Geological Survey of California

Geology of Essex

Geological society of india

Geological history of Point Lobos

Geological Survey of Sweden (Swedish: Sveriges geologiska undersökning, SGU) is a Swedish government agency that was founded in 1858 dealing with questions about the nature of the geological and mineral management in Sweden.

Geology of Equatorial Guinea

Geological history of oxygen

Geological groups of Great Britain

Geological phenomenon

Geologiska föreningen i Stockholm

Geological history of india

Geological eons

Geological model

Geology of Delaware

The Geological Survey of Austria (German: Geologische Bundesanstalt) or GBA in Vienna is a subordinate agency of the Austrian Federal Ministry for Science and Research (Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft und Forschung, BMWF) and is the central point for information and advice in the field of earth sciences for the Republic of Austria. The most important product of the GBA is a range of geological maps. These appear in various scales both as map series and as regional maps. They form the basis for responses to questions in many areas of business (waste disposal, water supply, transport routes, raw materials, …) and also for research. The GBA is located in the district of Landstraße in Vienna.

Geology applications of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

The Geological Survey of Newfoundland and Labrador is a scientific research agency that is part of the Department of Natural Resources of the Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. It is the agency responsible for performing geological mapping and surveying which provides geological maps, reports, and mineral analysis, and for developing Newfoundland and Labrador's natural resources and protecting the environment.The Geological Survey is a division of the Mines Branch. The Survey currently has 5 sections (Regional Geology; Mineral Deposits; Geochemistry, Geophysics and Terrain Sciences; Geoscience Data Management and Geoscience Publications and Information) and a geochemical laboratory.

Geology of Cape Verde

The Geological Survey of Pakistan (reporting name: GSP), is an autonomous and independent institution under Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources which is tasked and mandate with advancing the geoscience knowledge and carrying out systematic studies on official mapping and area surveying.The scientists of GSP thoroughly studies the landscape of Pakistan, its natural resources, and the natural hazards that threaten it.

Geology of Dorset

Geological mapping

Geological shear

Geologist's pick

Geology of Burkina Faso

The Geology of Bangladesh is affected by the country's location, as Bangladesh is a riverine country. It is the eastern two-thirds of the Ganges and Brahmaputra river delta plain stretching to the north from the Bay of Bengal. There are two smaller areas of higher jungle composed of old alluvium called the Madhupur tract and the Barind Tract.The rivers are the most significant feature of Bangladesh geology as they constantly change course, sometimes rapidly, so that topological features of Bangladesh are ever changing.The downward twisting of the basement rocks under central and southern Bangladesh result from the pressure of sediments that have been accumulating since the Cretaceous period, mostly a large quantity of carbonate. In the Late Eocene epoch the conditions in the Bay of Bengal changed and these deposits ceased.

Point Lobos State Reserve

Geologists Island

The formation of Europe as a coherent landmass dates to after the breakup of Pangaea, taking place during the Oligocene and completed by the early Neogene period, some 20 million years ago.

Geology Museum

Geologists Island is an island, 0.5 kilometres (0.25 nmi) long, lying south of Ardley Island in the entrance of Hydrographers Cove, Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, in the South Shetland Islands. The approved name is a translation of the Russian "Ostrov Geologov" (geologists' island), applied in 1968 following Soviet Antarctic Expedition surveys from Bellingshausen Station.

Geologichesky

Geological periods

Geological equipment

Geological map of Senegal at 1/500 000 (March 2009)The revision of these three geological maps of Senegal mainly focuses on the sedimentary substratum from Upper Cretaceous to Miocene, the Cap-Vert volcanism from Miocene until Pleistocene, and the superficial Pliocene and Quaternary formations, thus updating these three sheets of the Geological Map of Senegal and Gambia carried out by the Bureau de Recherches géologiques et minières (BRGM) in 1962.This revision also provided the opportunity to move from the classical chronostratigraphy used back in the 1960s to the lithostratigraphy that is currently more prevalent. Unit names and specific localities are suggested for the new dispensation. The use of satellite imagery and Global Positioning System (GPS) has provided an unprecedented precision.Data recovered from oil and water exploratory boreholes has produced an in depth knowledge of the subsurface and a new understanding of the tectonics, resulting in the discovery of previously unknown faults.The mineral resources in the area covered by the three maps are predominantly phosphates, limestone and palygorskite. However, the potential for clay, dolomite, heavy minerals and building gravel merits also to be considered.Geological map of Senegal at 1/200 000 (March 2009)The revision of six geological maps along the Senegal River mainly focuses on the sedimentary substratum from Lower Eocene up to Miocene and the superficial Pliocene and Quaternary formations, thus updating the Senegalese side of four sheets of the Geological Map of Senegal at 1/200 000 and two sheets of the Geological Map of Mauritania carried out by the BRGM in 1967.Moving from the chronostratigraphy to the prevalent lithostratigraphy renders the terms of Continental terminal and Formation jaune obsolete and it is suggested to replace them with the designations Saloum Formation and Kaedi Member respectively.Identification of aeolian sands was completed with an attempt to age their deposition. Careful attention was applied to the recognition of fluvial deposits while distinguishing between the meander sands from the clay and the potentially cultivable silt of the settling basins.The mineral resources of the Matam area include proven reserves of high-grade phosphate as well as possible reserves of arenaceous dolomite. These two resources, coupled with availability of fresh river water, now protected from the tides by the Diama Dam, should improve the potential for agricultural development in the valley.AvailabilityThese maps and explanatory notices are available at the Direction des Mines et de la Géologie (DMG), Centre de Documentation et du Cadastre minier, Boulevard de la République 72, Dakar, Senegal (Telephone/ Fax: +221 338 220 408).A Multilayered Mapping of the Cap-Vert (2009) also presents geological maps at the scales of 1/50 000 of the activity area of the Cap-Vert to the west of the 16°40’W meridian and of 1/20 000 for the Cap-Vert peninsula to the west of the 17°10’W meridian.

Geological Strength Index

The geology of England is mainly sedimentary. The youngest rocks are in the south east around London, progressing in age in a north westerly direction. The Tees-Exe line marks the division between younger, softer and low-lying rocks in the south east and the generally older and harder rocks of the north and west which give rise to higher relief in those regions.

October 2014

Geological column

Chiricahua Mountains

The geology of Alderney includes similarities in its rock to the neighbouring Normandy and Guernsey. Although Alderney is only five kilometers long, it has a geological history spanning half of the life of the earth. It is part of the Armorican Massif.

The Geologists' Association (GA) is a British association concerned with the study of geology.The GA was founded in 1858. It is a charitable organization for all geologists and earth scientists, whether of professional or amateur status. The association publishes the Proceedings of the Geologists' Association through Elsevier. Geology Today is a bi-monthly publication produced jointly with the Geological Society of London.

Geology of Antarctica

Geological Survey of Sweden

The Geological Survey of Belgium (GSB) is a Belgian federal research institute for Belgian geology. It is a department of the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences. The institute is as a resource centre and project partner which produces maps, books and databases of Belgian geology. The GSB is a member of the European Geological Surveys network.

Geological ages

Director

John Briscoe and Whaling brig Tula

Douglas, AZ-S

Geological Survey of China

Geological and Mining Institute of Spain

Geology of Alderney

Geological fracture

Geological history of Europe

Geologicheskoye

Geological basin

Geological Survey of Finland, Bulletin

The geology of Benin in West Africa includes the north-northeast trending Proterozoic Dahomeyide orogen in the north and a range of Cretaceous to Holocene sedimentary rocks in the south, separated very closely by the 7th latitude. Neogene alluvial deposits extend across Benin’s northeastern border with Niger.

The geology of Delaware consists of two physiographic provinces. They are the Atlantic Coastal Plain Province and the Piedmont Province.

