Molecular structure diagram

Molen Hoogland is a Hollow Post mill in Goutum, Friesland, Netherlands which was built in 2004. The mill is listed as a Rijksmonument, number 24521.

A molecular probe is a group of atoms or molecules used in molecular biology or chemistry to study the properties of other molecules or structures. If some measurable property of the molecular probe used changes when it interacts with the analyte (such as a change in absorbance), the interactions between the probe and the analyte can be studied. This makes it possible to indirectly study the properties of compounds and structures which may be hard to study directly. The choice of molecular probe will depend on which compound or structure is being studied as well as on what property is of interest. Radioactive DNA or RNA sequences are used in molecular genetics to detect the presence of a complementary sequence by molecular hybridization.

Molecules in outer space

Molecular switch

Molefi Kete Asante

Molecular processor

Molehbarik-e Babakan

Molecular vapor deposition is the gas-phase reaction between surface reactive chemicals and an appropriately receptive surface. Often bi-functional silanes are used in which one termination of the molecule is reactive. For example, a functional chlorosilane (R-Si-Cl3) can react with surface hydroxyl groups (-OH) resulting a radicalized (R) deposition on the surface.

Molecular morphogenesis

Lúcio Nascimento

Molecules in stars

Molen Hoogland, Goutum

Molecular motors

Molen, Utah

Molecular tagging velocimetry (MTV) is a specific form of flow velocimetry, a technique for determining the velocity of currents in fluids such as air and water. In its simplest form, a single "write" laser beam is shot once through the sample space. Along its path an optically induced chemical process is initiated, resulting in the creation of a new chemical species or in changing the internal energy state of an existing one, so that the molecules struck by the laser beam can be distinguished from the rest of the fluid. Such molecules are said to be "tagged."This line of tagged molecules is now transported by the fluid flow. To obtain velocity information, images at two instances in time are obtained and analyzed (often by correlation of the image intensities) to determine the displacement. If the flow is three-dimensional or turbulent the line will not only be displaced, it will also be deformed.

Molecular flow

Molecular mixology

Rijksmonument

Molecule editors

Gristmill, currently voluntary

Molecular vapor deposition

Molecule-based magnets are a class of materials capable of displaying ferromagnetism and other more complex magnetic phenomena. This class expands the materials properties typically associated with magnets to include low density, transparency, electrical insulation, and low-temperature fabrication, as well as combine magnetic ordering with other properties such as photoresponsiveness.

Molen Hoogland, April 2009

Molega is a community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in the Region of Queens Municipality .

Boksumerdyk nabij nr. 11, 9084 AA Goutum

Scholar

Molecular farming

Molecular processors

Molecular spacer

A molehill (or mole-hill, mole mound) is a conical mound of loose soil raised by small burrowing mammals, including moles, but also similar animals such as mole-rats, kangaroo moles, and voles. The word is first recorded in the first half of the 15th century. Formerly the hill was known as a 'wantitump', a word still in dialect use for centuries afterwards.The common phrase "making a mountain out of a molehill", meaning to exaggerate a minor problem, is an ironical reference to these small features.

Molecular therapy

Molecular microbiology is the branch of microbiology devoted to the study of the molecular basis of the physiological processes that occur in microorganisms.

Wave

In chemistry, molecular orbital (MO) theory is a method for determining molecular structure in which electrons are not assigned to individual bonds between atoms, but are treated as moving under the influence of the nuclei in the whole molecule. The spatial and energetic properties of electrons within atoms are fixed by quantum mechanics to form orbitals that contain these electrons. While atomic orbitals contain electrons ascribed to a single atom, molecular orbitals, which surround a number of atoms in a molecule, contain valence electrons between atoms. Molecular orbital theory, which was proposed in the early twentieth century, revolutionized the study of bonding by approximating the positions of bonded electrons—the molecular orbitals—as linear combinations of atomic orbitals (LCAO). These approximations are now made by applying the density functional theory (DFT) or Hartree–Fock (HF) models to the Schrödinger equation.

right

Madeaux Remix

Molecular oxygen

MoleMax was the first digital epiluminescence microscopy system developed in cooperation with the medical faculty of the university Vienna, department of dermatology (Univ.-Prof. Klaus Wolff, M. D.)In 1997 MoleMax was presented to international experts at the Melanoma World Congress and the following Dermatology World Congress in Sydney and generated great public interest. Since then over 2000 MoleMax systems are in use in over 50 countries.

Molecular replacement (or MR) is a method of solving the phase problem in X-ray crystallography.

Molecular machinery

Moledet

Astonish

Monthly

DNA in water.jpg

Molefi Sefularo (9 July 1957 – 5 April 2010) was the Deputy Minister of Health of South Africa from 25 September 2008 until his death. The position of Deputy Minister of Health had been vacant since Nozizwe Madlala-Routledge was dismissed from the post on 8 August 2007. He previously served as the MEC for Health in North West Province from 1994 to 2004.Sefularo was born in Potchefstroom to Kenosi Solomon Sefularo and Masabata Martha Sefularo née Motsumi.

Two pairs

Molecular laser isotope separation (MLIS) is a method of isotope separation, where specially tuned lasers are used to separate isotopes of uranium using selective ionization of hyperfine transitions of uranium hexafluoride molecules. It is similar to AVLIS. Its main advantage over AVLIS is low energy consumption and use of uranium hexafluoride instead of vaporized uranium.MLIS was conceived in 1971 at the Los Alamos National Laboratory.MLIS operates in cascade setup, like the gaseous diffusion process. Instead of vaporized uranium as in AVLIS the working medium of the MLIS is uranium hexafluoride which requires a much lower temperature to vaporize. The UF6 gas is mixed with a suitable carrier gas (a noble gas including some hydrogen) which allows the molecules to remain in the gaseous phase after being cooled by expansion through a supersonic de Laval nozzle. A scavenger gas (e.g. methane) is also included in the mixture to bind with the fluorine atoms after they are dissociated from the UF6 and inhibit their recombination with the enriched UF5 product. In the first stage the expanded and cooled stream of UF6 is irradiated with an infrared laser operating at the wavelength of 16 µm. The mix is then irradiated with another laser, either infrared or ultraviolet, whose photons are selectively absorbed by the excited 235UF6, causing its photolysis to 235UF5 and fluorine. The resultant enriched UF5 forms a solid which is then separated from the gas by filtration or a cyclone separator. The precipitated UF5 is relatively enriched with 235UF5 and after conversion back to UF6 it is fed to the next stage of the cascade to be further enriched. The laser for the excitation is usually a carbon dioxide laser with output wavelength shifted from 10.6 µm to 16 µm; the photolysis laser may be a XeCl excimer laser operating at 308 nm, however infrared lasers are mostly used in existing implementations.The process is complex: many mixed UFx compounds are formed which contaminate the product and are difficult to remove. The United States, France, United Kingdom, Germany and South Africa have reported termination of their MLIS programs, however Japan still has a small scale program in operation.The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation in Australia has developed the SILEX pulsed laser separation process. GE, Cameco and Hitachi are currently involved in developing it for commercial use. Silex information

Molecular taxonomy

Mike Molen

Location in Limpopo

Amsterdamseweg 104-a

Molehu Point

Molecular recognition

Molembo

In chemistry, a molecular orbital (MO) is a mathematical function describing the wave-like behavior of an electron in a molecule. This function can be used to calculate chemical and physical properties such as the probability of finding an electron in any specific region. The term orbital was introduced by Robert S. Mulliken in 1932 as an abbreviation for one-electron orbital wave function.

Molecular graphics (MG) is the discipline and philosophy of studying molecules and their properties through graphical representation. IUPAC limits the definition to representations on a "graphical display device". Ever since Dalton's atoms and Kekulé's benzene, there has been a rich history of hand-drawn atoms and molecules, and these representations have had an important influence on modern molecular graphics. This article concentrates on the use of computers to create molecular graphics.

