Artificial rupture of membranes

Artificial economics

Artificial stoma

The development of full artificial intelligence could spell the end of the human race. Once humans develop artificial intelligence, it will take off on its own and redesign itself at an ever-increasing rate. Humans, who are limited by slow biological evolution, couldn't compete and would be superseded.

Artificial loch

Artificial conversational entity

An artificial hymen is a type of prosthetic created for the purpose of simulating an intact human hymen, usually to fake virginity.

Artificial fertiliser

Artificial lens implant

Artificial empathy (AE) is the development of AI systems − such as companion robots − that are able to detect and respond to human emotions. According to scientists, although the technology can be perceived as scary or threatening by many people, it could also have a significant advantage over humans in professions which are traditionally involved in emotional role-playing such as the health care sector.

Artificial reproduction/propagation is the creation of new life by other than the natural means available to an organism. Examples include artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, cloning and embryonic splitting, or cleavage.Cutting plants' stems and placing them in compost is also a form of artificial reproduction. We can grow many plants from one plant by using the man-made methods. The process of growing many plants from one plant by man-made methods is called artificial propagation of plants. A number of methods of artificial propagation of plants are used in agriculture (for raising crops), and horticulture (cultivation of vegetables, fruits and flowers). The three common methods for the artificial propagation of plants are:Cuttings,Layering, andGrafting.We will now describe all these methods, one by one. Let us start with the cuttings method for the artificial propagation of plants.

To produce an artificial harmonic, a stringed instrument player holds down a note on the neck with one finger of the non-dominant hand (thereby shortening the vibrational length of the string) and uses another finger to lightly touch a point on the string that is an integer divisor of its vibrational length, and plucks or bows the side of the string that is closer to the bridge. This technique is used to produce harmonic tones that are otherwise inaccessible on the instrument.

Artificial fibre

Artificial digestion is a laboratory technique that reduces digestible material for analytical purposes. Naturally occurring digestive agents such as pepsin and hydrochloric acid are typically used to accomplish artificial digestion.As an example, artificial digestion is used to detect the presence of encysted trichinella larvae in suspected muscle tissue. The meat sample is dissolved by a digestive solution and the remains are examined for the presence of larvae.

Artificial colours

Artificial seawater (abbreviated ASW) is a mixture of dissolved mineral salts (and sometimes vitamins) that simulates seawater. Artificial seawater is primarily used in marine biology and in marine and reef aquaria, and allows the easy preparation of media appropriate for marine organisms (including algae, bacteria, plants and animals). From a scientific perspective, artificial seawater has the advantage of reproducibility over natural seawater.

Artificial reef in Japan

Artificial gecko foot

Artificial marbling

Artificial gill (human)

Artificial Economics can be defined as ″a research field that aims at improving our understanding of socioeconomic processes with the help of computer simulation″.Like in Theoretical Economics, the approach followed in Artificial Economics to gain understanding of socioeconomic processes involves building and analysing formal models.

Artificial mud

Artificial grouping

Artificial double tracking

Artificial fertilization

Artificial kinship

Artificial nail

Artificial ingredient

Artificial elements

Artificial intelligence takeover

Artificial eye

Artificial intellect

Artificial nutrition (disambiguation)

Artificial life support

Artificial Life is a free and open sourced Java framework created to simulate Life. It is a multi-agents framework where each agent runs its own Thread.The agents are split into two different categories: the services and the processes. The services deliver services to other agents and the processes execute specific tasks.The agents are organized in a tree structure called Instance. Within an Instance, the services and the processes are grouped together and unlimited groups can be defined. Each node of the Instance tree can have a collection of views used to monitor the activity of the node or interact with the node. The definition of Java classes used within the Instance (i.e. processes, services or views) is defined in the Instance Model.In order to avoid dead locking, Artificial Life implements a messaging system, a method invocation mechanism based on the messaging system and an event mechanism also based on the messaging system.

Artificial castling
In chess, artificial castling (also called castling by hand) refers to a maneuver in which a king which has lost the right to castle achieves a castled position in several normal moves, instead of the one special move.

Artificial stability

Artificial intelligence for video surveillance

Artificial hip

An artificial facet replacement is a joint prosthesis intended to replace the natural facets and other posterior elements of the spine, restoring normal (or near-normal) motion while providing stabilization of spinal segments. It is typically used as an adjunct to laminectomy, laminotomy, neural decompression, and facetectomy, in lieu of standard lumbar fusion. The prosthesis is indicated for back and leg pain caused by central or lateral spinal stenosis, degenerative disease of the facets with instability, and grade 1 degenerative spondylolisthesis with objective evidence of neurological impairment.

Artificial earthquake

Artificial life form

Artificial dwelling mound

Artificial grass

Artificial respirator

Artificial insemination of cattle

Artificial perfusion

Artificial neural net

Artificial diamonds

Artificial river

Artificial soldier

Artificial intelligence box

Artificial nail-induced contact dermatitis

Artificial colors

Artificial gills are devices to let a human take in oxygen from surrounding water. This is speculative technology that has not been demonstrated in a documented fashion. Natural gills work because nearly all animals with gills are thermoconformers, so they need much less oxygen than a thermoregulator of the same size.

Artificial neural membrane

Artificial flavour

Artificial ruins or imitation ruins are edifice fragments built to resemble real remnants of historic buildings.Artificial ruins became fashionable in German interpretations of baroque and English gardens, like the Ruinenberg. The ruins are mostly of gothic or ancient style.

Artificial ski slopes

Artificial colouring

Artificial limbs

Artificial objects

Artificial nerve graft

Artificial hemoglobin

Artificial pearl

Artificial insemination by donor

Artificial penis

Artificial gem

Artificial leg

An artificial lung (AL) is a prosthetic device that provides oxygenation of blood and removal of carbon dioxide from the blood. The AL is intended to take over some of the functionality of biological lungs. It is different from a heart-lung machine in that it is external and designed to take over the functions of the lungs for long periods of time rather than on a temporary basis.The heart lung machine inspired the design of AL devices, however, modern ALs are optimised to minimize patient trauma. Following the development of the heart lung machine, Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) was developed. This was intended to be used as a bridge to lung transplant (BTT), for patients too sick to wait until a donor lung was available. Mechanical Ventilation (MV) has also been used, however, it is damaging to the patient's lungs if used for extended periods of time. Both these therapies are expensive and are associated with poor quality of life, in part due to patient immobility and the complex blood circuit.Recent developments include simplifying the ECMO system, and devices that use 380 micron wide hollow fibers to simulate the function of alveoli have been developed. Several research groups, notably, the University of Pittsburgh, the University of Michigan, University of Maryland and Boston based groups are developing AL devices to bridge patients to lung transplant.

