yukon River drainage as far as Champagne Pass, north of which being the Yukon Ranges. To their east are the Skeena Mountains and Stikine Plateau of the Interior Mountains complex that lies northwest of the Interior Plateau; the immediately adjoining subregion of the Stikine Plateau is the Tahltan Highland. To their northeast is the Tagish

Bounding volume

Boundary microphone

Boundary change recommondations for the next UK general election

Boundary layer suction

Bounded-error probabilistic polynomial

Boundary Peak 186

The BWCA Wilderness Act of 1978 (Pub.L. 95-495) created the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness (BWCAW or BWCA), which was previously known as the Boundary Waters Canoe Area. The bill was introduced in October 1975 by United States Congressman Jim Oberstar and was a source of major controversy and debate. Topics of major concern were logging, mining, the use of snowmobiles and motorboats. After much debate, the Act was signed into law by President Jimmy Carter on October 21, 1978. The main purpose of the law is to protect, preserve, and enhance the lakes, waterways and forested areas of the BWCA to enhance public enjoyment of the unique landscape and wildlife. It also intends to establish some form of management to maintain the area and places restrictions on logging, mining, and the use of motorized vehicles.

Bounded Type (mathematics)

Boundary Waters - Canadian derecho

In computer graphics and computational geometry, a bounding volume for a set of objects is a closed volume that completely contains the union of the objects in the set. Bounding volumes are used to improve the efficiency of geometrical operations by using simple volumes to contain more complex objects. Normally, simpler volumes have simpler ways to test for overlap. A bounding volume for a set of objects is also a bounding volume for the single object consisting of their union, and the other way around. Therefore, it is possible to confine the description to the case of a single object, which is assumed to be non-empty and bounded (finite).

Boundary Street–Newberry Cotton Mills Historic District is a national historic district located at Newberry, Newberry County, South Carolina. The district encompasses 107 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site, and 1 contributing structure in Newberry. The district includes classical and vernacular inspired upper and middle class houses dating from 1857-1898. It also includes a relatively intact late-19th century mill village (c. 1884-1910) that surrounded the Newberry Cotton Mill (demolished). It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

A boundary microphone is a small omnidirectional condenser mic capsule positioned near or flush with a boundary (surface). The arrangement provides a directional half-space pickup pattern while delivering a relatively phase-coherent output signal. The boundary microphone can be used as a piano mic or on hockey boards for body check sound effects. It is also commonly used to record full room sound by being mounted on a wall. When used to record a soloist or small musical ensemble along with the room acoustics, a boundary microphone prevents phase interference between direct and reflected sound, resulting in a natural sound with a flatter frequency response than can be obtained with a stand-mounted microphone at the same distance (explanation below).

Boundary tracing

Boundary points

Boundedness

Bounded Type

Boundary value

Bounded arithmetic is a collective name for a family of weak subtheories of Peano arithmetic. Such theories are typically obtained by requiring that quantifiers be bounded in the induction axiom or equivalent postulates (a bounded quantifier is of the form ∀x ≤ t or ∃x ≤ t, where t is a term not containing x). The main purpose is to characterize one or another class of computational complexity in the sense that a function is provably total if and only if it belongs to a given complexity class. The approach was initiated by Rohit Jivanlal Parikh in 1971, and later developed by Samuel Buss and a number of other logicians.

Boundji is a district of the in the Republic of the Congo. The capital of the cuvette centrale region lies at Owando.

In applied mathematics, the boundary particle method (BPM) is a boundary-only meshless (meshfree) collocation technique, in the sense that none of inner nodes are required in the numerical solution of nonhomogeneous partial differential equations. Numerical experiments show that the BPM has . Its interpolation matrix can be symmetric.

Bounded linear transform

Boundary lubrication

Boundiali Tehini Airport (IATA: BXI , ICAO: DIBI) is an airport serving Boundiali, Côte d'Ivoire.