Molema Island

Molecular virology is the study of viruses on a molecular level. Viruses are submicroscopic parasites that replicate inside host cells. They are able to successfully infect and parasitize all kinds of life forms- from microorganisms to plants and animals- and as a result viruses have more biological diversity than the rest of the bacterial, plant, and animal kingdoms combined. Studying this diversity is the key to a better understanding of how viruses interact with their hosts, replicate inside them, and cause diseases.

Gullwing Products

Molecular sentence

Molecular tether

Molega Lake is a large lake in Queens County, Nova Scotia approximately 30 minutes outside of Bridgewater. The surrounding area is a mainly seasonal cottage area with some year round residential subdivisions.

Molecular spectra or band spectra

Molecular formulas

Molen van Ferwerda, Koudum

Molecular scattering

A molecular shuttle in supramolecular chemistry is a special type of molecular machine capable of shuttling molecules or ions from one location to another. This field is of relevance to nanotechnology in its quest for nanoscale electronic components and also to biology where many biochemical functions are based on molecular shuttles.

Molecules of Motion

Molecular physicist

4709 AC, Roosendaal

Suitably aligned f atomic orbitals overlap to form phi molecular orbital

Molecular resonance

MOLEFW

One pair

Moleen

Molen is an unincorporated community in Emery County, Utah, United States.

Molemen

Molecule Man

Molema Island is an island off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia.Situated at the edge of Talbot Bay Molema is connected to the mainland by Turtle Reef, one of the largest reef systems in the Kimberley. Many mud flats also surround the island. The ria landscape is typical of the bioregion, the geology is intensely faulted and folded and was later inundated by the Holocene post glacial transgression.The island occupies an area of 915 hectares (2,261 acres).The traditional owners of the area are the Worrorran peoples.A population of the endangered Northern quoll were found to be living on the island during surveys conducted in 2013.

Molen

Molem Wildlife Sanctuary

Molejo is a pagode musical group formed in Rio de Janeiro in 1995 by Anderson Leonardo, Andrezinho, Wander Pires, Claumirzinho, Lúcio Nascimento, and Vadinho.

Juscelinomys vulpinus

Molecules Remix EP is an extended play (EP) and remix album by Australian alternative rock band Atlas Genius. It was released on 13 November 2015 by Warner Bros. Records.This release contains remixes of the single "Molecules," taken from Atlas Genius' second studio album, Inanimate Objects.
/ Remix album

Dorpsstraat 26

Molecules

Mammalia

Molecule Man (sculpture)

The Molen van Makkum is a smock mill at Makkum, Drenthe, the Netherlands which has been restored to working order. The mill is listed as a Rijksmonument, number 8889.

MoleMax was the first digital epiluminescence microscopy system developed in cooperation with the medical faculty of the university Vienna, department of dermatology (Univ.-Prof. Klaus Wolff, M. D.)In 1997 MoleMax was presented to international experts at the Melanoma World Congress and the following Dermatology World Congress in Sydney and generated great public interest. Since then over 2000 MoleMax systems are in use in over 50 countries. Today MoleMax is worldwide accepted clinical standard in digital epiluminescence microscopy.Thanks to the worldwide patented light polarisation technique for cameras with skin contact, these camera systems do not require any immersion fluid for the epiluminescence microscopic analysis.

Molen van Aerden

Woldzigt, August 2008

A molecular switch is a molecule that can be reversibly shifted between two or more stable states. The molecules may be shifted between the states in response to environmental stimuli, such as changes in pH, light, temperature, an electric current, microenvironment, or in the presence of a ligand. In some cases, a combination of stimuli is required. The oldest forms of synthetic molecular switches are pH indicators, which display distinct colors as a function of pH.

Private

Molecular tagging velocimetry (MTV) is a specific form of flow velocimetry, a technique for determining the velocity of currents in fluids such as air and water. In its simplest form, a single "write" laser beam is shot once through the sample space.

Jason Jessee

Moleiro

Molemax

Molecule geometry

Arthur Lee Smith, Jr.

Molecular tagging velocimetry

The Moleen Formation is a geologic formation in Nevada. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

The Molelike Mouse, Juscelinomys vulpinus, is a rodent species from South America. It is found in Brazil.

Molecular graphics

Molecular wires

Moleh Haneh

The Molen van Schoonoord is a smock mill in Schoonoord, Netherlands. The mill was built in 1903 and is listed as a Rijksmonument, number 33784. It is now used as living accommodation.

Four sails

major steps involved in X-ray crystallography of biomolecules

Molemen (ThunderCats)

Paulinah Makgatho

Molecule viewer

Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyses hereditary molecular differences, mainly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. The result of a molecular phylogenetic analysis is expressed in a phylogenetic tree. Molecular phylogenetics is one aspect of molecular systematics, a broader term that also includes the use of molecular data in taxonomy and biogeography.

Molecules (journal)

Panik

Molehill green

Tailpole and winch

The Molen van Rolde is a smock mill in Rolde, Drenthe, the Netherlands. The mill was built in 1873 and is listed as a Rijksmonument, number 32698.

Lenno Remix

Iran

Andrezinho

Molecular properties include the chemical properties, physical properties, and structural properties of molecules, including drugs. Molecular properties typically do not include pharmacological or biological properties of a chemical compound.

Molen van Rossum, Delft

A Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (MIP) is a polymer that has been processed using the molecular imprinting technique which leaves cavities in polymer matrix with affinity to a chosen "template" molecule. The process usually involves initiating the polymerization of monomers in the presence of a template molecule that is extracted afterwards, thus leaving complementary cavities behind.

Molecular neuropharmacology

Molecular graph

Molecular orbital

Molecular genetics

Molecular mixology is the process of creating cocktails using the equipment and techniques of molecular gastronomy.These methods enable the creation of greater intensities and varieties of flavour, flavour combinations and different ways of presenting drinks, for example using gels, powders, foams, atomised sprays etc., as well as affecting the appearance of the cocktail

Moleen Formation

Molen van Aerden in 2008

Molecular orbital theory

Molefe Lekoekoe

Single storey roundhouse

Molecules Remix EP

Molecular therapy is a scientific journal, published by Elsevier, that aims to develop and explore "molecular and cellular therapeutics to correct genetic and acquired diseases".

Molemole

One-storey base

Inanimate Objects

Robin Thompson

Molefi Kete Asante (; born Arthur Lee Smith, Jr.; August 14, 1942) is an African-American professor. He is a leading figure in the fields of African-American studies, African studies and communication studies. He is currently professor in the Department of Africology at Temple University, where he founded the PhD program in African-American Studies. He is president of the Molefi Kete Asante Institute for Afrocentric Studies.Asante is known for his writings on Afrocentricity, a school of thought that has influenced the fields of sociology, intercultural communication, critical theory, political science, the history of Africa, and social work. He is the author of more than 66 books and the founding editor of the Journal of Black Studies. He is the father of author and filmmaker M. K. Asante.

Lenny Magill

Molecular scale biology

Penguin Prison Remix

Molekh

Ana Yenenga
Author

DNA chemical structure.svg

Molecularly imprinted polymer

Molecular manufacturing

Makkum 40, 9411 TK, Makkum-Beilen

Molecular radiation

Molecular propellor

Stichting De Fryske Mole

Molemole Local Municipality, is located in the Capricorn District Municipality, of Limpopo province, South Africa. The seat of Molemole Local Municipality is Mogwadi.