Geology of Belize

The Geology of China (中国地质, Zhōngguó dì zhì) (or the geological structure of the People's Republic of China) can be divided into several parts. The historical centre of Chinese culture is on the loess plateau, the world's largest Quaternary loess deposit, and on the alluvial lands at the east of it. The alluvial East China plain extends from just south of Beijing in the north, to the Yangzi river delta in the south, punctuated only by the igneous Shandong highlands and peninsula. South of the Yangzi river, most of the landscape is mountainous, dominated by sedimentary deposits and by the Yangzi craton. The most famous scenery in China is found in the karst landscapes of Guangxi and Yunnan provinces. The alluvial Sichuan basin is surrounded by mountains, the Qinling mountains to the north and the Himalaya to the west and southwest. Much of Northeast China, or Manchuria, is dominated by alluvial plains, but the border regions with Korea are also highly mountainous. In the west, most of the Tibetan plateau is in China, and averages over 4000 metres in elevation. The Yunnan-Guizhou plateau is also an extension of the Tibetan plateau.

Geological deformation of Iceland

Geological survey of ireland

Geologicheskaya

A geologist's hammer, rock hammer, rock pick, or geological pick is a hammer used for splitting and breaking rocks. In field geology, they are used to obtain a fresh surface of a rock to determine its composition, nature, mineralogy, history, and field estimate of rock strength. In fossil and mineral collecting, they are employed to break rocks with the aim of revealing fossils inside. Geologist's hammers are also sometimes used for scale in a photograph.

Geological hotspot

Geological history of earth

Geological features of the solar system

Geological features of the Solar System

Geology Today is a publication of the Geological Society of London and the Geologists' Association. It is published bi-monthly, with each issue containing eight or more articles, and an annual total of 240 pages.One of the goals of the journal is to provide a balance of news and review articles of topics of current interest in the earth sciences, written in an accessible way by leading experts in the field.Geology Today provides reading material for all earth scientists, both amateur and professional, and includes:Articles and Features review topics of current interest in the Earth Sciences - written for the general reader by experts in the field.News and Briefing columns report on news from the geological community, recent research that has appeared in the specialist journals, geological happenings and discoveries and geological conferences.Fossils Explained and Minerals Explained are two regular series looking at the origins, classification and identification of fossils and minerals.Building Stones Explained is a new series introducing the most common stones used in the Industry.A lively Correspondence section allows readers to air and share their views and to respond to items appearing in the journal.

Geological museum of china

Geological clock

Geology of Burundi

The geological history of Antarctica covers the geological development of the continent through the Proterozoic Eon, Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras.More than 170 million years ago, Antarctica was part of the supercontinent Gondwana. Over time Gondwana broke apart and Antarctica as we know it today was formed around 35 million years ago.

State emblem of Pakistan.svg

Geological survey of china

Geology Hall (New Brunswick, New Jersey)

Federal Ministry of Science and Research

Geological and Geophysical Engineering

Geology of England

Geologryggen is a mountain ridge in Oscar II Land at Spitsbergen, Svalbard. The ridge has a length of about four kilometers, and is located between Kjerulfbreen and Esmarkbreen. Geologryggen is included in the Nordre Isfjorden National Park.

Andorra is located in the Axial Zone of the central Pyrenees mountain range in south western Europe, which means that it has intensely folded and thrusted rocks formed when the Iberian peninsula was rotated onto the European continent.Rocks from the Cambrian or Ordovician occur in the form of conglomerate, limestone, phyllite, quartzite, and slate. Diapirs of slate from the Silurian Period are found in the Llavirsi syncline near Bixessarri in the south west. Gneiss and schist are found in the cores of anticlines in the north east of the country. This gneiss contains muscovite. The antiforms are connected with near horizontal shear zones, containing nappes of metamorphosed sediments. Younger overlying Paleozoic metamorphosed sediments found over most of Andorra have also been steeply folded.In the south east of the country is an alkaline granite from a batholith called Mt-Louis-Andorra Batholith. It extends into Spain and covers an area of 600 km2 (230 sq mi). Different rock composition zones occur, with monzogranite found at the centre, quartz diorite at the edge and granodiorite in intermediate parts. The batholith has caused metamorphism on its western edge. The base of the batholith is exposed in the east of Andorra.In the Central and Eastern Pyrenees, which includes Andorra, no fossils older than the Ordovician Caradoc 450–460 million years ago have been found.

The geological history of Point Lobos, regarding the Point Lobos headland on the Central Coast in Monterey County, California|Monterey County]], California.The area's geology encompasses the last 80 million years. The oldest rocks exposed here were formed during the Cretaceous Period of the Mesozoic Era, when the dinosaurs still roamed the earth and pterodactyls dominated the sky. The area forms part of the Salinian Block, a sliver of continental crust caught up in the transform boundary between the Pacific and North American Plates.Point Lobos is the common name for the landform and area, which include Point Lobos State Reserve on land; and two adjoining marine protected areas: Point Lobos State Marine Reserve (SMR) and Point Lobos State Marine Conservation Area.

Geology Hall (Rutgers University)

Geologie Archipelago

Geology of Ceres

Geology Today (journal)

Geological Survey of Slovenia,

Geology of Botswana

Administered under the Antarctic Treaty System

The National Geology Museum in located on Şoseaua Kiseleff (street), in Bucharest, Romania. It is located near Victory Square and Kiseleff Park, in central Bucharest.The museum hosts a collection of 80,000 samples of rocks, fossils, and minerals from Romania.

The Precordillera terrane of western Argentina is a large mountain range located southeast of the main Andes mountain range. The evolution of the Precordillera is noted for its unique formation history compared to the region nearby. The Cambrian-Ordovian sedimentology in the Precordillera terrane has its source neither from old Andes nor nearby country rock, but shares similar characteristics with the Grenville orogeny of eastern North America. This indicates a rift-drift history of the Precordillera in the early Paleozoic. The Precordillera is a moving micro-continent which started from the southeast part of the ancient continent Laurentia (current location: North American plate). The separation of the Precordillera (also named Cuyania) started around the early Cambrian. The mass collided with Gondwana (the ancient supercontinent in the southern hemisphere) around Late Ordovician period. Different models and thinking of rift-drift process and the time of occurrence have been proposed. This page focuses on the evidence of drifting found in the stratigraphical record of the Precordillera, as well as exhibiting models of how the Precordillera drifted to Gondwana.

Dorset /ˈdɔːrsᵻt/ (or archaically, Dorsetshire) is a county in South West England on the English Channel coast. Covering an area of 2,653 square kilometres (1,024 sq mi); it borders Devon to the west, Somerset to the north-west, Wiltshire to the north-east, and Hampshire to the east. The great variation in its landscape owes much to the underlying geology which includes an almost unbroken sequence of rocks from 200 Ma to 40 Ma and superficial deposits from 2 Ma to the present. In general the oldest rocks (Early Jurassic) appear in the far west of the county, with the most recent (Eocene) in the far east. Jurassic rocks also underlie the Blackmore Vale and comprise much of the coastal cliff in the west and south of the county; and although younger Cretaceous rocks crown some of the highpoints in the west, they are mainly to be found in the centre and east of the county.Dorset's coastline is one of the most visited and studied coastlines in the world because it shows, along the course of 95 miles (153 km) (including some of east Devon), rocks from the beginning of Triassic, through the Jurassic and up to the end of the Cretaceous, documenting the entire Mesozoic era with well-preserved fossils. Throughout Dorset there are a number of limestone ridges. The largest and most notable is the band of Cretaceous chalk that runs from the south-west to the north-east of the county and forms part of the Chalk Group that underlies much of the south of England, including Salisbury Plain, the Isle of Wight and the South Downs. Between the bands of limestone and chalk are wide clay vales with flood plains.South-east Dorset, around Poole, Bournemouth and the New Forest, lies on younger and less resistant beds: Eocene clays (mainly London Clay), sands and gravels. These rocks produce thin soils that historically have supported a heathland habitat. The chalk and limestone hills of the Purbecks lie atop Britain's largest onshore oil field. The field, operated from Wytch Farm, produces a high-quality oil and has the world's oldest continuously pumping well at Kimmeridge, which has been in use since the early 1960s. The source of this oil is the organic-rich shales found in the lower lias. Landslides along the coast have been known to ignite these shales causing cliff fires, the most recent of which occurred in 2000.