Boundary layer transition

Boundary commissions

Boundary currents are ocean currents with dynamics determined by the presence of a coastline, and fall into two distinct categories: western boundary currents and eastern boundary currents.

Boundary between patent-eligible and patent-ineligible subject matter

Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909

Bounded (topological vector space)

Boundary to space

Bounded generics

The Boundary Treaty of 1866 between Chile and Bolivia, also called the Mutual Benefits Treaty, was signed in Santiago de Chile on August 10, 1866 by the Chilean Foreign Affairs Minister Alvaro Covarrubias and the Bolivian Plenipotentiary in Santiago Juan R. Muñoz Cabrera. It drew, for the first time, the border between both countries at the 24° South parallel from the Pacific Ocean to the eastern border of Chile and defined a zone of bipartite tax collection, the "Mutual Benefits zone", and tax preferences for articles from Bolivia and Chile.

Bounding number

In mathematics, a function of bounded deformation is a function whose distributional derivatives are not quite well-behaved-enough to qualify as functions of bounded variation, although the symmetric part of the derivative matrix does meet that condition. Thought of as deformations of elasto-plastic bodies, functions of bounded deformation play a major role in the mathematical study of materials, e.g. the Francfort-Marigo model of brittle crack evolution. More precisely, given an open subset Ω of Rn, a function u : Ω → Rn is said to be of bounded deformation if the ε(u) of u, is a bounded, symmetric n × n matrix-valued Radon measure. The collection of all functions of bounded deformation is denoted BD(Ω; Rn), or simply BD, introduced essentially by P.-M. Suquet in 1978. BD is a strictly larger space than the space BV of functions of bounded variation. One can show that if u is of bounded deformation then the measure ε(u) can be decomposed into three parts: one absolutely continuous with respect to Lebesgue measure, denoted e(u) dx; a jump part, supported on a rectifiable (n − 1)-dimensional set Ju of points where u has two different approximate limits u+ and u−, together with a normal vector νu; and a "Cantor part", which vanishes on Borel sets of finite Hn−1-measure (where Hk denotes k-dimensional Hausdorff measure). A function u is said to be of special bounded deformation if the Cantor part of ε(u) vanishes, so that the measure can be written as where H n−1 | Ju denotes H n−1 on the jump set Ju and denotes the symmetrized dyadic product: The collection of all functions of special bounded deformation is denoted SBD(Ω; Rn), or simply SBD.

Boundary Waters–Canadian derecho

Boundary of Greter Nepal

In the study of formal theories in mathematical logic, bounded quantifiers are often included in a formal language in addition to the standard quantifiers "∀" and "∃". Bounded quantifiers differ from "∀" and "∃" in that bounded quantifiers restrict the range of the quantified variable. The study of bounded quantifiers is motivated by the fact that determining whether a sentence with only bounded quantifiers is true is often not as difficult as determining whether an arbitrary sentence is true.

Bounded factorization domain

Boundary line

Boundary critique

Boundary value (examples)

Bounded complex

Bounding circle

Bounded operator

Boundary Treaty of 1970

The Boundary Stelae of Akhenaten are a group of royal monuments in Upper Egypt. They are carved into the cliffs surrounding the area of Akhetaten, or the Horizon of Aten, which demarcates the limits of the site. The Pharaoh Akhenaten commissioned the construction of Akhetaten in year five of his reign during the New Kingdom. It served as a sacred space for the god Aten in an uninhabited location roughly halfway between Memphis and Thebes at today’s Tell El-Amarna. The boundary stelae include the foundation decree of Akhetaten along with later additions to the text, which delineate the boundaries and describe the purpose of the site and its founding by the Pharaoh. Total of sixteen stelae have been discovered around the area. According to Barry Kemp, the Pharaoh Akhenaten did not “conceive of Akhetaten as a city, but as a tract of sacred land”.