Artificial lawn

Artificial lifeform

Artificial intelligence project

Artificial intelligence marketing

Artificial pacemaker

Artificial lung

Artificial flies

Artificial precision

Artificial fruit flavor

Artificial skull deformation

Artificial radioactivity

Artificial landscape

Artificial heart valves

Artificial neural networs

Artificial lift

Artificial human companions may be any kind of hardware or software creation designed to give companionship to a person. These can include digital pets, such as the popular Tamagotchi, or robots, such as the Sony AIBO. Virtual companions can be used as a form of entertainment, or they can be medical or functional, to assist the elderly in maintaining an acceptable standard of life.

Artificial insemination of horses

Artificial gravity is a common theme in fiction, particularly science fiction.

Artificial lift refers to the use of artificial means to increase the flow of liquids, such as crude oil or water, from a production well. Generally this is achieved by the use of a mechanical device inside the well (known as pump or velocity string) or by decreasing the weight of the hydrostatic column by injecting gas into the liquid some distance down the well. A newer method called Continuous Belt Transportation (CBT) uses an oil absorbing belt to extract from marginal and idle wells. Artificial lift is needed in wells when there is insufficient pressure in the reservoir to lift the produced fluids to the surface, but often used in naturally flowing wells (which do not technically need it) to increase the flow rate above what would flow naturally. The produced fluid can be oil, water or a mix of oil and water, typically mixed with some amount of gas.

Artificial gill

Artificial intelligence projects

Artificial intelligence take over

Artificial flavoring

Artificial shelters for spiders

Artificial intelligence in medicine

Artificial silk

Artificial scripts in ultima series

Artificial pollination

The core idea of A.I. systems integration is making individual software components, such as speech synthesizers, interoperable with other components, such as common sense knowledgebases, in order to create larger, broader and more capable A.I. systems. The main methods that have been proposed for integration are message routing, or communication protocols that the software components use to communicate with each other, often through a middleware blackboard system.Most artificial intelligence systems involve some sort of integrated technologies, for example the integration of speech synthesis technologies with that of speech recognition. However, in recent years there has been an increasing discussion on the importance of systems integration as a field in its own right. Proponents of this approach are researchers such as Marvin Minsky, Aaron Sloman, Deb Roy, Kristinn R. Thórisson and Michael A. Arbib. A reason for the recent attention A.I. integration is attracting is that there have already been created a number of (relatively) simple A.I. systems for specific problem domains (such as computer vision, speech synthesis, etc.), and that integrating what's already available is a more logical approach to broader A.I. than building monolithic systems from scratch.

Artificial gene fusion

Artificial harmonics

Artificial marbling is the injection of animal fat and/or vegetable oil into lean meat in order to simulate the appearance of marbling and attempt to improve the palatability of inexpensive cuts by preventing them from drying out or losing flavour during the freezing or cooking process. Lean cuts of beef are one common target of artificial marbling. The process may also be performed on pork. It has been described as a more technologically advanced form of larding.

Artificial selections

Artificial fur

Vote again to coincide with the general election.

Artificial membrane

Artificial coma

Artificial retinas

Artificial intelligence (AI)

Artificial chromosomes

Artificial intelligence marketing (AIM) is a form of direct marketing leveraging database marketing techniques as well as AI concept and model such as machine learning and Bayesian Network. The main difference resides in the reasoning part which suggests it is performed by computer and algorithm instead of human.

Artificial conciousness

Artificial intellegence

Artificial fish bait

Artificial Creation is a field of research that studies the primary synthesis of complex lifelike structures from primordial lifeless origins.The field bears some similarity to artificial life, but unlike artificial life, artificial creation focuses on the primary emergence of complex structures and processes of abiogenesis.

Artificial laughter

Artificial cornea

Artificial placenta

Artificial development

Artificial facet replacement

Artificial horizon

Artificial noise is a wave or vibration, audible, electromagnetic, or other signal, generated by a human source. The purpose of generating artificial noise, whether intentional or not, may vary, depending on what is considered noise in a particular context. It can be used to experiment on a subject by controlling the frequency or amplitude of the artificial noise to ascertain how the subject interacts with external stimulation.

Artificial human companion

Artificial grammar learning (AGL) is a paradigm of study within cognitive psychology and linguistics. Its goal is to investigate the processes that underlie human language learning by testing subjects' ability to learn a made-up grammar in a laboratory setting. It was developed to evaluate the processes of human language learning but has also been utilized to study implicit learning in a more general sense.

Artificial diamond

Artificial human companions

Artificial hymen

Artificial enzymes

In numerical mathematics, artificial precision is a source of error that occurs when a numerical value or semantic is expressed with more precision than was initially provided from measurement or user input. For example, a person enters their birthday as the date 1984-01-01 but it is stored in a database as 1984-01-01T00:00:00Z which introduces the artificial precision of the hour, minute, and second they were born, and may even affect the date, depending on the user's actual place of birth.

An artificial lung (AL) is a prosthetic device that provides oxygenation of blood and removal of carbon dioxide from the blood. The AL is intended to take over some of the functionality of biological lungs.

Artificial coloring

Artificial insemination of livestock and pets

Artificial satellites are rarely placed in retrograde orbit. This is partly due to the extra velocity (and fuel) required to launch into orbit against the direction of the Earth's rotation.Most commercial Earth-observing satellites use retrograde sun-synchronous orbits to ensure that observations are performed at the same local time each pass of any given location, while almost all communication satellites use prograde orbits.

Artificial chromosome (disambiguation)

Artificial imagination, also called synthetic imagination or machine imagination, is defined as the artificial simulation of human imagination by general or special purpose computers or artificial neural networks.The term artificial imagination is also used to describe a property of machines or programs.