Geological society of south africa

approx. $5,000,000 CAD

Geological timescale

Geology Today

Geologist's hammer

Geology of Devon

Geological stage

Geological Survey Of Pakistan

The Geological Society of London (also known as the Geological Society) is a learned society based in the United Kingdom. It is the oldest national geological society in the world and the largest in Europe with over 12,000 Fellows. Fellows are entitled to the postnominal FGS (Fellow of the Geological Society), over 2,000 of whom are Chartered Geologists (CGeol). The Society is a Registered Charity, No. 210161.

Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland

Geological prospecting

island

Dimičeva ulica 14, Ljubljana

Before photosynthesis evolved, Earth's atmosphere had no free oxygen (O2). Photosynthetic prokaryotic organisms that produced O2 as a waste product lived long before the first build-up of free oxygen in the atmosphere, perhaps as early as 3.5 billion years ago. The oxygen they produced would have been rapidly removed from the atmosphere by weathering of reducing minerals, most notably iron. This "mass rusting" led to the deposition of iron oxide on the ocean floor, forming banded iron formations. Oxygen only began to persist in the atmosphere in small quantities about 50 million years before the start of the Great Oxygenation Event. This mass oxygenation of the atmosphere resulted in rapid buildup of free oxygen. At current rates of primary production, today's concentration of oxygen could be produced by photosynthetic organisms in 2,000 years. In the absence of plants, the rate of oxygen production by photosynthesis was slower in the Precambrian, and the concentrations of O2 attained were less than 10% of today's and probably fluctuated greatly; oxygen may even have disappeared from the atmosphere again around 1.9 billion years ago. These fluctuations in oxygen concentration had little direct effect on life, with mass extinctions not observed until the appearance of complex life around the start of the Cambrian period, 541 million years ago. The presence of O2 provided life with new opportunities. Aerobic metabolism is more efficient than anaerobic pathways, and the presence of oxygen undoubtedly created new possibilities for life to explore. Since the start of the Cambrian period, atmospheric oxygen concentrations have fluctuated between 15% and 35% of atmospheric volume. The maximum of 35% was reached towards the end of the Carboniferous period (about 300 million years ago), a peak which may have contributed to the large size of insects and amphibians at that time. Whilst human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels, affect relative carbon dioxide concentrations, their effect on the much larger concentration of oxygen is less significant.

Geologisk Museum

Geology is a publication of the Geological Society of America (GSA). The GSA claims that it is the most widely read scientific journal in the field of earth science. It is published monthly, with each issue containing 20 or more articles, and an annual total of 1166 pages.One of the goals of the journal is to provide a forum for shorter articles and less focus on pure academic research type articles.

Geological Survey of Ireland

Geological history of Minnesota

The Geological Society of South Africa (GSSA) is a learned society for geological science that was founded in 1895, making it one of the oldest such societies in Africa. The GSSA publishes the peer-reviewed scientific journal, the South African Journal of Geology, and annually awards the Draper Memorial Medal (in honour of David Draper) to recognise achievement in geology, and the Des Pretorius Memorial Award (in honour of Desmond Pretorius) to recognise exceptional work on economic geology in Africa.

Geology of Enderby Land

Geological Society of India

This article describes the geology of the ceremonial county of Cambridgeshire. It thus includes the present City of Peterborough and the historic county of Huntingdonshire which was brought into the county in 1974.The geology of Cambridgeshire in eastern England largely consists of unconsolidated Quaternary sediments such as marine and estuarine alluvium and peat overlying deeply buried Jurassic and Cretaceous age sedimentary rocks.

Dr. Martin Batterson

A formation or geological formation is the fundamental unit of lithostratigraphy. A formation consists of a certain number of rock strata that have a comparable lithology, facies or other similar properties. Formations are not defined on the thickness of the rock strata they consist of and the thickness of different formations can therefore vary widely.The concept of formally defined layers or strata is central to the geologic discipline of stratigraphy. Formations can be divided into members and are themselves frequently parcelled together in groups.

Geologists of the USSR

Geological society of australia

Geological and biological Site of Special Scientific Interest

The geology of Alabama is marked by abundant geologic resources and a variety of geologic structures from folded mountains in the north to sandy beaches along the Gulf of Mexico coast. Alabama spans three continental geologic provinces as defined by the United States Geological Survey, the Atlantic Plain, Appalachian Highlands, and Interior Plains. The Geological Survey of Alabama breaks these provinces down into more specific physiographic provinces.

Geology of Death Valley

Sveriges geologiska undersökning

Geological time scale

Bolivia Topography.png

This whole article is written as a big advert for random brands of geological compasses and its how-to rather than actually about geological compasses.

Geology of British Columbia

Geological Society of New Zealand

Geological Survey of Austria,

This article describes the geology of the ceremonial county of Essex. It includes the boroughs of Southend-on-Sea and Thurrock.The geology of Essex in southeast England largely consists of Cenozoic marine sediments from the Palaeogene and Neogene periods overlain by a suite of superficial deposits of Quaternary age.

Geological history of the Earth

Geologists Day

A geological survey is the systematic investigation of the geology beneath a given piece of ground for the purpose of creating a geological map or model. Geological surveying employs techniques from the traditional walk-over survey, studying outcrops and landforms, to intrusive methods, such as hand augering and machine-driven boreholes, to the use of geophysical techniques and remote sensing methods, such as aerial photography and satellite imagery. Such surveys may be undertaken by state, province, or national geological survey organizations to maintain the geological inventory and advance the knowledge of geosciences for the benefit of the nation. A geological survey map typically superimposes the surveyed extent and boundaries of geological units on a topographic map, together with information at points (such as measurements of orientation of bedding planes) and lines (such as the intersection of faults with the land surface). The maps and reports created by geological survey organisations generally aim for geographic continuity and completeness in establishing the spatial patterns of near-surface rock units. The map may include cross sections to illustrate the three-dimensional interpretation. Subsurface geological and geophysical maps, providing limited coverage of deeper geology (known, for example, from drilling for oil or gas), are maintained internally by major oil companies and regulators. Some geological survey organisations have collaborated with them to include subsurface geology in their systematic surveys, for example, the Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. Subsurface maps typically depict the three-dimensional form of geological surfaces by means of contours and cross sections. Computer-based models are increasingly used to provide more comprehensive information storage and greater flexibility of presentation. In the United States, the 50 state surveys are coordinated by the Association of American State Geologists.Some examples of national geological surveys are listed here:Geoscience Australia - known from 1992 to 2001 as the Australian Geological Survey Organisation (AGSO), and from 1946 to 1992 as the Bureau of Mineral ResourcesGeological Survey of CanadaGeological Survey of IndiaGeological Survey of PakistanSaudi Geological SurveyBritish Geological SurveyUnited States Geological SurveyIndividual states or provinces may also have a geological survey. Examples include:Alberta Geological SurveyGeological Survey of Newfoundland and LabradorPennsylvania Geological SurveyUtah Geological SurveyDelaware Geological Survey

Geological features

The geology of Cheshire in England consists mainly of Triassic sandstones and mudstones. To the north west of Cheshire, these rocks are heavily faulted and the underlying Carboniferous Coal Measures are thrown up. Around the areas of Poynton and Macclesfield, the coal is close to the surface and was easily mined. Below the Coal Measures is the Millstone Grit, which appears towards the Derbyshire border on the flanks of the Peak District dome.The Cheshire Basin is a major sedimentary basin which comprises the larger part of the county. This fault-bounded half-graben structure is bounded to the east and southeast by a series of faults of which the most significant is the Red Rock Fault. Numerous faults trend north-south through the basin, some of which help to define the series of hills which are known collectively as the Mid Cheshire Ridge. The basin was flooded on several occasions in the Permian and early Triassic periods resulting in the laying down of massive halite (salt) beds. These beds have been mined both by cavern working and hot water brine extraction for over 200 years, mainly in the area around Northwich. The collapse of some of these worked-out halite beds has given rise to some of Cheshire's noted features, the Cheshire Meres.