Bounded Linear Form

Bounding volume hierarchy

Boundary layer thickness

Boundary Peak 67

Bounded arithmetic

Bounded-buffer problem

Bounded interval

界限街

Bounding Main-Maiden Voyage

Boundless (Band)

The boundary vector field (BVF) is an external force for parametric active contours (i.e. Snakes). In the fields of computer vision and image processing, parametric active contours are widely used for segmentation and object extraction. The active contours move progressively towards its target based on the external forces. There are a number of shortcomings in using the traditional external forces, including the capture range problem, the concave object extraction problem, and high computational requirements.

Boundary spanning

Bounded in probability

Boundary condition

In computer science, a bounded pointer is a pointer that is augmented with additional information that enable the storage bounds within which it may point to be deduced. This additional information sometimes takes the form of two pointers holding the upper and lower addresses of the storage occupied by the object to which the bounded pointer points. Use of bound information makes it possible for a compiler to generate code that performs bounds checking, i.e. that tests if a pointer's value lies within the bounds prior to dereferencing the pointer or modifying the value of the pointer. If the bounds are violated some kind of exception may be raised. This is especially useful for data constructs such as arrays in C.

In the study of formal theories in mathematical logic, bounded quantifiers are often included in a formal language in addition to the standard quantifiers "∀" and "∃". Bounded quantifiers differ from "∀" and "∃" in that bounded quantifiers restrict the range of the quantified variable. The study of bounded quantifiers is motivated by the fact that determining whether a sentence with only bounded quantifiers is true is often not as difficult as determining whether an arbitrary sentence is true. Examples of bounded quantifiers in the context of real analysis include "∀x>0", "∃y<0", and "∀x ∊ ℝ". Informally "∀x>0" says "for all x where x is larger than 0", "∃y<0" says "there exists a y where y is less than 0" and "∀x ∊ ℝ" says "for all x where x is a real number". For example, "∀x>0 ∃y<0 (x = y2)" says "every positive number is the square of a negative number".

Boundary stone

The BWCA Wilderness Act of 1978 (Pub.L. 95-495) created the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness (BWCAW or BWCA), which was previously known as the Boundary Waters Canoe Area. The bill was introduced in October 1975 by United States Congressman Jim Oberstar and was a source of major controversy and debate. Topics of major concern were logging, mining, the use of snowmobiles and motorboats. After much debate, the Act was signed into law by President Jimmy Carter on October 21, 1978.

Boundary vector cell

Boundary Street-Newberry Cotton Mills Historic District

Boundary umpire

Boundary Pass

Boundedness theorem

Bounding Home (foaled 1941 in Virginia) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse best known as the upset winner of the 1944 Belmont Stakes that deprived Pensive of the U.S. Triple Crown. Bred by foodstuffs manufacturer at his Hickory Tree Stable in Middleburg, Virginia, Bounding Home was conditioned for racing by . At age three he had his best year in racing, winning the Belmont Stakes and notably earning second place in three important handicaps, the Jerome, the Peter Pan, and the Lawrence Realization plus a third in the Travers Stakes to winner and 1944 Champion 3-year-old colt, .

Bounded Pareto distribution

Bounded from above

Boundary Road

Bounding rectangle

A bounding volume hierarchy (BVH) is a tree structure on a set of geometric objects. All geometric objects are wrapped in bounding volumes that form the leaf nodes of the tree. These nodes are then grouped as small sets and enclosed within larger bounding volumes. These, in turn, are also grouped and enclosed within other larger bounding volumes in a recursive fashion, eventually resulting in a tree structure with a single bounding volume at the top of the tree. Bounding volume hierarchies are used to support several operations on sets of geometric objects efficiently, such as in collision detection and ray tracing.

Boundish

Bounded inverse theorem

Boundiali Department

Bounding Main-Lost at Sea

Bounding cylinder

Boundary of space

Bounded Turing reduction

Boundary Peak Wilderness Area