Artificial gills

Artificial reproductive technology

Artificial cloud

Artificial intelligence in gaming

Artificial inteligence

Artificial ear

Artificial consciousness (disambiguation)

An artificial organ is a man-made device that is implanted or integrated into a human — interfacing with living tissue — to replace a natural organ, for the purpose of duplicating or augmenting a specific function or a group of related functions so the patient may return to a normal life as soon as possible. The replaced function doesn't necessarily have to be related to life support, but it often is.

Artificial christmas tree

Artificial flowers

To produce an artificial harmonic, a stringed instrument player holds down a note on the neck with one finger of the non-dominant hand (thereby shortening the vibrational length of the string) and uses another finger to lightly touch a point on the string that is an integer divisor of its vibrational length, and plucks or bows the side of the string that is closer to the bridge. This technique is used to produce harmonic tones that are otherwise inaccessible on the instrument. To guitar players, one variety of this technique is known as a pinch harmonic.This technique, like natural harmonics, works by canceling out the fundamental tone and one or more partial tones by deadening their modes of vibration. See node.

Artificial eye (disambiguation)

Artificial retina project

Artificial imagination

Artificial mountain

Artificial joint infection

Artificial intelligence reasoning

Artificial rupture of membranes (AROM), also known as an amniotomy, may be performed by a midwife or obstetrician to induce or accelerate labor. The membranes may be ruptured using a specialized tool, such as an amnihook or amnicot, or they may be ruptured by the proceduralist's finger. The different techniques for artificial rupture of membranes have not been extensively compared in the literature.

Artificial fever

Artificial disc replacement

Artificial intelligence and law (AI and law) is a subfield of artificial intelligence (AI) mainly concerned with applications of AI to legal informatics problems and original research on those problems. It is also concerned to contribute in the other direction: to export tools and techniques developed in the context of legal problems to AI in general.

Artificial gene

Artificial psychology is a theoretical discipline proposed by Dan Curtis (b. 1963). The theory considers the situation when an artificial intelligence approaches the level of complexity where the intelligence meets two conditions:Condition IA: Makes all of its decisions autonomouslyB: Is capable of making decisions based on information that isNewAbstractIncompleteC: The artificial intelligence is capable of reprogramming itself based on the new dataD: And is capable of resolving its own programming conflicts, even in the presence of incomplete data. This means that the intelligence autonomously makes value-based decisions, referring to values that the intelligence has created for itself.Condition IIAll four criteria are met in situations that are not part of the original operating programWhen both conditions are met, then, according to this theory, the possibility exists that the intelligence will reach irrational conclusions based on real or created information. At this point, the criteria is met for intervention which will not necessarily be resolved by simple re-coding of processes due to extraordinarily complex nature of the codebase itself; but rather a discussion with the intelligence in a format which more closely resembles classical (human) psychology.If the intelligence cannot be reprogrammed by directly inputting new code, but requires the intelligence to reprogram itself through a process of analysis and decision based on information provided by a human, in order for it to overcome behavior which is inconsistent with the machines purpose or ability to function normally, then artificial psychology is by definition, what is required.The level of complexity that is required before these thresholds are met is currently a subject of extensive debate. The theory of artificial psychology does not address the specifics of what those levels may be, but only that the level is sufficiently complex that the intelligence cannot simply be recoded by a software developer, and therefore dysfunctionality must be addressed through the same processes that humans must go through to address their own dysfunctionalities. Along the same lines, artificial psychology does not address the question of whether or not the intelligence is conscious.As of 2015, the level of artificial intelligence does not approach any threshold where any of the theories or principles of artificial psychology can even be tested, and therefore, artificial psychology remains a largely theoretical discipline.

Artificial intelligence applications

Artificial satellites

Artificial rupture of membranes (AROM), also known as an amniotomy, may be performed by a midwife or obstetrician to induce or accelerate labor. The membranes may be ruptured using a specialized tool, such as an amnihook or amnicot, or they may be ruptured by the proceduralist's finger. The different techniques for artificial rupture of membranes have not been extensively compared in the literature. In one study comparing amnihook versus amnicot for artificial rupture of membranes, use of an amnicot was associated with fewer neonatal scalp lacerations.With the amnihook method, a sterile plastic hook is inserted into the vagina and used to puncture the membranes containing the amniotic fluid. With the membranes punctured, amniotic fluid is able to escape from the uterus and exit the vagina. The absence of a fluid buffer between the fetus and uterus stimulates uterine contractions, which are also promoted by the rush of prostaglandins from the amniotic fluid.

Artificial hips

Artificial demand constitutes demand for something that, in the absence of exposure to the vehicle of creating demand, would not exist. It has controversial applications in microeconomics (pump and dump strategy) and advertising.A demand is usually seen as artificial when it increases consumer utility very inefficiently; for example, a physician prescribing unnecessary surgeries would create artificial demand.

Artificial preservative

Artificial flavourings

Artificial Economics can be defined as ″a research field that aims at improving our understanding of socioeconomic processes with the help of computer simulation″.Like in Theoretical Economics, the approach followed in Artificial Economics to gain understanding of socioeconomic processes involves building and analysing formal models. However, in contrast with Theoretical Economics, models in Artificial Economics are implemented in a programming language so that computers can be employed to analyse them. Concretely, the method followed in Artificial Economics to analyse formal models most often comprises two stages: 1) deductive generation of samples, and 2) inductive inference of general patterns.The deductive generation of samples consists in running the model many times for different particularisations of the variables that the model contains. Specifically, if the model is stochastic, then each computer simulation run is conducted with a specific realisation of each and every random variable in the model. The result of this first stage is a set of inputs and their corresponding outputs, which have been derived by the computer using pure deduction, i.e. applying to the inputs the inference rules that define the model.Once a sufficient number of samples have been obtained, an inductive approach is then employed to infer general patterns about the behaviour of the model. This inductive process can only lead to probable –rather than necessarily true– conclusions (unless all possible particular instances are explored), since it tries to infer general properties out of particular instances.Thus, using this computer simulation approach, the data is produced by the computer using strict deduction, but the general patterns about how the rules of the model transform the inputs into the outputs are inferred using generalisation by induction.The benefit of using the computer simulation approach described above (vs. pure logical deduction only) is that it enables the exploration of (formal) models that are –currently– intractable using the most advanced mathematical techniques. This is so because the set of assumptions that can be investigated using computer simulation is not limited by the strong restrictions that mathematical tractability imposes. This point is particularly important in the study of socioeconomic processes, which –due to its complex nature– are oftentimes difficult or impossible to address adequately using a purely deductive approach only. The strictly deductive approach often requires so many simplifications to ensure mathematical tractability that the correspondence between the real world and the model assumptions turns out disappointingly weak. Some of these simplifications have been outlined in the left column of the table below, together with some of the features that can be explored using the Artificial Economics approach (right column).The differences in the type of assumptions investigated using the strictly deductive approach only and those investigated in Artificial Economics are so fundamental that some scholars see these differences as the defining features of Artificial Economics. Other scholars find that the distinctive characteristic of Artificial Economics is methodological, i.e. the use of the computer simulation approach. The fact that models in Artificial Economics are implemented in a programming language (rather than expressed as a set of equations) is not considered substantial since any model implemented in computer code can be expressed as a well-defined mathematical function.