Geology of Djibouti

The Geological Survey of Pakistan (reporting name: GSP), is an autonomous and independent institution under Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources which is tasked and mandate with advancing the geoscience knowledge and carrying out systematic studies on official mapping and area surveying.The scientists of GSP thoroughly studies the landscape of Pakistan, its natural resources, and the natural hazards that threaten it. Apart from studying geology, it has various major science disciplines, concerning biology, engineering, hydrology, chemistry and physics. Due to its reputation and studies on fact-finding research, it has undertaken various efforts and studies on mineral exploration and extraction as well.Headquartered in Quetta, it has a main office in Islamabad and other regional offices in all over the country, and as of current, Mr. Nazar-ul-Islam is the current and designated director-general of the Geological Survey of Pakistan.

The Geological Survey of Ireland (Irish: Suirbhéireacht Gheolaíochta Éireann), GSI, was founded in 1845. It is the National Earth Science Agency of Ireland.

Geological joint

Instituto Geológico y Minero de España

Geology Hall, Rutgers University

Rock formation at Point Lobos 04-072010.jpg

Geologists from Russia

GEUS is an abbreviation for Danmarks og Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse, the Danish name for the independent sector research institute under the Ministry of Climate and Energy. The English name of this institute is Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, an advisory, research and survey institute in hydrogeology, geophysics, geochemistry, stratigraphy, glaciology, ore geology, marine geology, mineralogy, climatology, environmental history, air photo interpretation, geothermic energy fields concerning Denmark and Greenland.GEUS works in close corporation with Geologisk Institut and Geologisk Museum, both part of University of Copenhagen.It publishes a service paper called Greenland Hydrocarbon Exploration Information Service (GHEXIS) and a newsletter called Greenland Mineral Exploration Newsletter (MINEX) in co-operation with the Bureau of Minerals and Petroleum (Råstofdirektoratet), a secretariat for the Joint Committee on Mineral Resources under Greenland’s home rule.

Geologiska foreningen

The Geological Survey of Newfoundland and Labrador is a scientific research agency that is part of the Department of Natural Resources of the Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. It is the agency responsible for performing geological mapping and surveying which provides geological maps, reports, and mineral analysis, and for developing Newfoundland and Labrador's natural resources and protecting the environment.The Geological Survey is a division of the Mines Branch.

The Geological Survey of Slovenia (Slovene: Geološki zavod Slovenije, abbreviated GeoZS) is the primary geological research institute of Slovenia. It was founded on May 7, 1946.

San Simon Valley-NE & E

Geology of Auckland

CAD $70 million

Geological horse

Spanish

Bolivia geological map 1.1.jpg

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is a spectroscopic technique that has been used for analyzing the fundamental molecular structure of geological samples in recent decades. As in other infrared spectroscopy, the molecules in the sample are excited to a higher energy state due to the absorption of infrared (IR) radiation emitted from the IR source in the instrument, which results in vibrations of molecular bonds. The intrinsic physicochemical property of each particular molecule determines its corresponding IR absorbance peak, and therefore can provide characteristic fingerprints of functional groups (e.g. C-H, O-H, C=O, etc.).In geosciences research, FTIR is applied extensively in the following applications:Analysing the trace amount of water content in Nominally anhydrous minerals (NAMs)Measuring volatile inclusions in glass and mineralsEstimating the explosion potential in volcanic setting.Analysing chemotaxonomy of early life on earthLinking biological affinities of both microfossils and macrofossilsThese applications are discussed in details in the later sections. Most of the geology applications of FTIR focus on the mid-infrared range, which is approximately 4000 to 400 cm−1.

Monument

Geologisches Museum Munchen

Geološki zavod Slovenije (GeoZS)

May 2015

Geological history of the Chiricahua Mountains

Geology of Cambridgeshire

Geological Survey

Map showing the relief of Bolivia

First line

Arizona

The geological basement of the central and eastern regions Equatorial Guinea is composed of Precambrian rocks which form a part of the Congo craton. They include gneiss, greenstone, schist-amphibolite and granitoids. These older rocks are overlain by sedimentary rocks of Mesozoic, Neogene and Quaternary age in the west and along the coast. The islands of Pagalu and Bioko (Annobon and Fernando Poo) are of relatively recent volcanic origin, forming a part of the Cameroon Volcanic Line.

The Geological Strength Index (GSI) system, proposed in 1995, is used for the estimation of the rock mass strength and the rock mass deformation modulus. The GSI system concentrates on the description of two factors, rock structure and block surface conditions. The guidelines given by the GSI system are for the estimation of the peak strength parameters of jointed rock masses.

Geology of Benin

Reykjanes

Geological Society of South Africa

The Geological Society of India is based in Bangalore, India. Its flagship product is the Journal of the Geological Society of India (JGSI).

Geological Survey of Slovenia

Geological sequence

geological organisation

San Bernardino Valley-SE

The geology of Bolivia comprises a variety of different lithologies as well as tectonic and sedimentary environments. On a synoptic scale, geological units coincide with topographical units. The country is divided into a mountainous western area affected by the subduction processes in the Pacific and an eastern lowlands of stable platforms and shields. The Bolivian Andes is divided into three main ranges; these are from west to east: the Cordillera Occidental that makes up the border to Chile and host several active volcanoes and geothermal areas, Cordillera Central (in some contexts also called Cordillera Oriental) once extensively mined for silver and tin and the relatively low Cordillera Oriental that rather than being a range by its own is the eastern continuation of the Central Cordillera as a fold and thrust belt. Between the Occidental and Central Cordillera the approximately 3,750-meter-high Altiplano high plateau extends. This basin hosts several freshwater lakes, including Lake Titicaca as well as salt-covered dry lakes that bring testimony of past climate changes and lake cycles. The eastern lowlands and sub-Andean zone in Santa Cruz, Chuquisaca, and Tarija Departments was once an old Paleozoic sedimentary basin that hosts valuable hydrocarbon reserves. Further east close to the border with Brazil lies the Guaporé Shield, made up of stable Precambrian crystalline rock.

Geology (journal)

The base of rocks that underlie Borneo, an island in Southeast Asia, was formed by the arc-continent collisions, continent–continent collisions and subduction–accretion due to convergence between the Asian, India–Australia, and Philippine Sea-Pacific plates over the last 400 million years. The active geological processes of Borneo are mild as all of the volcanoes are extinct.

Geology engineering

Geology of Bedford County

Geological Survey of Western Australia

Geological society of london

Geologists hammer

The Geological Survey of Austria (German: Geologische Bundesanstalt) or GBA in Vienna is a subordinate agency of the Austrian Federal Ministry for Science and Research (Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft und Forschung, BMWF) and is the central point for information and advice in the field of earth sciences for the Republic of Austria. The most important product of the GBA is a range of geological maps. These appear in various scales both as map series and as regional maps.

The geology of Burundi consists largely of metamorphic rocks of Proterozoic age with inliers of basement rocks of Archaean age. The former are metasediments of the Burundian and Malagaarasian Supergroups which are of Meso- and Neoproterozoic age, respectively. Granites intrude the rocks from the Burndian Supergroup along a 350km zone of mafic and ultramafic intrusions. Just like Tanzania, the Malagarasian Supergroup has Neoproterozoic rocks.

The Florida peninsula is a porous plateau of karst limestone sitting atop bedrock known as the Florida Platform. The emergent portion of the platform was created during the Eocene to Oligocene as the Gulf Trough filled with silts, clays, and sands. Flora and fauna began appearing during the Miocene. No land animals were present in Florida prior to the Miocene.The largest deposits of rock phosphate in the country are found in Florida.

Geologisches Museum München

Canterbury in New Zealand is the portion of the South Island to the east of the Southern Alps, from the Waiau River in the north, to the Waitaki River in the south (this is smaller than the area administered by the Canterbury Regional Council).To the west of the Southern Alps lies the Alpine Fault, a major fault boundary, that passes through the South Island from Fiordland in the south, to the Marlborough Region in the north, where it divides into multiple faults.

Geology in the Soviet Union

Chiricahua Peak

Geological unit

Enderby Land

Madrean Sky Islands

Geological map

Geological resistance is a measure of how well minerals resist erosive factors, and is primarily based on hardness, chemical reactivity and cohesion.[1] The more hardness, less reactivity and more cohesion a mineral has, the less susceptible it will be to erosion. Differences in geological resistance in the same geological formation can lead, over time, to the formation of columns and arches like the ones in Moab, Utah and bridges like the Rainbow Bridge, also in Utah.