Molecular models of DNA structures are representations of the molecular geometry and topology of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules using one of several means, with the aim of simplifying and presenting the essential, physical and chemical, properties of DNA molecular structures either in vivo or in vitro. These representations include closely packed spheres (CPK models) made of plastic, metal wires for skeletal models, graphic computations and animations by computers, artistic rendering. Computer molecular models also allow animations and molecular dynamics simulations that are very important for understanding how DNA functions in vivo.The more advanced, computer-based molecular models of DNA involve molecular dynamics simulations and quantum mechanics computations of vibro-rotations, delocalized molecular orbitals (MOs), electric dipole moments, hydrogen-bonding, and so on. DNA molecular dynamics modeling involves simulating deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecular geometry and topology changes with time as a result of both intra- and inter- molecular interactions of DNA. Whereas molecular models of DNA molecules such as closely packed spheres (CPK models) made of plastic or metal wires for skeletal models are useful representations of static DNA structures, their usefulness is very limited for representing complex DNA dynamics. Computer molecular modeling allows both animations and molecular dynamics simulations that are very important to understand how DNA functions in vivo.

Molecular mining

Molecular logic gates

Rolde Molen, Rolde

Molecular weight

Molecular physics is the study of the physical properties of molecules, the chemical bonds between atoms as well as the molecular dynamics. Its most important experimental techniques are the various types of spectroscopy; scattering is also used. The field is closely related to atomic physics and overlaps greatly with theoretical chemistry, physical chemistry and chemical physics.In addition to the electronic excitation states which are known from atoms, molecules exhibit rotational and vibrational modes whose energy levels are quantized. The smallest energy differences exist between different rotational states: pure rotational spectra are in the far infrared region (about 30 - 150 µm wavelength) of the electromagnetic spectrum. Vibrational spectra are in the near infrared (about 1 - 5 µm) and spectra resulting from electronic transitions are mostly in the visible and ultraviolet regions. From measuring rotational and vibrational spectra properties of molecules like the distance between the nuclei can be specifically calculated.One important aspect of molecular physics is that the essential atomic orbital theory in the field of atomic physics expands to the molecular orbital theory.

Molecule Man is a series of aluminium sculptures, designed by American artist Jonathan Borofsky, installed at various locations in the world, including Berlin, Germany, and Council Bluffs, Iowa, United States.The first Molecule Man sculptures were made in 1977 and 1978 in Los Angeles, USA. The sculptures consist of three humans leaning towards each other, the bodies of which are filled with hundreds of holes, the holes representative of "the molecules of all human beings coming together to create our existence". A related sculpture is the Hammering Man.

Molecule Man (video game)

Molecular vibrations

In chemical graph theory and in mathematical chemistry, a molecular graph or chemical graph is a representation of the structural formula of a chemical compound in terms of graph theory. A chemical graph is a labeled graph whose vertices correspond to the atoms of the compound and edges correspond to chemical bonds. Its vertices are labeled with the kinds of the corresponding atoms and edges are labeled with the types of bonds.

Molen van Makkum, April 2008

Molen van Schoonoord

Molecular machine

Molecular evolution is the process of change in the sequence composition of cellular molecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins across generations. The field of molecular evolution uses principles of evolutionary biology and population genetics to explain patterns in these changes. Major topics in molecular evolution concern the rates and impacts of single nucleotide changes, neutral evolution vs. natural selection, origins of new genes, the genetic nature of complex traits, the genetic basis of speciation, evolution of development, and ways that evolutionary forces influence genomic and phenotypic changes.

Molecular sequence data

Molen van Rolde

Molecular form

Molecule Island (66°28′S 66°24′W) is the easternmost of the Bragg Islands, lying in Crystal Sound 7.5 nautical miles (14 km) north of Cape Rey, Graham Land, Antarctica. It was mapped from surveys by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey in 1958–59. The name arose from association with Atom Rock in the same group.

Molecular pathology

Molecular repulsion

Molecules Of Motion is a 1987 skateboarding film featuring the Gullwing Trucks skate team. Most footage is provided through demos, contests, and various street skating scenes throughout southern California. The film also used various local bands from San Diego such as Infrared and Sister Rae, and was narrated by former 91X DJ Dred Scott.This video is sometimes mistakenly referred to as "Molecules In Motion" due to the closing credits of the video calling the movie "Molecules In Motion."

Molecules with silly or unusual names

north

Settled

Molejo

Molecular set theory

Marquinhos Pato

Stellar molecules are molecules that exist or form in or around stars. Such formations can take place when the temperature is low enough for molecules to form, otherwise the stellar matter is restricted to atoms (chemical elements) in the forms of gas or – at very high temperatures – plasma.

Molen van de Tjaard, Burgwerd

Rolde Molen

A Molecular spring is a device or part of a biological system based on molecular mechanics and is associated with molecular vibration.Any molecule can be deformed in several ways - A-A bond length, A-A-A angle, A-A-A-A torsion angle.

Molecular memories

Molecular tagging velocimetry (MTV)

Molecular pathology is an emerging discipline within pathology which is focused in the study and diagnosis of disease through the examination of molecules within organs, tissues or bodily fluids. Molecular pathology shares some aspects of practice with both anatomic pathology and clinical pathology, molecular biology, biochemistry, proteomics and genetics, and is sometimes considered a "crossover" discipline. It is multi-disciplinary in nature and focuses mainly on the sub-microscopic aspects of disease. A key consideration is that more accurate diagnosis is possible when the diagnosis is based on both the morphologic changes in tissues (traditional anatomic pathology) and on molecular testing.It is a scientific discipline that encompasses the development of molecular and genetic approaches to the diagnosis and classification of human diseases, the design and validation of predictive biomarkers for treatment response and disease progression, the susceptibility of individuals of different genetic constitution to develop disorders.Molecular pathology is commonly used in diagnosis of cancer and infectious diseases. Techniques are numerous but include quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), multiplex PCR, DNA microarray, in situ hybridization, DNA sequencing, antibody based immunofluorescence tissue assays, molecular profiling of pathogens, and analysis of bacterial genes for antimicrobial resistance.Integration of "molecular pathology" and "epidemiology" led to an interdisciplinary field, termed "molecular pathological epidemiology" (MPE), which represents integrative molecular biologic and population health science.

Molecular structure of nucleic acids: a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid

Molecule-based magnets are a class of materials capable of displaying ferromagnetism and other more complex magnetic phenomena. This class expands the materials properties typically associated with magnets to include low density, transparency, electrical insulation, and low-temperature fabrication, as well as combine magnetic ordering with other properties such as photoresponsiveness. Essentially all of the common magnetic phenomena associated with conventional transition-metal and rare-earth-based magnets can be found in molecule-based magnets.

Molecular lesion

Memo

Molecular tweezer

Molecule of the Year

A molecular probe is a group of atoms or molecules used in molecular biology or chemistry to study the properties of other molecules or structures. If some measurable property of the molecular probe used changes when it interacts with the analyte (such as a change in absorbance), the interactions between the probe and the analyte can be studied. This makes it possible to indirectly study the properties of compounds and structures which may be hard to study directly.

Molecular magnet

Molecular rotation

Molecular neuroscience is a branch of neuroscience that observes concepts in molecular biology applied to the nervous systems of animals. The scope of this subject covers topics such as molecular neuroanatomy, mechanisms of molecular signaling in the nervous system, the effects of genetics and epigenetics on neuronal development, and the molecular basis for neuroplasticity and neurodegenerative diseases. As with molecular biology, molecular neuroscience is a relatively new field that is considerably dynamic.