Artificial conception

Artificial meat

Artificial nail induced contact dermatitis

Artificial gravity (fiction)

Artificial substitutes

Artificial neural membrane (ANM) refers to a new class of functional structure developed through research adaptive and evolutionary neural networks and programmable materials. The greatest interest in ANM structures surround their potential as open architecture environments for the integration of microscale and nanoscale devices.Originally based on the Neurogenesis Algorithms developed by mathematician and engineering physicist Dr. P. A. Menges. While working as a postdoctoral research associate at Los Alamos National Laboratory, Dr. Menges became interested in thin film materials used in specialized sensors also referred to as smart skins. After leaving the laboratory she established a computational method allowing networks to automatically embed or simulate on other networks based in functional materials.Artificial neural membrane technology development has been funded by the NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts, for application to flapping wing flight. Currently Aerospace Research Systems, Inc – the agency that pioneered work in developing artificial neurons for use in control of multifunctional smart structures – is applying the technology to reusable launch vehicles. Other applications include biotechnology processes, morphing aircraft and spacecraft, adaptive wind generators, and artificial organs. Recent research also indicates that ANM systems may provide the first truly automated intentional or conceptual programming environment. The ANM technology has been referred as being as significant as semiconductors in the 1950s.

Artificial flowers are imitations of natural flowering plants used for commercial or residential decoration.

Artificial flavorings

Artificial propagation

Artificial lift refers to the use of artificial means to increase the flow of liquids, such as crude oil or water, from a production well. Generally this is achieved by the use of a mechanical device inside the well (known as pump or velocity string) or by decreasing the weight of the hydrostatic column by injecting gas into the liquid some distance down the well. A newer method called Continuous Belt Transportation (CBT) uses an oil absorbing belt to extract from marginal and idle wells.

Artificial reefs

Artificial ports

Artificial intelligence

Artificial extracorporeal liver support is measures used to carry out liver function that are outside the body. The Molecular Adsorbent Recirculation System (MARS) is an example of artificial extracorporeal liver support. MARS banks on the recycling of albumin solution via an anion exchanger and active charcoal. The patient's blood is led through the hollow fibre capillaries of a high-flux dialysis filter. Albumin solution, which is circulated in the extracorporeal circuit, passes the membrane counter directionally, allowing albumin-bound toxins in the blood to cross the membrane and bind to the albumin of the MARS circuit. The membrane is, however, impermeable to albumin. When passing the adsorber and filter cartridges, the toxins are cleared by the filter and albumin is regenerated and able to accept new toxins when passing the membrane again. Additionally, the albumin circuit itself is dialysed in the method of continuous veno-venous haemodialysis (CVVHD) or continuous veno-venous heamodiafiltration (CVVHDF), diminishing the load of water-soluble toxins.Devices that support liver function outside of the body are:Liver dialysisBioartificial liver devices

The literature of science fiction and fantasy is extensive and includes many subgenres which includes artificial intelligence as a recurrent theme in science fiction. As a subgenre of science fiction, the fiction of artificial intelligence (AI) also applies the sub-themes of utopian and dystopian themes to its plots. Artificial intelligence (AI) is a common topic of science fiction.

Artificial glaciation

Artificial plant

Artificial cheese

Artificial noise

Artificial intelligence for video surveillance utilizes computer software programs that analyze the images from video surveillance cameras in order to recognize humans, vehicles or objects. Security contractors program the software to define restricted areas within the camera's view (such as a fenced off area, a parking lot but not the sidewalk or public street outside the lot) and program for times of day (such as after the close of business) for the property being protected by the camera surveillance. The artificial intelligence ("A.I.") sends an alert if it detects a trespasser breaking the "rule" set that no person is allowed in that area during that time of day.The A.I. program functions by using machine vision. Machine vision is a series of algorithms, or mathematical procedures, which work like a flow-chart or series of questions to compare the object seen with hundreds of thousands of stored reference images of humans in different postures, angles, positions and movements. The A.I. asks itself if the observed object moves like the reference images, whether it is approximately the same size height relative to width, if it has the characteristic two arms and two legs, if it moves with similar speed, and if it is vertical instead of horizontal. Many other questions are possible, such as the degree to which the object is reflective, the degree to which it is steady or vibrating, and the smoothness with which it moves. Combining all of the values from the various questions, an overall ranking is derived which gives the A.I. the probability that the object is or is not a human. If the value exceeds a limit that is set, then the alert is sent. It is characteristic of such programs that they are self-learning to a degree, learning, for example that humans or vehicles appear bigger in certain portions of the monitored image – those areas near the camera – than in other portions, those being the areas farthest from the camera.In addition to the simple rule restricting humans or vehicles from certain areas at certain times of day, more complex rules can be set. The user of the system may wish to know if vehicles drive in one direction but not the other. Users may wish to know that there are more than a certain preset number of people within a particular area. The A.I. is capable of maintaining surveillance of hundreds of cameras simultaneously. Its ability to spot a trespasser in the distance or in rain or glare is superior to humans' ability to do so.This type of A.I. for security is known as "rule-based" because a human programmer must set rules for all of the things for which the user wishes to be alerted. This is the most prevalent form of A.I. for security. Many video surveillance camera systems today include this type of A.I. capability. The hard-drive that houses the program can either be located in the cameras themselves or can be in a separate device that receives the input from the cameras.A newer, non-rule based form of A.I. for security called "behavioral analytics" has been developed. This software is fully self-learning with no initial programming input by the user or security contractor. In this type of analytics, the A.I. learns what is normal behavior for people, vehicles, machines, and the environment based on its own observation of patterns of various characteristics such as size, speed, reflectivity, color, grouping, vertical or horizontal orientation and so forth. The A.I. normalizes the visual data, meaning that it classifies and tags the objects and patterns it observes, building up continuously refined definitions of what is normal or average behavior for the various observed objects. After several weeks of learning in this fashion it can recognize when things break the pattern. When it observes such anomalies it sends an alert. For example, it is normal for cars to drive in the street. A car seen driving up onto a sidewalk would be an anomaly. If a fenced yard is normally empty at night, then a person entering that area would be an anomaly.