The geology of Angola includes large areas of Precambrian age rocks. The west of the country is characterized by meta-sedimentary rocks of Proterozoic age including tillites assigned to the Bembe System. Overlying these are a thick pile of limestones and other marine sediments laid down during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras. Amidst the Proterozoic sequence are areas of crystalline basement dating from the Archaean. More Archaean basement rocks form the Kasai Craton in northeastern Angola.

The geology of Eritrea in east Africa broadly consists of Precambrian rocks in the west, Paleozoic glacial sedimentary rocks in the South and Cenozoic sediments and volcanics along the coastal zone adjoining the Red Sea. The Precambrian rocks been involved with the orogeny process, which is when a section of the Earth's crust is deformed to form a mountain range. Mesozoic sediments in the Danakil and Aysha horsts, which are raised blocks of the Earth's crust that have been lifted, were deformed. The older rocks include meta-sediments and older gneissic basement belonging to different Proterozoic terranes. Mesozoic sediments of marine origin occur in the coastal area along the Red Sea. A number of thin Miocene age basalt flows occur within the sediments of this zone whilst the basalts of the Aden Series date from Pliocene to Holocene times, some being extruded at the time of a major phase of uplift and rifting during the Pleistocene.

-N-S

Geological province

Geology of Anatolia

Geological fault

The geology of Angola includes large areas of Precambrian age rocks. The west of the country is characterized by meta-sedimentary rocks of Proterozoic age including tillites assigned to the Bembe System. Overlying these are a thick pile of limestones and other marine sediments laid down during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras. Amidst the Proterozoic sequence are areas of crystalline basement dating from the Archaean. More Archaean basement rocks form the Kasai Craton in northeastern Angola. In the north, within the Cassanje Graben are clastic sediments and volcanic rocks of the Karoo Supergroup. Kimberlites and carbonatites resulting from magmatic activity during the Karoo period are found along a northeast-southwest line through the country. Continental sediments of the Kalahari Group are widespread in eastern Angola.The Mesozoic of Angola is very rich of fossil vertebrates, namely marine reptiles such as mosasaurs and plesiosaurs, related with the opening of South Atlantic. Only a couple of terrestrial fossils have been collected, including the unique dinosaur Angolatitan adamastor.

Geology in Russia

Geology Hall

There are a number of different (specialised) magnetic compasses used by geologists to measure orientation of geological structures, as they map in the field, to analyse (and document) the geometry of bedding planes, joints, and/or metamorphic foliations and lineations. In this aspect the most common device used to date is the analogue compass.

Alderley Edge in Cheshire is one of the classic locations for the study of Triassic sandstones in the United Kingdom. Numerous scientists from the early 19th century up to the present day have studied the area and it is a popular field site for universities around the UK. As time progresses, new theories are developed and new hypotheses are tested as to the origin of the sandstones.

Minister of Natural Resources

Geologist (disambiguation)

Geological Survey of Norway

Geological formations

The Geology of Bangladesh is affected by the country's location, as Bangladesh is a riverine country. It is the eastern two-thirds of the Ganges and Brahmaputra river delta plain stretching to the north from the Bay of Bengal.

Geological era

Geological Survey of New Zealand

Geological evidences of the antiquity of man

Geological and geophysical engineering

The geology of Armenia was shaped by geological upheaval pushed up the Earth's crust to form the Armenian Plateau 25 million years ago. This created the complex topography of Armenia.The Lesser Caucasus range extends through northern Armenia, runs southeast between Lake Sevan and Azerbaijan, then passes roughly along the Armenian-Azerbaijani border to Iran. Thus situated, the mountains make travel from north to south difficult.

Geological survey of india

Geology of Colombia

Geology of Eritrea

The terrain of Chad in central Africa is dominated by the low-lying Chad Basin (elevation about 250 m / 820 ft), which rises gradually to mountains and plateaus on the north, east, and south. In the east heights of more than 900 metres (3,000 ft) are attained in the Ennedi and Ouaddaï plateaus. The greatest elevations are reached in the Tibesti massif in the north, with a maximum height of 3,415 metres (11,204 ft) at Emi Koussi. The northern half of the republic lies in the Sahara.

Geological oceanography

United States

Geology of East Sussex

Geological concretion

Cape Verde is a volcanic archipelago situated above an oceanic rise that puts the base of the islands 2 kilometers (1.2 mi) above the rest of the seafloor. Cape Verde has been identified as a hotspot and it has been argued that a mantle plume might be underneath it causing the volcanic activity and associated geothermal anomalies.Though Cape Verde's islands are all volcanic in origin, they vary widely in terrain.

Geological Survey of Newfoundland and Labrador

The Geological Society of London (also known as the Geological Society) is a learned society based in the United Kingdom. It is the oldest national geological society in the world and the largest in Europe with over 12,000 Fellows. Fellows are entitled to the postnominal FGS (Fellow of the Geological Society), over 2,000 of whom are Chartered Geologists (CGeol). The Society is a Registered Charity, No. 210161. It is also a member of the Science Council, and is licensed to award Chartered Scientist to qualifying members.

Geologicheskaya (Russian: Геологическая) is a station of the Yekaterinburg Metro which was opened on 30 December 2002.It is situated in the central part of the city, at crossing of 8 Marta street and Kuybysheva street.Major Ural State University of Economics building is situated near the station's entrance as well as Yekaterinburg Circus.

Geology of Colombia refers to the geological composition of the Republic of Colombia that determines its geography. Most of the emerged territory of Colombia covers vast areas within the South American plate, whereas much submerged territory lies within the Caribbean plate and the Nazca plate.

Geological Survey of South Australia

Communities

Before photosynthesis evolved, Earth's atmosphere had no free oxygen (O2). Photosynthetic prokaryotic organisms that produced O2 as a waste product lived long before the first build-up of free oxygen in the atmosphere, perhaps as early as 3.5 billion years ago. The oxygen they produced would have been rapidly removed from the atmosphere by weathering of reducing minerals, most notably iron.

Geologists of Russia

Geological resource estimation

Geological Survey NFLD logo.png

The Geology of China (中国地质, Zhōngguó dì zhì) (or the geological structure of the People's Republic of China) can be divided into several parts. The historical centre of Chinese culture is on the loess plateau, the world's largest Quaternary loess deposit, and on the alluvial lands at the east of it. The alluvial East China plain extends from just south of Beijing in the north, to the Yangzi river delta in the south, punctuated only by the igneous Shandong highlands and peninsula.

Pedregosa Mountains-S

Geological date

Geological Society of London

Geological Survey of Canada

The geology of Egypt includes rocks from Archaean - early Proterozoic times onwards. These oldest rocks are found as inliers in Egypt’s Western Desert. In contrast, the rocks of the Eastern Desert are largely late Proterozoic in age. Throughout the country this older basement is overlain by Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks. Cretaceous rocks occur commonly whilst sediments indicative of repeated marine transgression and regression are characteristic of the Cenozoic Era.

Geological history of India

This article describes the geology of the ceremonial county of Durham. It includes the boroughs of Darlington, Hartlepool and Stockton-on-Tees but not those former northeastern parts of the county which are now in the county of Tyne and Wear.The geology of County Durham in northeast England consists of a basement of Lower Palaeozoic rocks overlain by a varying thickness of Carboniferous and Permo-Triassic sedimentary rocks which dip generally eastwards towards the North Sea.

Geology Hall (Rutgers)

The geology of Benin in West Africa includes the north-northeast trending Proterozoic Dahomeyide orogen in the north and a range of Cretaceous to Holocene sedimentary rocks in the south, separated very closely by the 7th latitude. Neogene alluvial deposits extend across Benin’s northeastern border with Niger. In the Togo and Benin regions, the following rock types have been identified: metasandstones, schists, metasilexites, metasiltstones, metaconglomerates, metatillites, carbonate rocks or marbles, ultramafic rocks, metajaspillites, metahematites, quartzites, quartz schists, micaschists, gneisses, migmatites, amphibolites, granites, charnockites, eclogites, metabasalts, calc-silicate rocks and pyroxenites.