Molecular evolution

Molecular oncology

Molen Van Aerden, Nispen

Map of Limpopo with Molemole highlighted.svg

Molecular modification

Molekularna biologija

Molega Lake

Molecular structure of nucleic acids

Molemole Local Municipality

A Molecular spring is a device or part of a biological system based on molecular mechanics and is associated with molecular vibration.Any molecule can be deformed in several ways - A-A bond length, A-A-A angle, A-A-A-A torsion angle. Deformed molecule store energy, which can be released and cause mechanical work as the molecule return into its optimal geometrical conformation.The term molecular string is usually used in nano-science and molecular biology, however theoretically also macroscopic molecular springs can be considered, if it is manufactured. Such a device composed for example of arranged ultra-high molecular mass polymer fibres (Helicene, Polyacetylene) could store extraordinary (0.1-10MJ/kg in comparison to 0.0003MJ/kg of clockwork spring) amount of energy which can be stored and released almost instantly, with high energy conversion efficiency. The amount of energy storable in molecular spring is limited by the value of deformation the molecule can withstand until it undergoes chemical change. Manufacturing of such macroscopic device is however out of reach of contemporary technology, because of difficulties of synthesis and molecular arrangement of such long polymer molecules. In addition, the force needed to draw molecular string to its maximum length could be impractically high - comparable to the tensile strength of particular polymer molecule (~100GPa for some carbon compounds)

Molecular modification is chemical alteration of a known and previously characterized lead compound for the purpose of enhancing its usefulness as a drug. This could mean enhancing its specificity for a particular body target site, increasing its potency, improving its rate and extent of absorption, modifying to advantage its time course in the body, reducing its toxicity, changing its physical or chemical properties (like solubility) to provide desired features.

In chemistry, molecular imprinting is a technique to create template-shaped cavities in polymer matrices with memory of the template molecules to be used in molecular recognition. This technique is based on the system used by enzymes for substrate recognition, which is called the "lock and key" model. The active binding site of an enzyme has a unique geometric structure that is particularly suitable for a substrate.

A molecular machine, or nanomachine, refers to any discrete number of molecular components that produce quasi-mechanical movements (output) in response to specific stimuli (input). The expression is often more generally applied to molecules that simply mimic functions that occur at the macroscopic level. The term is also common in nanotechnology where a number of highly complex molecular machines have been proposed that are aimed at the goal of constructing a molecular assembler.In 1959, physicist Richard Feynman popularized the idea of nanomachines in his talk entitled "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom" at the California Institute of Technology. Since then, chemists and physicists alike have attempted, with varying degrees of success, to miniaturize machines found in the macroscopic world. Molecular machines research is currently at the forefront with the 2016 Nobel Prize in Chemistry being awarded to Jean-Pierre Sauvage, Sir J. Fraser Stoddart and Bernard L. Feringa for the design and synthesis of molecular machines.

Molecules in space

Molecular evolution is the process of change in the sequence composition of cellular molecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins across generations. The field of molecular evolution uses principles of evolutionary biology and population genetics to explain patterns in these changes. Major topics in molecular evolution concern the rates and impacts of single nucleotide changes, neutral evolution vs.

Molecular geometry is the three-dimensional arrangement of the atoms that constitute a molecule. It influences several properties of a substance including its reactivity, polarity, phase of matter, color, magnetism and biological activity. The angles between bonds that an atom forms depend only weakly on the rest of molecule, i.e. they can be understood as approximately local and hence transferable properties.

Molecular pathway

Molefi K. Asante

Molena, GA

Molecularity in chemistry is the number of molecules that come together to react in an elementary (single-step) reaction and is equal to the sum of stoichiometric coefficients of reactants in this elementary reaction. Depending on how many molecules come together, a reaction can be unimolecular, bimolecular or trimolecular.The kinetic order of any elementary reaction or reaction step is equal to its molecularity, and the rate equation of an elementary reaction can therefore be determined by inspection, from the molecularity.The kinetic order of a complex (multistep) reaction, however, cannot be equated to molecularity since molecularity only describes elementary reactions or steps.

Molecule Island

Molecular modeling

MDT

Molen De Dikkert is a defunct restaurant located in a windmill in Amstelveen, in the Netherlands. It was a fine dining restaurant that was awarded one Michelin star in 1983 and retained that rating until 1992.Restaurant De Dikkert went bankrupt in 1992.

Molecule Man is an isometric 3D arcade adventure game released by Mastertronic in 1986 for a variety of 8-bit home computers. A level editor is included which enables the player to design their own mazes.

Eight sides

Molefe Lekoekoe is a Lesothan footballer.

Molecular scale electronics, also called single-molecule electronics, is a branch of nanotechnology that uses single molecules, or nanoscale collections of single molecules, as electronic components. Because single molecules constitute the smallest stable structures imaginable, this miniaturization is the ultimate goal for shrinking electrical circuits.The field is often termed simply as "molecular electronics", but this term is also used to refer to the distantly related field of conductive polymers and organic electronics, which uses the properties of molecules to affect the bulk properties of a material. A nomenclature distinction has been suggested so that molecular materials for electronics refers to this latter field of bulk applications, while molecular scale electronics refers to the nanoscale single-molecule applications treated here.

Aerden's Mill

A Molecular spacer or simply a EXAMPLERspacer in chemistry is any flexible part of a molecule providing a connection between two other parts of a molecule.

Molecular imprinted polymers

diameter

Molecular field

Molecular virology

Molenaar

Molecular spin orbital

Molecular memory

Tramstraat 22, 7848 BK Schoonoord

Molecular medicine is a broad field, where physical, chemical, biological, bioinformatics and medical techniques are used to describe molecular structures and mechanisms, identify fundamental molecular and genetic errors of disease, and to develop molecular interventions to correct them. The concept of the distribution of medicine to each individual cell just as oxygen would be an example of the practice of molecular medicine (via lung chemical reaction manipulation an idea coined by Saniab Jacob). The molecular medicine perspective emphasizes cellular and molecular phenomena and interventions rather than the previous conceptual and observational focus on patients and their organs.In November 1949, with the seminal paper, "Sickle Cell Anemia, a Molecular Disease", in Science magazine, Linus Pauling, Harvey Itano and their collaborators laid the groundwork for establishing the field of molecular medicine. In 1956, Roger J. Williams wrote Biochemical Individuality, a prescient book about genetics, prevention and treatment of disease on a molecular basis, and nutrition which is now variously referred to as individualized medicine and orthomolecular medicine. Another paper in Science by Pauling in 1968, introduced and defined this view of molecular medicine that focuses on natural and nutritional substances used for treatment and prevention.Published research and progress was slow until the 1970s' "biological revolution" that introduced many new techniques and commercial applications.Some researchers separate molecular surgery as a compartment of molecular medicine.Molecular medicine is a new scientific discipline in European universities. Combining contemporary medical studies with the field of biochemistry, it offers a bridge between the two subjects. At present only a handful of universities offer the course to undergraduates. With a degree in this discipline the graduate is able to pursue a career in medical sciences, scientific research, laboratory work and postgraduate medical degrees.

Molecular isomerism

Molehill

A molecular solid is a solid consisting of discrete molecules. The cohesive forces that bind the molecules together are van der Waals forces, dipole-dipole interactions, quadrupole interactions, π-π interactions, hydrogen bonding, halogen bonding, London dispersion forces, and in some molecular solids, coulombic interactions.