Artificial intelligence in fiction

Artificial color

Artificial gecko hair

Artificial scheelite

Artificial reproduction/propagation is the creation of new life by other than the natural means available to an organism. Examples include artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, cloning and embryonic splitting, or cleavage.Cutting plants' stems and placing them in compost is also a form of artificial reproduction. We can grow many plants from one plant by using the man-made methods.

Artificial lungs

Artificial stone

Artificial creation

Artificial satellite

Artificial organism

Artificial languages

Artificial neural networks

Artificial snowflake

Artificial psychology is a theoretical discipline proposed by Dan Curtis (b. 1963).

Artificial joint

Artificial knee

Artificial ski slope

Artificial harbour

Artificial Creation is a field of research that studies the primary synthesis of complex lifelike structures from primordial lifeless origins.The field bears some similarity to artificial life, but unlike artificial life, artificial creation focuses on the primary emergence of complex structures and processes of abiogenesis. Artificial creation does not rely exclusively on the application of evolutionary computation and genetic algorithms to optimize artificial creatures or grow synthetic life forms. Artificial creation instead studies systems of rules of interaction, initial conditions and primordial building blocks that can generate complex lifelike structures, based exclusively on repeated application of rules of interaction.An essential difference that distinguishes artificial creation from other related fields is that no explicit fitness function is used to select for fit structures. Structures exist based only on their ability to persist as entities that do not violate the system's rules of interaction. Artificial creation studies the way in which complex emergent properties can arise to form a self-organizing system.

Artificial retina

Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence exhibited by machines. In computer science, the field of AI research defines itself as the study of "intelligent agents": any device that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chance of success at some goal.

Artificial immune systems

Artificial meat (disambiguation)

Artificial rupture of the membranes

An artificial fly or fly lure is a type of fishing lure, usually used in the sport of fly fishing (although they may also be used in other forms of angling). In general, artificial flies are an imitation of natural food sources which fly fishers present to their target species of fish while fly fishing. Artificial flies are constructed by fly tying, in which furs, feathers, thread or any of very many other materials are tied onto a fish hook. Artificial flies may be constructed to represent all manner of potential freshwater and saltwater fish prey to include aquatic and terrestrial insects, crustaceans, worms, baitfish, vegetation, flesh, spawn, small reptiles, amphibians, mammals and birds, etc. Effective artificial fly patterns are said to be killing flies because of their ability to put fish in the creel for the fly fisher. There are thousands of artificial fly patterns, many of them with descriptive and often idiosyncratic names.

Artificial imagination, also called synthetic imagination or machine imagination, is defined as the artificial simulation of human imagination by general or special purpose computers or artificial neural networks.The term artificial imagination is also used to describe a property of machines or programs. Some of the traits that researchers hope to simulate include creativity, vision, digital art, humor, and satire.Artificial imagination research uses tools and insights from many fields, including computer science, rhetoric, psychology, creative arts, philosophy, neuroscience, affective computing, Artificial Intelligence, Artificial intuition, cognitive science, linguistics, operations research, creative writing, probability and logic.Practitioners in the field are researching various aspects of Artificial imagination, such as Artificial (visual) imagination, Artificial (aural) Imagination, modeling/filtering content based on human emotions and Interactive Search. Some articles on the topic speculate on how artificial imagination may evolve to create an artificial world "people may be comfortable enough to escape from the real world".Some researchers such as G. Schleis and M. Rizki have focused on using artificial neural networks to simulate artificial imagination.An important initiative in the field has been the founding of Vicarious, a Silicon Valley Startup which is led by D. Scott Phoenix and Dileep George. Their goal is to build an AI system that can learn faster than others and able to deduce something from very few examples. For that proposal, a fund of $40 million USD has been collected among people such as, Jeff Bezos, Amazon founder, Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook founder or venture capitalist Peter Thiel.Another important project is being led by Hiroharu Kato and Tatsuya Harada at the University of Tokyo in Japan. They have developed a computer capable to translate a description of an object into an image, which could be the easiest way to define what imagination is. Their idea is based on the concept of image as a series of pixels divided into short sequences that correspond to a specific part of an image. The scientists call this sequences “visual words” and those can be interpreted by the machine using statistical distribution to read an create an image of an object that in fact the machine does not knows how it look like.The topic of artificial imagination has gotten interest from scholars outside the computer science domain, such as noted communications scholar Ernest Bormann, who came up with the Symbolic Convergence Theory and worked on a project to develop artificial imagination in computer systems.How to Build a Mind: Toward Machines with Imagination by Igor Aleksander is a good academic book on the topic; Artificial Imagination, a roman à clef, is a good non-academic book supposedly written by an Artificial imagination system.