Geology of Florida

Geology of Canterbury Region, New Zealand

OS Landranger 118

Geological fold

Geological compass

in Arizona

Northeastern Antarctica

Cheshire,

Director General - Atlantic and Western Canada Branch

Geological scale

Geologists Range

The Geologic history of the Chiricahua Mountains concerns the Chiricahua Mountains, an inactive volcanic range located in Coronado National Forest of southeastern Arizona, in the United States. They are part of an "archipelago" of mountain ranges known as the sky islands that connect the Sierra Madre Occidental in Mexico with the Rocky Mountains.

The Geological and Mining Institute of Spain (Spanish: Instituto Geológico y Minero de España) is a research institute located in Madrid, Spain. It is run under the auspices of the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness.In collaboration with the Spanish Geological Society (Sociedad Geológica de España or SGE), the Institute has drawn up a list of internationally important geosites in Spain. This work, which began in 1999, is part of the Global Geosites project promoted by IUGS in the 1990s and subsequently supported by UNESCO.

The Precordillera terrane of western Argentina is a large mountain range located southeast of the main Andes mountain range. The evolution of the Precordillera is noted for its unique formation history compared to the region nearby. The Cambrian-Ordovian sedimentology in the Precordillera terrane has its source neither from old Andes nor nearby country rock, but shares similar characteristics with the Grenville orogeny of eastern North America.

Major geological units in Bolivia coincide with topography

Geological lineation

Geology of Burgan Oil Field

Geologische Bundesanstalt (GBA)

The Geological Strength Index (GSI) system, proposed in 1995, is used for the estimation of the rock mass strength and the rock mass deformation modulus. The GSI system concentrates on the description of two factors, rock structure and block surface conditions. The guidelines given by the GSI system are for the estimation of the peak strength parameters of jointed rock masses. There are no guidelines given by the GSI, or by any other system, for the estimation of the rock mass’ residual strength that yield consistent results.

Geology of Central America

Geological future of the Earth

Director General - Central and Northern Canada Branch

Non-movable

Dr. Peter Seifert

The geological history of Point Lobos, regarding the Point Lobos headland on the Central Coast in Monterey County, California|Monterey County]], California.The area's geology encompasses the last 80 million years. The oldest rocks exposed here were formed during the Cretaceous Period of the Mesozoic Era, when the dinosaurs still roamed the earth and pterodactyls dominated the sky.

The geology of Europe is varied and complex, and gives rise to the wide variety of landscapes found across the continent, from the Scottish Highlands to the rolling plains of Hungary. Europe's most significant feature is the dichotomy between highland and mountainous Southern Europe and a vast, partially underwater, northern plain ranging from England in the west to the Ural Mountains in the east. These two halves are separated by the Pyrenees and the Alps-Carpathians mountain chain. The northern plains are delimited in the west by the Scandinavian Mountains and the mountainous parts of the British Isles. The southern mountainous region is bounded by the Mediterranean Sea. Major shallow water bodies submerging parts of the northern plains are the Celtic Sea the North Sea, the Baltic Sea complex and Barents Sea.From the standpoint of plate tectonics, the ongoing northward drive of the African plate into the Eurasian plate in the Mediterranean basin is the most prominent aspect of the European scene today. The pressure exerted by the African plate is the overall cause of the rise of the Pyrenees, the Alps and the Carpathian mountains. Limestones and other sediments, the ancient floor of the Tethys Sea, are pushed high and now make up much of these ranges. A submarine back-arc basin develops south of Italy, which is one of several Mediterranean mini-continental fragments caught between the two plates. This buckling of the Earth's crust forces up Italy's mountains and stimulates active faults and volcanoes such as Vesuvius. Iberia, another separate terrain unit, has been rotated and emplaced against the rest of Europe by the plate collision.Moving north from the Alps and other ranges, tectonic activity largely fades away in the stable Baltic craton. One exception to this trend is a hot spot, rising from the mantle underneath central Germany, which has been responsible in geologic time for volcanoes such as the Vogelsberg in Hesse and currently provides heat to hot springs and lakes in the region.

Willcox, AZ-NW

The geological deformation of Iceland is the way that the rocks of the island of Iceland are changing due to tectonic forces. The geological deformation explains the location of earthquakes, volcanoes, fissures, and the shape of the island. Iceland is the largest landmass (102,775 km²) situated on an oceanic ridge. It is an elevated plateau of the sea floor, situated at the crossing of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Greenland-Iceland-Faeroe Ridge. It lies along the oceanic divergent plate boundary of North American Plate and Eurasian Plate. The western part of Iceland sits on the North American Plate and the eastern part sits on the Eurasian Plate. The Reykjanes Ridge of the Mid-Atlantic ridge system in this region crosses the island from southwest and connects to the Kolbeinsey Ridge in the northeast.Iceland is geologically young: all rocks there were formed within the last 25 million years. It started construction in the Early Miocene sub-epoch, but the oldest rocks found at the surface of Iceland are from the Middle Miocene sub-epoch. Nearly half of Iceland was formed from a slow spreading period from 9 to 20 million years ago (Ma).The geological structures and geomorphology of Iceland are strongly influenced by the spreading plate boundary and the Iceland hotspot. The buoyancy of the deep-seated mantle plume underneath has uplifted the Iceland Basalt Plateau to as high as 3000 meters. The hot spot also produces high volcanic activity on the plate boundary.There are two major geologic and topographic structural trends in Iceland. One strikes northeast in Southern Iceland and strikes nearly north in northern Iceland. The other one strikes approximately west-northwest. Altogether they produce a zigzag pattern. The pattern is shown by faults, volcanic fissures, valleys, dikes, volcanoes, grabens and fault scarps.

Geology of Earth

The geology of East Sussex is defined by the Weald–Artois anticline, a 60 kilometres (37 mi) wide and 100 kilometres (62 mi) long fold within which caused the arching up of the chalk into a broad dome within the middle Miocene, which has subsequently been eroded to reveal a lower Cretaceous to Upper Jurassic stratigraphy. East Sussex is best known geologically for the identification of the first dinosaur by Gideon Mantell, near Cuckfield, to the famous hoax of the Piltdown man near Uckfield.The county’s chalk has provided a world-class stratigraphic marker giving a great deal of detail in Cretaceous Chalk palaeoecology and palaeontology while in the east of the county on the Kentish border the Dungeness Foreland is important for the study of geomorphology and Holocene sea level fluctuations.

Canterbury in New Zealand is the portion of the South Island to the east of the Southern Alps, from the Waiau River in the north, to the Waitaki River in the south (this is smaller than the area administered by the Canterbury Regional Council).To the west of the Southern Alps lies the Alpine Fault, a major fault boundary, that passes through the South Island from Fiordland in the south, to the Marlborough Region in the north, where it divides into multiple faults. The Pacific Plate lies to the east of the Alpine Fault and the Australian Plate lies to the west. The Pacific Plate is sliding SSW at about 35mm/yr, relative to the Australian Plate, and rising up 10mm/yr, generating the Southern Alps.The Alpine Fault did not develop until early Miocene times (23 Ma). Ten million years ago the Southern Alps were low hills, and they only became mountainous as recently as 5 million years ago.To the east of the Southern Alps are the Canterbury Plains, formed by the sediment eroded from the Southern Alps. On the coast, just southeast of Christchurch, is Banks Peninsula, composed of two large mainly basaltic Miocene volcanoes.

Geologists' Association

Geological layer

Geologists Day is a professional holiday of geologists, geophysicists and geochemists. It is traditionally celebrated on the first Sunday of April. The establishment of this holiday was initiated by a group of prominent Soviet geologists headed by academician Alexander Yanshin. Following their initiative, the Geologists Day was established by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet on March 31, 1966 to commemorate the achievements of Soviet geologists after discovery of the West Siberian petroleum province.The timing of the holiday, the first Sunday in April, was chosen because it marks the end of winter and beginning of preparation for summer field work and expeditions.Geologists Day is traditionally celebrated in almost all geological and mining organizations of the former Soviet Union with festivities starting at the end of preceding week. With tens of thousands of geologists from the former Soviet Union working around the world, the tradition of celebrating the Geologists Day is becoming more international.In addition to geologists, many others involved in related fields also consider this day as their professional holiday and celebrate it.