Winge, 1888

Animated 3D-wire model of DNA

Molecular structure elucidation

Midfielder

A molecular logic gate is a molecule that performs a logical operation based on one or more physical or chemical inputs and a single output. The field has advanced from simple logic systems based on a single chemical or physical input to molecules capable of combinatorial and sequential operations such as arithmetic operations i.e. moleculators and memory storage algorithms.For logic gates with a single input, there are four possible output patterns. When the input is 0, the output can be either a 0 or 1. When the input is 1, the output can again be 0 or 1. The four output bit patterns that can arise corresponds to a specific logic type: PASS 0, YES, NOT and PASS 1. PASS 0 always outputs 0, whatever the input. PASS 1 always outputs 1, whatever the input. YES outputs a 1 when the input is 1 and NOT is the inverse YES - it outputs a 0 when the input is 1. An example of a YES logic gate is the molecular structure shown below. A ‘1’ output is given only when sodium ions are present in solution (‘1’ input).Molecular logic gates work with input signals based on chemical processes and with output signals based on spectroscopy. One of the earlier water solution-based systems exploits the chemical behavior of compounds A and B in scheme 1 [1].Compound A is a push-pull olefin with the top receptor containing four carboxylic acid anion groups (and non-disclosed counter cations) capable of binding to calcium. The bottom part is a quinoline molecule which is a receptor for hydrogen ions. The logic gate operates as follows. Without any chemical input of Ca2+ or H+, the chromophore shows a maximum absorbance in UV/VIS spectroscopy at 390 nm. When calcium is introduced a blue shift takes place and the absorbance at 390 nm decreases. Likewise addition of protons causes a red shift and when both cations are in the water the net result is absorption at the original 390 nm. This system represents a XNOR logic gate in absorption and a XOR logic gate in transmittance.In compound B the bottom section now contains a tertiary amino group also capable of binding to protons. In this system fluorescence only takes place when both cations available. The presence of both cations hinders photoinduced electron transfer (PET) allowing compound B to fluoresce. In the absence of both or either ion, fluorescence is quenched by PET, which involves an electron transfer from either the nitrogen atom or the oxygen atoms, or both to the anthracenyl group. When both receptors are bound to calcium ions and protons respectively, both PET channels are shut off. The overall result of Compound B is AND logic, since an output of “1” (fluorescence) occurs only when both Ca2+ and H+ are present in solution, that is, have values as “1”. With both systems run in parallel and with monitoring of transmittance for system A and fluorescence for system B the result is a half-adder capable of reproducing the equation 1+1=2.In a modification of system B not two but three chemical inputs are simultaneously processed in an AND logic gate [2]. An enhanced fluorescence signal is observed only in the presence of excess protons, zinc and sodium ions through interactions with their respective amine, phenyldiaminocarboxylate and crown ether receptors. The processing mode operates similarly as discussed above - fluorescence is observed due to the prevention of competing photoinduced electron transfer reactions from the receptors to the excited anthracene fluorophore. The absence of one, two or all three ion inputs results in a low fluorescence output. Each receptor is selective for its specific ion as an increase in the concentration of the other ions does not yield a high fluorescence. The specific concentration threshold of each input must be reached to achieve a fluorescent output in accordance with combinatorial AND logic. This prototype could potentially be extended to point-of-care medical diagnostics application for disease screening in the future.In a similar set-up, the molecular logic gate illustrated below demonstrates the advancement from redox-fluorescent switches to multi-input logic gates with an electrochemical switch.[3] This two-input AND logic gate incorporates a tertiary amine proton receptor and a tetrathiafulvelene redox donor. These groups, when attached to anthracene can simultaneously process information concerning acid concentration and oxidizing ability of the solution.The INHIBIT logic gate illustrated below as provided by Gunnlaugsson et al. incorporates a Tb3+ ion in a chelate complex.[4] This two-input logic gate is the first of its kind and displays non-commutative behaviour with chemical inputs and a phosphorescence output. Whenever dioxygen (input 1) is present, the system is quenched and no phosphorescence is observed (output 0). The second input, H+, must also be present for an output "1" to be observed. This is understood from a two-input INHIBIT truth table.In another XOR logic gate system the chemistry is based on the pseudorotaxane [5] depicted in scheme 3. In organic solution the electron deficient diazapyrenium salt (rod) and the electron rich 2,3-dioxynaphthalene units of the crown ether (ring) self-assemble by formation of a charge transfer complex.An added tertiary amine like tributylamine forms a 1:2 adduct with the diazapyrene and the complex gets dethreaded. This process is accompanied by an increase in emission intensity at 343 nm resulting from freed crown ether. Added trifluoromethanesulfonic acid reacts with the amine and the process is reverted. Excess acid locks the crown ether by protonation and again the complex is dethreaded.A full adder system based on fluorescein[6] is able to compute 1+1+1=3.Molecular sequential logic is exemplified by D. Margulies et al., where they demonstrate a molecular keypad lock resembling the processing capabilities of an electronic security device which is equivalent to incorporates several interconnected AND logic gates in parallel.[7] The molecule mimics an electronic keypad of an automated teller machine (ATM). The output signals are dependent not only on the combination of inputs but also on the correct order of inputs: in other words the correct password must be entered. The molecule was designed using pyrene and fluorescein fluorophores connected by a siderophore, which binds to Fe(III), and the acidic of the solution changes the fluorescence properties of the fluorescein fluorophore.Further development in this field might also see molecular logic gates replace semiconductors in the IT industry. Such molecular systems can theoretically overcome the problems arising when semiconductors approach nano-dimensions. Molecular logic gates are more versatile than their silicon counterparts, with phenomena such as superposed logic unavailable to semiconductor electronics. Dry molecular gates such as the one demonstrated by Avouris and colleagues prove to be possible substitutes for semiconductor devices due to their small size, similar infrastructure and data processing abilities. Avouris revealed a NOT logic gate composed of a bundle of carbon nanotubes. The nanotubes are doped differently in adjoining regions creating two complementary field effect transistors. The bundle operates as a NOT logic gate only when satisfactory conditions are met.New potential applications of chemical logic gates continue to be explored. A recent study[8] illustrates the application of a logic gate for photodynamic therapy. A bodipy dye attached to a crown-ether and two pyridyl groups separated by spacers (as shown below) works according to an AND logic gate. The molecule works as a photodynamic agent upon irradiation at 660 nm under conditions of relatively high sodium and proton ion concentrations by converting triplet oxygen to cytotoxic singlet oxygen. This prototypical example would take advantage of the higher sodium levels and lower pH in tumor tissue compared to the levels in normal cells. When these two cancer-related cellular parameters are satisfied, a change is observed in the absorbance spectrum. This technique could be useful for the treatment of malignant tumors as it is non-invasive and specific.A molecular logic gate can processes modulators much like the set up seen in de Silva’s ‘Proof-of-principle’ but incorporating different logic gates on the same molecule. Such a function is called integrated logic and is exemplified by the BODIPY-based, half-subtractor logic gate illustrated by A. Coskun, E. U. Akkaya and their colleagues (as shown below).[9] When monitored at two different wavelengths, 565 and 660 nm, XOR and INHIBIT logic gates are obtained at the respective wavelengths. Optical studies of this compound in THF reveal an absorbance peak at 565 nm and an emission peak at 660 nm. Addition of an acid results in a hypsochromic shift of both peaks as protonation of the tertiary amine results in an internal charge transfer. The colour of the emission observed is yellow. Upon addition of a strong base, the phenolic hydroxyl group is rendered deprotonated, resulting in a photoinduced electron transfer, which in turn renders the molecule non-emissive. Upon addition of both an acid and a base, the emission of the molecule is observed as red, as the tertiary amine would not be protonated while the hydroxyl group would remain protonated resulting in the absence of both PET and ICT. Due to the great difference in emission intensity, this single molecule is capable of carrying out an arithmetic operation; subtraction at a nanoscale level.

Purified DNA precipitated in a water jug

J. vulpinus

Molecularity

Michelin Guide

village

Molefi Kete Asante (; born Arthur Lee Smith, Jr.; August 14, 1942) is an African-American professor. He is a leading figure in the fields of African-American studies, African studies and communication studies. He is currently professor in the Department of Africology at Temple University, where he founded the PhD program in African-American Studies.