Artificial contraception

Artificial idiocy

Artificial fertilizer

Artificial intelligence journal

Artificial neurons

Artificial dam

Artificial organ

Artificial fibres

The literature of science fiction and fantasy is extensive and includes many subgenres which includes artificial intelligence as a recurrent theme in science fiction. As a subgenre of science fiction, the fiction of artificial intelligence (AI) also applies the sub-themes of utopian and dystopian themes to its plots. Artificial intelligence (AI) is a common topic of science fiction. Science fiction sometimes emphasizes the dangers of artificial intelligence, and sometimes its positive potential.The notion of advanced robots with human-like intelligence has been around for decades. Samuel Butler was the first to raise this issue, in a number of articles contributed to a local periodical in New Zealand and later developed into the three chapters of his novel Erewhon that compose its fictional Book of the Machines. To quote his own words:There is no security against the ultimate development of mechanical consciousness, in the fact of machines possessing little consciousness now. A jellyfish has not much consciousness. Reflect upon the extraordinary advance which machines have made during the last few hundred years, and note how slowly the animal and vegetable kingdoms are advancing. The more highly organized machines are creatures not so much of yesterday, as of the last five minutes, so to speak, in comparison with past time.Various scenarios have been proposed for categorizing the general themes dealing with artificial intelligence in science fiction. The main approaches are AI dominance, Human dominance and Sentient AI.In a 2013 book on the films of Ridley Scott, AI has been identified as a unifying theme throughout Scott's career as a director, as is particularly evident in Prometheus, primarily through the android David. David, the android in the film Prometheus, is like humans but does not want to be anything like them, eschewing a common theme in "robotic storytelling" seen in Scott's other films such as Blade Runner, and the Alien franchise (see section on AI in service to society).

Artificial digestion

Artificial human blood

Artificial larynx

Artificial leather

Artificial chromosome

Artificial hybrid

Artificial human characters in Stargate

Artificial flavor

Artificial lake

Artificial restriction enzyme

Artificial magnetic conductor

Artificial dielectric

Artificial leather (bicast leather) is a fabric or finish intended to substitute for leather in fields such as upholstery, clothing, footwear and fabrics and other uses where a leather-like finish is required but the actual material is cost-prohibitive, unsuitable, or unusable for ethical reasons.Production of synthetic, artificial/faux "leathers" has recently evolved so that a shell coating layer goes on top of a synthetic polymer blend, so the definition of "synthetic", "artificial/faux" leather methods of production no longer necessarily requires composite leather blends of [coated] raw-tanned cowhide grains and/or its fibrous layers.

Artificial intelligence for video surveillance utilizes computer software programs that analyze the images from video surveillance cameras in order to recognize humans, vehicles or objects.

Artificial grammar learning

Artificial ruby

Artificial climbing wall

Artificial leaf

Artificial nose

Artificial reefs are used to increase sustainable fishing activities on the coastline of Japan, which depends heavily on the sea for food.

Artificial fertilisation

Artificial shelter for spiders

An artificial facet replacement is a joint prosthesis intended to replace the natural facets and other posterior elements of the spine, restoring normal (or near-normal) motion while providing stabilization of spinal segments. It is typically used as an adjunct to laminectomy, laminotomy, neural decompression, and facetectomy, in lieu of standard lumbar fusion.

Artificial dwelling hill

Artificial flavours

Artificial precipitation

Artificial moral agents

Artificial erythrocyte

Artificial lakes

Artificial intelligence and law

Artificial harmonic

Artificial flower

Artificial human saga

Artificial extracorporeal liver support is measures used to carry out liver function that are outside the body. The Molecular Adsorbent Recirculation System (MARS) is an example of artificial extracorporeal liver support. MARS banks on the recycling of albumin solution via an anion exchanger and active charcoal. The patient's blood is led through the hollow fibre capillaries of a high-flux dialysis filter.

Artificial consciousness (science fiction)

Artificial gametes

Artificial shelters, also known as artificial cover objects, are a type of trap that is used to capture spiders. Artificial shelters are designed to be a place where a spider can build its web. These traps can be used in research to record the presence or absence of a spider, the approximate age and the species of the spider. This type of trap is also considered suitable for the insect hobbyist.

Artificial empathy (AE) is the development of AI systems − such as companion robots − that are able to detect and respond to human emotions. According to scientists, although the technology can be perceived as scary or threatening by many people, it could also have a significant advantage over humans in professions which are traditionally involved in emotional role-playing such as the health care sector. From the care-giver perspective for instance, performing emotional labor above and beyond the requirements of paid labor often results in chronic stress or burnout, and the development of a feeling of being desensitized to patients. However, it is argued that the emotional role-playing between the care-receiver and a robot can actually have a more positive outcome in terms of creating the conditions of less fear and concern for one's own predicament best exemplified by the phrase: "if it is just a robot taking care of me it cannot be that critical." Scholars debate the possible outcome of such technology using two different perspectives. Either, the AE could help the socialization of care-givers, or serve as role model for emotional detachment.

Artificial language

Artificial market

Artificial script

Artificial legal entity

Artificial society is the specific agent based computational model for computer simulation in social analysis. It is mostly connected to the theme in complex system, emergence, Monte Carlo method, computational sociology, multi-agent system, and evolutionary programming. The concept itself is simple enough. Actually reaching this conceptual point took a while. Complex mathematical models have been, and are, common; deceivingly simple models only have their roots in the late forties, and took the advent of the microcomputer to really get up to speed.

Artificial head

Artificial demand

Artificial flavors

Artificial creamer

Artificial fly

This article describes organizations that promote Artificial life.

Artificial disintegration is the term coined by Ernest Rutherford for the process by which an atomic nucleus is broken down by bombarding it with high speed alpha particles, either from a particle accelerator, or a naturally decaying radioactive substance such as radium, as Rutherford originally used.

Artificial inseminator

Artificial reproduction

Artificial languages are languages of a typically very limited size which emerge either in computer simulations between artificial agents, robot interactions or controlled psychological experiments with humans. They are different from both constructed languages and formal languages in that they have not been consciously devised by an individual or group but are the result of (distributed) conventionalisation processes, much like natural languages. Opposed to the idea of a central designer, the field of artificial language evolution in which artificial languages are studied can be regarded as a sub-part of the more general cultural evolution studies.