Geological time period

Geology of Alderley Edge

Geological Survey of Pakistan

The geological deformation of Iceland is the way that the rocks of the island of Iceland are changing due to tectonic forces. The geological deformation explains the location of earthquakes, volcanoes, fissures, and the shape of the island. Iceland is the largest landmass (102,775 km²) situated on an oceanic ridge. It is an elevated plateau of the sea floor, situated at the crossing of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Greenland-Iceland-Faeroe Ridge.

Geological repository

The geology of Burkina Faso is dominated by Precambrian rocks of the Guinea Rise, a dome of Archaean rocks, composed largely of migmatites, gneisses and amphibolites, over which lie the greenstone belts of the early Proterozoic age. The latter are metasediments and metavolcanics assigned largely to the Birrimian Supergroup, a suite of rocks in which economically significant mineralization occurs.

Geološki zavod Slovenije

Geologists of the Soviet Union

NW, then SW

The geology of Cheshire in England consists mainly of Triassic sandstones and mudstones. To the north west of Cheshire, these rocks are heavily faulted and the underlying Carboniferous Coal Measures are thrown up. Around the areas of Poynton and Macclesfield, the coal is close to the surface and was easily mined.

Enderby Land, Antarctica. NASA MODIS image, 2011.

Geology of Angola

Geology.

Geological survey of pakistan

Geology of Auckland Region

₨. 282.5 million

Geology of Egypt

Enderby Land is a region of Northeastern Antarctica which extends into the Southern Indian Ocean. The unique and diverse geological features of this Australian Antarctic Territory have been associated with the evolution and development of the supercontinent Gondwana. Multiple distinct geological formations are located in this region. The most prominent and important are theNapier Complex (Archaean)Rayner Complex (late-Proterozoic)Lützow-Holm Complex (LHC) (early-Paleozoic)Yamato–Belgica Complex (early-Paleozoic)Both the Proterozoic and Paleozoic structures present in this region have become visible due to the initial uplift and exposure of the Archaean Napier Complex, where the oldest metamorphic rocks (4000 Ma) were found in the expanding Archaean blocks.

Geologische Bundesanstalt

Geology

Geology of Canterbury, New Zealand

Geological association of canada

The geology of Ceres consists of the characteristics of the surface, the crust and the interior of dwarf planet Ceres. The spectrum of Ceres is similar to that of C-type asteroids, but with spectral features of carbonates and clay minerals, which are usually absent in the spectra of other C-type asteroids. Ceres is sometimes classified as a G-type asteroid.

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is a spectroscopic technique that has been used for analyzing the fundamental molecular structure of geological samples in recent decades. As in other infrared spectroscopy, the molecules in the sample are excited to a higher energy state due to the absorption of infrared (IR) radiation emitted from the IR source in the instrument, which results in vibrations of molecular bonds.

Geological maps of Senegal

Geological hotspots

Geology in Japan

Geologists

Geological provinces

Geological mapping of Venus

The Geological Society of Washington is a learned society based in the Washington, D.C. area. According to its constitution, "The object of the Society is the increase and diffusion of geological knowledge"

The base of rocks that underlie Borneo, an island in Southeast Asia, was formed by the arc-continent collisions, continent–continent collisions and subduction–accretion due to convergence between the Asian, India–Australia, and Philippine Sea-Pacific plates over the last 400 million years. The active geological processes of Borneo are mild as all of the volcanoes are extinct. The geological forces shaping SE Asia today are from three plate boundaries: the collisional zone in Sulawesi southeast of Borneo, the Java-Sumatra subduction boundary and the India-Eurasia continental collision.

Geological Society of Washington

Geological park

Cape Verde is a volcanic archipelago situated above an oceanic rise that puts the base of the islands 2 kilometers (1.2 mi) above the rest of the seafloor. Cape Verde has been identified as a hotspot and it has been argued that a mantle plume might be underneath it causing the volcanic activity and associated geothermal anomalies.Though Cape Verde's islands are all volcanic in origin, they vary widely in terrain. A still-active volcano on the island of Fogo is the highest point on the archipelago (elevation 2,829 meters or 9,281 feet). Extensive salt flats are found on Sal and Maio. On Santiago, Santo Antão, and São Nicolau, arid slopes give way in places to sugarcane fields or banana plantations spread along the base of towering mountains.The islands are geologically principally composed of igneous rocks, with basic volcanics and pyroclastics comprising the majority of the total volume. The volcanic and plutonic rocks are distinctly basic in character. The archipelago is an example of a soda-alkaline petrographic province, with a petrologic succession which is similar to that found in other Mid Atlantic islands. Mount Fogo is an active volcano which most recently erupted in 1995. Fogo’s caldera is 8 km (5 mi) in diameter, the rim is at an elevation of 1,600 m (5,249 ft) with an interior cone rising to 2,830 m (9,285 ft) from the crater's floor level. Calderas probably result from the subsidence, following the partial evacuation of the magma chamber, of a cylindrical block into the supplying magma chamber, in this case lying at a depth of some 8 km (5 mi). The archipelago has been dated at approximately 180 million years old.

Geology (country rock)

The geology of Burkina Faso is dominated by Precambrian rocks of the Guinea Rise, a dome of Archaean rocks, composed largely of migmatites, gneisses and amphibolites, over which lie the greenstone belts of the early Proterozoic age. The latter are metasediments and metavolcanics assigned largely to the Birrimian Supergroup, a suite of rocks in which economically significant mineralization occurs. Pre-Birrimian migmatites, gneisses, and amphibolites, located under the Birrimian rocks, are the oldest rocks in the country. The Birrimian deposits in the southwestern part of the country are typically divided between clastic and volcano-clastic formations.

Geology of Canada

Geological formation

Daniel Lebel

Geological period

The geology of Bolivia comprises a variety of different lithologies as well as tectonic and sedimentary environments. On a synoptic scale, geological units coincide with topographical units. The country is divided into a mountainous western area affected by the subduction processes in the Pacific and an eastern lowlands of stable platforms and shields.

Legend: RR, Reykjanes Ridge; RVB, Reykjanes Volcanic Belt; WVZ, West Volcanic Zone; MIB, Mid-Iceland Belt; SISZ, South Iceland Seismic Zone; EVZ, East Volcanic Zone; NVZ, North Volcanic Zone; TFZ, Tjörnes Fracture Zone; KR, Kolbeinsey Ridge; ÖVB, Öræfajökul Volcanic Belt; SVB, Snæfellsnes Volcanic Belt. The legend for the basalt regions is the same as [[#Volcanic rift zones

Geological exploration of the fortieth parallel

The geology of East Sussex is defined by the Weald–Artois anticline, a 60 kilometres (37 mi) wide and 100 kilometres (62 mi) long fold within which caused the arching up of the chalk into a broad dome within the middle Miocene, which has subsequently been eroded to reveal a lower Cretaceous to Upper Jurassic stratigraphy.

Geological shield

The geology of Botswana plays a significant part in the country’s economy. The basement rocks of the Kaapvaal-Zimbabwe craton extend into Botswana whilst in the east and southeast, metamorphic rocks of Archaean age are dominant. A younger cover of Karoo rocks and post-Cretaceous Kalahari Group sediments conceal the western margins of these older rocks and largely conceal Proterozoic orogenic belts too.

The geology of Burundi consists largely of metamorphic rocks of Proterozoic age with inliers of basement rocks of Archaean age. The former are metasediments of the Burundian and Malagaarasian Supergroups which are of Meso- and Neoproterozoic age, respectively. Granites intrude the rocks from the Burndian Supergroup along a 350km zone of mafic and ultramafic intrusions. Just like Tanzania, the Malagarasian Supergroup has Neoproterozoic rocks. The top of this group contains the Kibago Group, which consists of sandstones, quartzites, shales, and a basal conglomerate.The Western Rift around and northwards of Bujumbura is partly filled by Cenozoic sediments.