Moledet organization

Molen van Geerdink, Emmer-Compascuum

Left, the major steps involved in DNA structure determination by X-ray crystallography showing the important role played by molecular models of DNA structure in this iterative process. Right, an image of actual A- and B- DNA X-ray patterns obtained from oriented and hydrated DNA fibers .

Molecular interaction network

Molecular phylogenies

Molecular frontiers

Molega, Nova Scotia

Molelike Mouse

Molecular scale electronics

Molecular imprinting

Moledet Party

Moleh-ye Anbar

Molecular structures

Molecular geneticist

Molecular oncology is an interdisciplinary medical speciality at the interface of medicinal chemistry and oncology that refers to the investigation of the chemistry of cancer and tumors at the molecular scale. Also the development and application of molecularly targeted therapies.

The Molen van Aerden (English: Aerden's Mill) is a windmill located on the Raadhuisstraat 28A in Nispen, Roosendaal, in the province of North Brabant, Netherlands. Built in 1850 on an artificial hill, the windmill functioned as gristmill. It was built as a tower mill and its sails have a span of 23.80 metres (78.1 ft). The mill is a national monument (nr 32716) since 19 May 1971. The Molen van Aerden can be visited by appointment.

Professor

auto

In chemistry, molecular orbital (MO) theory is a method for determining molecular structure in which electrons are not assigned to individual bonds between atoms, but are treated as moving under the influence of the nuclei in the whole molecule. The spatial and energetic properties of electrons within atoms are fixed by quantum mechanics to form orbitals that contain these electrons.

IUCN2.3

DNA X-ray patterns

A molecular shuttle in supramolecular chemistry is a special type of molecular machine capable of shuttling molecules or ions from one location to another. This field is of relevance to nanotechnology in its quest for nanoscale electronic components and also to biology where many biochemical functions are based on molecular shuttles. Academic interest also exists for synthetic molecular shuttles, the first prototype reported in 1991 based on a rotaxane.This device is based on a molecular thread composed of an ethyleneglycol chain interrupted by two arene groups acting as so-called stations. The terminal units (or stoppers) on this wire are bulky triisopropylsilyl groups. The bead is a tetracationic cyclophane based on two bipyridine groups and two para-phenylene groups. The bead is locked to one of the stations by pi-pi interactions but since the activation energy for migration from one station to the other station is only 13 kcal/mol (54 kJ/mol) the bead shuttles between them. The stoppers prevent the bead from slipping from the thread. Chemical synthesis of this device is based on molecular self-assembly from a preformed thread and two bead fragments (32% chemical yield).In certain molecular switches the two stations are non-degenerate.

مله باريك بابكان

Molecular neuroscience

Molecular promiscuity indicates the ability of a molecule to bind to interact with one or more other classes and subtypes of molecules, in synergistic or antagonistic ways. These interactions may involve multiple paracrine, endocrine and autocrine features. Essentially, the more promiscuous a molecule is, the more readily it may be able to interact with other molecules (i.e. a cytokines like IL-2 may interact with many other proliferation signals and cells to induce that response).

Molecular property

Molecular polarity

Molecular hydrogen

PNS

Molen De Dikkert

Molecular palaeontology

Molen van Makkum

Molen van De Groeve

Molele

Molecules to the MAX

Molecular spring

Molecule kernel

Molecule Man (art)

Molecular radius

Suitably aligned f atomic orbitals can overlap to form a phi molecular orbital

Molecular physics is the study of the physical properties of molecules, the chemical bonds between atoms as well as the molecular dynamics. Its most important experimental techniques are the various types of spectroscopy; scattering is also used.

Molecular volume

Three-storey base

Molega in Nova Scotia

Molecular memory is a term for data storage technologies that use molecular species as the data storage element, rather than e.g. circuits, magnetics, inorganic materials or physical shapes. The molecular component can be described as a molecular switch, and may perform this function by any of several mechanisms, including charge storage, photochromism, or changes in capacitance. In a perfect molecular memory device, each individual molecule contains a bit of data, leading to massive data capacity. However, practical devices are more likely to use large numbers of molecules for each bit, in the manner of 3D optical data storage (many examples of which can be considered molecular memory devices). The term "molecular memory" is most often used to mean indicate very fast, electronically addressed solid-state data storage, as is the term computer memory. At present, molecular memories are still found only in laboratories.

Utah#USA
Location in Utah

Molema Island is an island off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia.Situated at the edge of Talbot Bay Molema is connected to the mainland by Turtle Reef, one of the largest reef systems in the Kimberley. Many mud flats also surround the island.

Molecular weight distribution

Molecular phylogenetics and evolution

A molecular processor is a processor that is based on a molecular platform rather than on an inorganic semiconductor in integrated circuit format.

Animalia

The term molecular recognition refers to the specific interaction between two or more molecules through noncovalent bonding such as hydrogen bonding, metal coordination, hydrophobic forces, van der Waals forces, π-π interactions, halogen bonding, electrostatic and/or electromagnetic effects. In addition to these direct interactions as well solvent can play a dominant indirect role in driving molecular recognition in solution.

Israel

Latroit Remix

Molecular integrals

Tony Magnusson

Joywave Remix

Molen de Dikkert

Molecule Man is a series of aluminium sculptures, designed by American artist Jonathan Borofsky, installed at various locations in the world, including Berlin, Germany, and Council Bluffs, Iowa, United States.The first Molecule Man sculptures were made in 1977 and 1978 in Los Angeles, USA.

Walt Tiedge

Moledet, Israel

Founders

Molecular models of DNA

Molecular model of DNA

Molecular laser isotope separation

Molefi Asante

ADN animation.gif

Molecular immobilization (Charmed)

Molecular machines

Molecular spectra

Grote Brink 24, 9451 BR, Rolde

Rodentia

Molecular shape

Molecular vapor deposition is the gas-phase reaction between surface reactive chemicals and an appropriately receptive surface. Often bi-functional silanes are used in which one termination of the molecule is reactive. For example, a functional chlorosilane (R-Si-Cl3) can react with surface hydroxyl groups (-OH) resulting a radicalized (R) deposition on the surface. The advantage of a gas phase reaction over a comparable liquid phase process is the control of moisture from the ambient environment, which often results in cross polymerization of the silane leading to particulates on the treated surface. Often a heated sub-atmospheric vacuum chamber is used to allow precise control of the reactants and water content. Additionally the gas phase process allows for easy treatment of complex parts since the coverage of the reactant is generally diffusion limited. Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) sensors often use molecular vapor deposition as a technique to address stiction and other parasitic issues relative to surface-to-surface interactions.

DNA chemical structure

Molecular size

Molecule Mining

Molecular pathology is an emerging discipline within pathology which is focused in the study and diagnosis of disease through the examination of molecules within organs, tissues or bodily fluids. Molecular pathology shares some aspects of practice with both anatomic pathology and clinical pathology, molecular biology, biochemistry, proteomics and genetics, and is sometimes considered a "crossover" discipline.

In chemistry, molecular imprinting is a technique to create template-shaped cavities in polymer matrices with memory of the template molecules to be used in molecular recognition. This technique is based on the system used by enzymes for substrate recognition, which is called the "lock and key" model. The active binding site of an enzyme has a unique geometric structure that is particularly suitable for a substrate. A substrate that has a corresponding shape to the site is recognized by selectively binding to the enzyme, while an incorrectly shaped molecule that does not fit the binding site is not recognized.In a similar way, molecularly imprinted materials are prepared using a template molecule and functional monomers that assemble around the template and subsequently get crosslinked to each other. The functional monomers, which are self-assembled around the template molecule by interaction between functional groups on both the template and monomers, are polymerized to form an imprinted matrix (commonly known in the scientific community as a molecular imprinted polymer i.e. MIP). Then the template molecule is removed from the matrix under certain conditions, leaving behind a cavity complementary in size and shape to the template. The obtained cavity can work as a selective binding site for a specific template molecule.In recent decades, the molecular imprinting technique has been developed for use in receptors, chromatographic separations, fine chemical sensing, etc. Taking advantage of the shape selectivity of the cavity, use in catalysis for certain reactions has also been facilitated. Klaus Mosbach was the pioneer of the Noncovalent approach of Molecular Imprinting.