Artificial life organizations

Artificial liver

Artificial fog

Artificial life framework

Artificial light

Artificial element

Artificial polymers

Artificial snow

Artificial demand constitutes demand for something that, in the absence of exposure to the vehicle of creating demand, would not exist. It has controversial applications in microeconomics (pump and dump strategy) and advertising.A demand is usually seen as artificial when it increases consumer utility very inefficiently; for example, a physician prescribing unnecessary surgeries would create artificial demand. Government spending with the primary purpose of providing jobs (rather than deliverying any other end product) has been labelled "artificial demand". Similarly Noam Chomsky has suggested that unchecked militarism is a type of government-created artificial demand, a "system of state planning ... oriented toward military production, in effect, the production of high technology waste", with military Keynesianism or a powerful military industrial complex amounts to the "creation of state-guaranteed markets for high technology waste (armaments)."Vehicles of creating artificial demand can include mass media advertising, which can create demand for goods, services, political policies or platforms, and other entities.Another example of artificial demand can be seen in penny stock spam. After purchasing a large number of shares of an extremely low-value stock, the spammer attempts to create artificial demand by implementing a spam-based guerrilla marketing strategy.

Artificial lighting

Artificial organic brain

Artificial fat

Artificial intelligences

Artificial object

Artificial scripts in Ultima series

Artificial seawater

Artificial gills (human)

Artificial recharge

In numerical mathematics, artificial precision is a source of error that occurs when a numerical value or semantic is expressed with more precision than was initially provided from measurement or user input. For example, a person enters their birthday as the date 1984-01-01 but it is stored in a database as 1984-01-01T00:00:00Z which introduces the artificial precision of the hour, minute, and second they were born, and may even affect the date, depending on the user's actual place of birth. This is also an example of false precision, which is artificial precision specifically of numerical quantities or measures.

Artificial law

Artificial joints

Artificial memory system

Artificial society

Artificial intelligence for development

Artificial mind and movement

Artificial moon

Artificial food

Artificial development, also known as artificial embryogeny or computational development, is an area of computer science and engineering concerned with computational models motivated by genotype-phenotype mappings in biological systems. Artificial development is often considered a sub-field of evolutionary computation, although the principles of artificial development have also been used within stand-alone computational models.Within evolutionary computation, the need for artificial development techniques was motivated by the perceived lack of scalability and evolvability of direct solution encodings (Tufte, 2008). Artificial development entails indirect solution encoding. Rather than describing a solution directly, an indirect encoding describes (either explicitly or implicitly) the process by which a solution is constructed. Often, but not always, these indirect encodings are based upon biological principles of development such as morphogen gradients, cell division and cellular differentiation (e.g. Doursat 2008), gene regulatory networks (e.g. Guo et al., 2009), degeneracy (Whitacre et al., 2010), grammatical evolution (de Salabert et al., 2006), or analogous computational processes such as re-writing, iteration, and time. The influences of interaction with the environment, spatiality and physical constraints on differentiated multi-cellular development have been investigated more recently (e.g. Knabe et al. 2008).Artificial development approaches have been applied to a number of computational and design problems, including electronic circuit design (Miller and Banzhaf 2003), robotic controllers (e.g. Taylor 2004), and the design of physical structures (e.g. Hornby 2004).

Artificial respiration

Artificial fiber

Artificial psychology

Artificial life game

Artificial groundwater recharge

Artificial reefs in Japan

Artificial insemination of sheep

Artificial intelligence (history)

Artificial muscles

Artificial disintegration

Artificial rubber

Artificial intelligence systems integration

Artificial harbor

Artificial sentience

Artificial consciousness in fiction

Artificial society is the specific agent based computational model for computer simulation in social analysis. It is mostly connected to the theme in complex system, emergence, Monte Carlo method, computational sociology, multi-agent system, and evolutionary programming. The concept itself is simple enough. Actually reaching this conceptual point took a while.

Artificial deformation of the skull

Artificial evolution

Artificial islands

Artificial flowers are imitations of natural flowering plants used for commercial or residential decoration. They are sometimes made for scientific purposes (the collection of glass flowers at Harvard University, for example, illustrates the flora of the United States).Materials used in their manufacture have included painted linen and shavings of stained horn in ancient Egypt, gold and silver in ancient Rome, rice-paper in China, silkworm cocoons in Italy, colored feathers in South America, and wax and tinted shells. Modern techniques involve carved or formed soap, nylon netting stretched over wire frames, ground clay, and mass-produced injection plastic mouldings. Polyester has been the main material for manufacturing artificial flowers since the 1970s. Most artificial flowers in the market nowadays are made of polyester fabric.

Artificial material

Artificial pet

Artificial ice

Artificial satellite orbit

Artificial neural membrane (ANM) refers to a new class of functional structure developed through research adaptive and evolutionary neural networks and programmable materials. The greatest interest in ANM structures surround their potential as open architecture environments for the integration of microscale and nanoscale devices.Originally based on the Neurogenesis Algorithms developed by mathematician and engineering physicist Dr. P. A. Menges.

Artificial empathy

An artificial organ is a man-made device that is implanted or integrated into a human — interfacing with living tissue — to replace a natural organ, for the purpose of duplicating or augmenting a specific function or a group of related functions so the patient may return to a normal life as soon as possible. The replaced function doesn't necessarily have to be related to life support, but it often is. For example, replacement bones and joints, such as those found in hip replacements, could also be considered artificial organs. Implied by this definition is the fact that the device must not be continuously tethered to a stationary power supply or other stationary resources such as filters or chemical processing units. (Periodic rapid recharging of batteries, refilling of chemicals, and/or cleaning/replacing of filters would exclude a device from being called an artificial organ.) Thus a dialysis machine, while a very successful and critically important life support device that almost completely replaces the duties of a kidney, is not an artificial organ.

Artificial feeding of wildlife

The core idea of A.I. systems integration is making individual software components, such as speech synthesizers, interoperable with other components, such as common sense knowledgebases, in order to create larger, broader and more capable A.I. systems.