Cover art

Israel jezreel

Molefi Keti Asante

Molecular promiscuity

Molecular scale electronics, also called single-molecule electronics, is a branch of nanotechnology that uses single molecules, or nanoscale collections of single molecules, as electronic components.

Molecules is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal that focuses on all aspects of synthetic organic chemistry and natural product chemistry. It was established in March 1996 and is published monthly by MDPI. The editor-in-chief is Derek J. McPhee (Amyris Biotechnologies).

Molecular similarity

Moleke mbembe

Molecular science

X ray diffraction.png

Molecular heat capacity

Juscelinomys

Robson Calazans

A molecular machine, or nanomachine, refers to any discrete number of molecular components that produce quasi-mechanical movements (output) in response to specific stimuli (input). The expression is often more generally applied to molecules that simply mimic functions that occur at the macroscopic level.

Philosopher

Molecular formulae

group_or_band

A molecular solid is a solid consisting of discrete molecules. The cohesive forces that bind the molecules together are van der Waals forces, dipole-dipole interactions, quadrupole interactions, π-π interactions, hydrogen bonding, halogen bonding, London dispersion forces, and in some molecular solids, coulombic interactions. Van der Waals, dipole interactions, quadrupole interactions, π-π interactions, hydrogen bonding, and halogen bonding (2-127 kJ mol−1) are typically much weaker than the forces holding together other solids: metallic (metallic bonding, 400-500 kJ mol−1), ionic (Coulomb’s forces, 700-900 kJ mol−1), and network solids (covalent bonds, 150-900 kJ mol−1). Intermolecular interactions, typically do not involve delocalized electrons, unlike metallic and certain covalent bonds. Exceptions are charge-transfer complexes such as the tetrathiofulvane-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TTF-TCNQ), a radical ion salt. These differences in the strength of force (i.e. covalent vs. van der Waals) and electronic characteristics (i.e. delocalized electrons) from other types of solids give rise to the unique mechanical, electronic, and thermal properties of molecular solids.For instance, molecular solids such as coronene have low conductivity (ρ = 1 x 10−12 to 1 x 10−18 Ω−1 cm−1) making them poor electrical conductors. As mentioned there are exceptions such as TTF-TCNQ (ρ = 5 x 102 Ω−1 cm−1), but it still substantially less than the conductivity of copper (ρ = 6 x 105 Ω−1 cm−1). Molecular solids tend to have lower fracture toughness (sucrose, KIc = 0.08 MPa m1/2) than metal (iron, KIc = 50 MPa m1/2), ionic (sodium chloride, KIc = 0.5 MPa m1/2), and covalent solids (diamond, KIc = 5 MPa m1/2). Molecular solids have low melting (Tm) and boiling (Tb) points compared to metal (iron), ionic (sodium chloride), and covalent solids (diamond). Examples of molecular solids with low melting and boiling temperatures include argon, water, naphthalene, nicotine, and caffeine (see table below). The constituents of molecular solids range in size from condensed monoatomic gases to small molecules (i.e. naphthalene and water) to large molecules with tens of atoms (i.e. fullerene with 60 carbon atoms).

Molecular graphics (MG) is the discipline and philosophy of studying molecules and their properties through graphical representation. IUPAC limits the definition to representations on a "graphical display device". Ever since Dalton's atoms and Kekulé's benzene, there has been a rich history of hand-drawn atoms and molecules, and these representations have had an important influence on modern molecular graphics. This article concentrates on the use of computers to create molecular graphics. Note, however, that many molecular graphics programs and systems have close coupling between the graphics and editing commands or calculations such as in molecular modelling.

Molelike mouse

Molecular solid

A Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (MIP) is a polymer that has been processed using the molecular imprinting technique which leaves cavities in polymer matrix with affinity to a chosen "template" molecule. The process usually involves initiating the polymerization of monomers in the presence of a template molecule that is extracted afterwards, thus leaving complementary cavities behind. These polymers have affinity for the original molecule and have been used in applications such as chemical separations, catalysis, or molecular sensors. Published works on the topic date to the 1930s.

Molecularly targeted therapy

Molecular sieves

Claumirzinho

horizontal

Molega Lake in Nova Scotia

Molecularity in chemistry is the number of molecules that come together to react in an elementary (single-step) reaction and is equal to the sum of stoichiometric coefficients of reactants in this elementary reaction.

diameter Cullen stones, diameter French Burr stones

Derek J. McPhee

Producer

Molecular medicine

Three-storey smock

Molecule-based magnets

At left, the chemical structure of DNA showing the base-pairing. This depiction of a DNA duplex lacks information about the molecule's three-dimensional structure, at right.

Molecular physiology

Molecular imaging and biology

Molecular theory

Wood

Vandinho

While this purified DNA precipitated in a water jug appears to be a formless mass, at the nanoscale, nucleic acids possess intricate structure .

Molecular masses

Molen Hoogland

Molecular orbital model

Molecularly imprinted polymers

Moleh Galeh

Atlas Genius

Molecular tools for gene study

Molecules with unusual or silly names

Molecular rearrangement

Molecular logic gate

Molehill, West Virginia

Jimmy Batera

Most MKs

Molecular systematist

Molecular hydrogen ion

LIM353

Molenbeck, Brussels

Molecular phylogeny

Anderson Leonardo

Molecular geometry

DNA three-dimensional model

Molecular mechanics

Australia

Molecular sequencing

BXY Remix

A molecular sensor or chemosensor is a molecule that interacts with an analyte to produce a detectable change. Molecular sensors combine molecular recognition with some form of reporter so the presence of the guest can be observed.

Molefi Sefularo

A molecular sensor or chemosensor is a molecule that interacts with an analyte to produce a detectable change. Molecular sensors combine molecular recognition with some form of reporter so the presence of the guest can be observed. The term supramolecular analytical chemistry has recently been coined to describe the application of molecular sensors to analytical chemistry.Early examples of molecular sensors are crown ethers with large affinity for sodium ions but not for potassium and forms of metal detection by so-called complexones which are traditional pH indicators retrofitted with molecular groups sensitive to metals. This receptor-spacer-reporter concept is a recurring theme often with the reporter displaying photoinduced electron transfer (PET). One example is a sensor sensitive to heparin.Other receptors are sensitive not to a specific molecule but to a molecular compound class. One example is the grouped analysis of several tannic acids that accumulate in ageing Scotch whisky in oak barrels. The grouped results demonstrated a correlation with the age but the individual components did not. A similar receptor can be used to analyze tartrates in wine.The compound saxitoxin is a neurotoxin found in shellfish and a chemical weapon. An experimental sensor for this compound is again based on PET. Interaction of saxitoxin with the sensor's crown ether moiety kills its PET process towards the fluorophore and fluorescence is switched from off to on. The unusual boron moiety makes sure the fluorescence takes place in the visible light part of the electromagnetic spectrum.In another strategy called indicator-displacement assay (IDA) an analyte such as citrate or phosphate ions displace a fluorescent indicator in an indicator-host complex. The so-called UT taste chip (University of Texas) is a prototype electronic tongue and combines supramolecular chemistry with charge-coupled devices based on silicon wafers and immobilized receptor molecules.