Artificial nutrition

Artificial curiosity

Artificial moral agent

Artificial intelligence agent

Artificial controversy

Artificial powered exoskeleton

Artificial limb

Artificial satellites in retrograde orbit

Artificial rain

Artificial noise is a wave or vibration, audible, electromagnetic, or other signal, generated by a human source. The purpose of generating artificial noise, whether intentional or not, may vary, depending on what is considered noise in a particular context. It can be used to experiment on a subject by controlling the frequency or amplitude of the artificial noise to ascertain how the subject interacts with external stimulation. For example, to test the sensitivity of a microphone noise-reducing filter, the test administrator could generate artificial noise in a laboratory setting to determine whether the microphone suppresses the noise (i.e. filters it out), or interprets the noise as something that is not noise (i.e. passes it through). In some respects, this very article could be considered artificial noise if it did not align with the editorial standards of Wikipedia. In the context of urban dwellings or establishments, artificial noise might be called light pollution, or commuter traffic.In the context of spectator sports, artificial noise is the use of artificial sound-making devices to show the audience's support.In organized sports' early years, noise, such as there was, came solely from the cheering of a team's supporters. Early in the history of American football, however, the practice of employing cheerleaders became standard, and these individuals soon began to use megaphones to lead the cheering. Even prior to the era of electronics, the use of horns and cowbells had begun in an attempt to make noise louder than that which could be created through the mere use of the human voice. The invention of the compressed air horn gave fans another weapon in their arsenal. As fan sophistication increased, they learned to make noise in a way which distracted the visiting team to the assistance of their own. College football teams, especially, which had their own marching bands, came to depend upon the band to play loudly at strategic times, which, while hardly sportsmanlike, could be very effective.Two developments more than any others led sports leagues to regulate artificial noise. The first was advances in electronics which put items like portable bullhorns within reach of the typical fan. These devices could create an incredible level of noise which could make game play almost intolerable. The second was the rise of fan interest in college basketball, which is of course played in indoor venues in which the sound typically dissipates far less than in outdoor ones. Leagues did not desire to end the vocal support of fans, but learned that they would have to regulate artificial noise made by electronics, horns, bells, and the like, to make game play tolerable. Most leagues eventually banned these devices altogether, banned cheerleaders from access to public-address systems, and prevented bands from playing while the ball was actually in play. Most leagues have also followed the lead of the National Football League and also banned the playing of recorded music while actual game play is occurring, limiting it to when the ball is dead. In 2007, the Indianapolis Colts were accused of adding artificial noise against the New England PatriotsIn football, the referee can call a "delay of game" penalty on the home team if, after being warned, the management of the venue does not or cannot do enough to prevent the use of artificial noisemakers. In basketball, a technical foul can be called on the home team if it is felt that they are not making a sufficient effort to prevent the generation of artificial noise. In the 2004 Arena Football League playoffs, the San Jose SaberCats organization was actually fined $10,000 for distributing cowbells prior to a game versus the Tampa Bay Storm. The most common devices used to create artificial noise today are "thunder sticks", long aluminized PET film balloons which make a sort of drumming noise when banged together. It seems likely that these will be banned at some point in the near future.Some groups of fans routinely defy bans on artificial noisemakers. The most notorious noise scofflaws in North American sports are football fans of Mississippi State University. The Southeastern Conference (SEC), has completely banned artificial noisemakers for many years; however, this has not stopped MSU fans from smuggling in cowbells (long a tradition at MSU) by the thousands and ringing them during games. However, they now generally restrict their ringing to times when the ball is dead.

Artificial intelligence and law (AI and law) is a subfield of artificial intelligence (AI) mainly concerned with applications of AI to legal informatics problems and original research on those problems. It is also concerned to contribute in the other direction: to export tools and techniques developed in the context of legal problems to AI in general. For example, theories of legal decision making, especially models of argumentation, have contributed to knowledge representation and reasoning; models of social organization based on norms have contributed to multi-agent systems; reasoning with legal cases has contributed to case-based reasoning; and the need to store and retrieve large amounts of textual data has resulted in contributions to conceptual information retrieval and intelligent databases.

Artificial duck

Artificial limbs manufacturing corporation of india

Artificial glacier

Artificial stone is a name for various kinds of synthetic stone products used from the 18th century onward. As well as artistic uses, they have been used in building construction, civil engineering work, and industrial uses such as grindstones.

Artificial grammar learning (AGL) is a paradigm of study within cognitive psychology and linguistics. Its goal is to investigate the processes that underlie human language learning by testing subjects' ability to learn a made-up grammar in a laboratory setting. It was developed to evaluate the processes of human language learning but has also been utilized to study implicit learning in a more general sense. The area of interest is typically the subjects' ability to detect patterns and statistical regularities during a training phase and then use their new knowledge of those patterns in a testing phase. The testing phase can either use the symbols or sounds used in the training phase or transfer the patterns to another set of symbols or sounds as surface structure.Many researchers propose that the rules of the artificial grammar are learned on an implicit level since the rules of the grammar are never explicitly presented to the participants. The paradigm has also recently been utilized for other areas of research such as language learning aptitude and to investigate which brain structures are involved in syntax acquisition and implicit learning.Apart from humans, the paradigm has also been used to investigate pattern learning in other species, e.g. cottontop tamarins and starlings.

Artificial creativity

Artificial currency

Artificial insemination center of Quebec

Artificial reef society of british columbia

Artificial extracorporeal liver support

Artificial selection

An artificial fly or fly lure is a type of fishing lure, usually used in the sport of fly fishing (although they may also be used in other forms of angling). In general, artificial flies are an imitation of natural food sources which fly fishers present to their target species of fish while fly fishing. Artificial flies are constructed by fly tying, in which furs, feathers, thread or any of very many other materials are tied onto a fish hook.

Artificial languages are languages of a typically very limited size which emerge either in computer simulations between artificial agents, robot interactions or controlled psychological experiments with humans. They are different from both constructed languages and formal languages in that they have not been consciously devised by an individual or group but are the result of (distributed) conventionalisation processes, much like natural languages.

Artificial Life is a free and open sourced Java framework created to simulate Life. It is a multi-agents framework where each agent runs its own Thread.The agents are split into two different categories: the services and the processes. The services deliver services to other agents and the processes execute specific tasks.The agents are organized in a tree structure called Instance. Within an Instance, the services and the processes are grouped together and unlimited groups can be defined.

Artificial pitch

Artificial foreskin

Artificial development, also known as artificial embryogeny or computational development, is an area of computer science and engineering concerned with computational models motivated by genotype-phenotype mappings in biological systems.

Artificial ruins