Molecularly bar-coded

Molecular probe

Molecularium

Molemen Records

Molecules Of Motion

English

Molecular virologist

Molecular microbiology

Molecular models of DNA structures are representations of the molecular geometry and topology of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules using one of several means, with the aim of simplifying and presenting the essential, physical and chemical, properties of DNA molecular structures either in vivo or in vitro. These representations include closely packed spheres (CPK models) made of plastic, metal wires for skeletal models, graphic computations and animations by computers, artistic rendering.

Molecular weight size marker

GNIS feature ID

A molecular logic gate is a molecule that performs a logical operation based on one or more physical or chemical inputs and a single output. The field has advanced from simple logic systems based on a single chemical or physical input to molecules capable of combinatorial and sequential operations such as arithmetic operations i.e. moleculators and memory storage algorithms.For logic gates with a single input, there are four possible output patterns.

Molecular sieve resin

Molecular ion

The term molecular recognition refers to the specific interaction between two or more molecules through noncovalent bonding such as hydrogen bonding, metal coordination, hydrophobic forces, van der Waals forces, π-π interactions, halogen bonding, electrostatic and/or electromagnetic effects. In addition to these direct interactions as well solvent can play a dominant indirect role in driving molecular recognition in solution. The host and guest involved in molecular recognition exhibit molecular complementarity.

Molecular tagging velocimetry (MTV).

Molecular immobilization

Molecular memory is a term for data storage technologies that use molecular species as the data storage element, rather than e.g. circuits, magnetics, inorganic materials or physical shapes. The molecular component can be described as a molecular switch, and may perform this function by any of several mechanisms, including charge storage, photochromism, or changes in capacitance.

Molecular point group

Molecular surface (disambiguation)

Molecular mechanisms of memory

Moleman

Molecular formula

Molenbeek

Molecular markers

A molecular lesion or point lesion is damage to the structure of a biological molecule such as DNA, enzymes, or proteins that results in reduction or absence of normal function or, in rare cases, the gain of a new function. Lesions in DNA consist of breaks and other changes in the chemical structure of the helix (see types of DNA lesions) while lesions in proteins consist of both broken bonds and improper folding of the amino acid chain.

Molecule-based magnet

Molecular weights

Molecular target of rapamycin

Molek

In chemistry, a molecular orbital (MO) is a mathematical function describing the wave-like behavior of an electron in a molecule. This function can be used to calculate chemical and physical properties such as the probability of finding an electron in any specific region. The term orbital was introduced by Robert S. Mulliken in 1932 as an abbreviation for one-electron orbital wave function. At an elementary level, it is used to describe the region of space in which the function has a significant amplitude. Molecular orbitals are usually constructed by combining atomic orbitals or hybrid orbitals from each atom of the molecule, or other molecular orbitals from groups of atoms. They can be quantitatively calculated using the Hartree–Fock or self-consistent field (SCF) methods.

Molen De Dikkert is a defunct restaurant located in a windmill in Amstelveen, in the Netherlands. It was a fine dining restaurant that was awarded one Michelin star in 1983 and retained that rating until 1992.Restaurant De Dikkert went bankrupt in 1992. During the bankruptcy settlement, the restaurant, owned by Bob Goudsmit, was sold to Yen Ho Kai, who kept the restaurant running.Arjan van Dijk was head chef in the time of the Michelin stars.At present, the windmill houses restaurant De Jonge Dikkert, that is awarded a Bib Gourmand, since 1994.Restaurant Molen De Dikkert was housed in a former windmill. The windmill was originally built in 1672 in Zaandam, as a sawmill. In 1896, the mill was moved to Amstelveen and served there as a flour mill. In 1929, the windmill stopped its working life and slowly fell into disrepair. The mill got renovated in 1965 and was ready for action again in 1966.

A molecular switch is a molecule that can be reversibly shifted between two or more stable states. The molecules may be shifted between the states in response to environmental stimuli, such as changes in pH, light, temperature, an electric current, microenvironment, or in the presence of a ligand. In some cases, a combination of stimuli is required. The oldest forms of synthetic molecular switches are pH indicators, which display distinct colors as a function of pH. Currently synthetic molecular switches are of interest in the field of nanotechnology for application in molecular computers or responsive drug delivery systems. Molecular switches are also important to in biology because many biological functions are based on it, for instance allosteric regulation and vision. They are also one of the simplest examples of molecular machines.

Yes

Molecular layer

Molecule based magnets

Uri Bank

Molecular phylogenetics

Molena

Molecular modeling on GPU

A molehill (or mole-hill, mole mound) is a conical mound of loose soil raised by small burrowing mammals, including moles, but also similar animals such as mole-rats, kangaroo moles, and voles. The word is first recorded in the first half of the 15th century.

Molecular sensor

Molecular replacement

Molecular medicine is a broad field, where physical, chemical, biological, bioinformatics and medical techniques are used to describe molecular structures and mechanisms, identify fundamental molecular and genetic errors of disease, and to develop molecular interventions to correct them.

Molecular virology is the study of viruses on a molecular level. Viruses are submicroscopic parasites that replicate inside host cells. They are able to successfully infect and parasitize all kinds of life forms- from microorganisms to plants and animals- and as a result viruses have more biological diversity than the rest of the bacterial, plant, and animal kingdoms combined.

Molefi Sefularo (9 July 1957 – 5 April 2010) was the Deputy Minister of Health of South Africa from 25 September 2008 until his death. The position of Deputy Minister of Health had been vacant since Nozizwe Madlala-Routledge was dismissed from the post on 8 August 2007. He previously served as the MEC for Health in North West Province from 1994 to 2004.Sefularo was born in Potchefstroom to Kenosi Solomon Sefularo and Masabata Martha Sefularo née Motsumi. He was a member of the UDF until its 1983 banning. He died at the age of 52 in a car accident on the N4 west of Pretoria.

Molecular tree

Molecular laser isotope separation (MLIS) is a method of isotope separation, where specially tuned lasers are used to separate isotopes of uranium using selective ionization of hyperfine transitions of uranium hexafluoride molecules. It is similar to AVLIS.

Two-storey smock

Molecular structure

Molecular physics

Molehiya

Molecular knots

Molecular shuttle

Mōlehu Point is a headland on the south-east coast of the island of Kauai in the Hawaiian Islands.

Molecular replacement (or MR) is a method of solving the phase problem in X-ray crystallography. MR relies upon the existence of a previously solved protein structure which is homologous (similar) to our unknown structure from which the diffraction data is derived.The first goal of the crystallographer is to obtain an electron density map, density being related with diffracted wave as follows: ρ ( x , y , z ) = 1 V ∑ h ∑ k ∑ l | F h k l | exp ⁡ ( 2 π i ( h x + k y + l z ) + i Φ ( h k l ) ) . {\displaystyle \rho (x,y,z)={\frac {1}{V}}\sum _{h}\sum _{k}\sum _{l}|F_{hkl}|\exp(2\pi i(hx+ky+lz)+i\Phi (hkl)).} With usual detectors the intensity I = F ⋅ F ∗ {\displaystyle I=F\cdot F^{*}} is being measured, so all the information about phase ( Φ {\displaystyle \Phi } ) is lost. Then, in the absence of phases (Φ), we are unable to complete the shown Fourier transform relating the experimental data from X-ray crystallography (in reciprocal space) to real-space electron density, into which the atomic model is built. MR tries to find the model which fits best experimental intensities among known structures.

Molen Hoogland, Wirdum

Molecular neuroscience is a branch of neuroscience that observes concepts in molecular biology applied to the nervous systems of animals. The scope of this subject covers topics such as molecular neuroanatomy, mechanisms of molecular signaling in the nervous system, the effects of genetics and epigenetics on neuronal development, and the molecular basis for neuroplasticity and neurodegenerative diseases.