Geology of Britain

The Florida peninsula is a porous plateau of karst limestone sitting atop bedrock known as the Florida Platform. The emergent portion of the platform was created during the Eocene to Oligocene as the Gulf Trough filled with silts, clays, and sands. Flora and fauna began appearing during the Miocene. No land animals were present in Florida prior to the Miocene.The largest deposits of rock phosphate in the country are found in Florida. Most of this is in Bone Valley.Extended systems of underwater caves, sinkholes and springs are found throughout the state and supply most of the water used by residents. The limestone is topped with sandy soils deposited as ancient beaches over millions of years as global sea levels rose and fell. During the last glacial period, lower sea levels and a drier climate revealed a much wider peninsula, largely savanna. While there are sinkholes in much of the state, modern sinkholes have tended to be in West-Central Florida.

Geological strata

Geology of Cheshire

subordinate federal agency

The Geological Survey of South Australia is an authority within the Department of State Development of the Government of South Australia that is responsible for surveying and exploration of South Australia's geological resources.The Geological Office was started in December 1882 as under the Commissioner of Crown Lands and Immigration the creation of the survey had been an issue in the local press earlier in the same year Historically the Survey has existed under the various names of the Mines Department has been ascribed by various governments

Alderley Edge in Cheshire is one of the classic locations for the study of Triassic sandstones in the United Kingdom. Numerous scientists from the early 19th century up to the present day have studied the area and it is a popular field site for universities around the UK. As time progresses, new theories are developed and new hypotheses are tested as to the origin of the sandstones. The information presented here provides the history and current (as of 2006) thoughts on the geological evolution of the sandstones at Alderley Edge.

Geological dating

Geological surveys

Geologiska föreningen

Geology of Andorra

Nazar-Ul-Islam

Geology, Stratigraphic

Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin

Geol.

Uninhabited

The geology of British Columbia is a function of its location on the leading edge of the North American continent. The mountainous physiography and the diversity of rock types and ages hint at the complex geology, which is still undergoing revision despite a century of exploration and mapping.The country's most prominent geological features are mountain ranges, including the North American Cordillera, which stretches from Southern Mexico to Alaska.

Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin

The geology of Botswana plays a significant part in the country’s economy. The basement rocks of the Kaapvaal-Zimbabwe craton extend into Botswana whilst in the east and southeast, metamorphic rocks of Archaean age are dominant. A younger cover of Karoo rocks and post-Cretaceous Kalahari Group sediments conceal the western margins of these older rocks and largely conceal Proterozoic orogenic belts too. This younger stratum was laid down in the Kalahari Basin underlying large parts of the centre of the country. In the northwest of Botswana, more recent sediments overlie rocks of Meso- and Neoproterozoic age rocks, belonging probably to the Damara Belt.The city of Orapa, located in Eastern Botswana, contains a fossilized crater lake with the most insect and plant bearing taphocoenosis of middle Cretaceous in Africa.

Portal Peak in the Chiricahua Mountains as seen from Rodeo to the east

Geology in the USSR

Alderley Edge

Geological time

Geology of Bolivia

File-Stormy Point 1993.jpg

GEUS is an abbreviation for Danmarks og Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse, the Danish name for the independent sector research institute under the Ministry of Climate and Energy.

Geological fault line

Geology hammer

The geology of England is mainly sedimentary. The youngest rocks are in the south east around London, progressing in age in a north westerly direction. The Tees-Exe line marks the division between younger, softer and low-lying rocks in the south east and the generally older and harder rocks of the north and west which give rise to higher relief in those regions. The geology of England is recognisable in the landscape of its counties, the building materials of its towns and its regional extractive industries.

The geology of Eritrea in east Africa broadly consists of Precambrian rocks in the west, Paleozoic glacial sedimentary rocks in the South and Cenozoic sediments and volcanics along the coastal zone adjoining the Red Sea. The Precambrian rocks been involved with the orogeny process, which is when a section of the Earth's crust is deformed to form a mountain range.

Geology of Alabama

The Geological and Mining Institute of Spain (Spanish: Instituto Geológico y Minero de España) is a research institute located in Madrid, Spain. It is run under the auspices of the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness.In collaboration with the Spanish Geological Society (Sociedad Geológica de España or SGE), the Institute has drawn up a list of internationally important geosites in Spain.

Geological resource

Rodeo, NM-E

The geology of Cyprus is part of the regional geology of Europe. Cyprus lies on the southern border of the Eurasian Plate and on the southern margin of the Anatolian Plate. The southern margin of the Anatolian Plate is in collision with the African Plate, which has created the uplift of the Cyprus arc and Cyprus itself.

Geology of County Durham

Geological epochs

Geology of Asia

Geological disposal facility

Geological survey

Geological feature

Stormy Point

Map of the large-scale geology of Bolivia

Geological prominence

Geological and Nuclear Sciences

Geological Structure of Great Britain

The geology of Djibouti consists largely of volcanic rocks from the Miocene to Holocene epochs. There are more recent alluvial deposits with coral on the coast, as well as Cenozoic sedimentary. Amba Aradam Sandstones from the Jurassic Period are found in the southeast of the country.

A formation or geological formation is the fundamental unit of lithostratigraphy. A formation consists of a certain number of rock strata that have a comparable lithology, facies or other similar properties. Formations are not defined on the thickness of the rock strata they consist of and the thickness of different formations can therefore vary widely.The concept of formally defined layers or strata is central to the geologic discipline of stratigraphy.

Regions

Spain

Seal of the Geological Survey of Canada.svg
The Geological Survey of Canada (GSC; French: Commission géologique du Canada (CGC)) is a Canadian federal government agency responsible for performing geological surveys of the country, developing Canada's natural resources and protecting the environment. A branch of the Earth Sciences Sector of Natural Resources Canada, the GSC is the country's oldest scientific agency and was one of its first government organizations.

Archives

Geology Today is a publication of the Geological Society of London and the Geologists' Association.

The Geological Survey of Western Australia is an authority within the Department of Mines and Petroleum of the Government of Western Australia that is responsible for surveying and exploration of Western Australia's geological resources. The department provides information to industry, technical support and professional guidance to government on geology, mining and petroleum resources.Historically the Survey has existed under the various names of the Mines Department has been ascribed by various governments Also some sections have moved between the survey and other departments. For example, the hydrogeology section was moved to the Waters and Rivers Commission in 1996.

Prof. Peter Doyle

Geology of Bangladesh

Geology museum

This article describes the geology of the ceremonial county of Durham. It includes the boroughs of Darlington, Hartlepool and Stockton-on-Tees but not those former northeastern parts of the county which are now in the county of Tyne and Wear.The geology of County Durham in northeast England consists of a basement of Lower Palaeozoic rocks overlain by a varying thickness of Carboniferous and Permo-Triassic sedimentary rocks which dip generally eastwards towards the North Sea. These have been intruded by a pluton, sills and dykes at various times from the Devonian Period to the Palaeogene. The whole is overlain by a suite of unconsolidated deposits of Quaternary age arising from glaciation and from other processes operating during the post-glacial period to the present. The geological interest of the west of the county was recognised by the designation in 2003 of the North Pennines Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty as a European Geopark.The word 'geology' may be traced back to a coinage of Richard de Bury who was a Bishop of Durham in the 14th century. He introduced the term geologia in his work The Philobiblon which he explained as 'the earthly science'.

A geological survey is the systematic investigation of the geology beneath a given piece of ground for the purpose of creating a geological map or model. Geological surveying employs techniques from the traditional walk-over survey, studying outcrops and landforms, to intrusive methods, such as hand augering and machine-driven boreholes, to the use of geophysical techniques and remote sensing methods, such as aerial photography and satellite imagery.

Geological eras

Geology (Boulder)

Geological history of the Precordillera Terrane

Geological depression

Geology Hall, formerly Geological Hall, is a building located in the historic Queens Campus section of Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey's College Avenue Campus in New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States. As part of the Queen's Campus, Geology Hall was included on the New Jersey Register of Historic Places and the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. When Rutgers was selected as New Jersey's only land grant college in 1864, the college began to expand its curriculum to include instruction in science and agriculture. Rutgers president William Henry Campbell raised funds to construct a building to accommodate this expansion, and Geology Hall, designed by architect Henry Janeway Hardenbergh, was built in 1872.At present, the building houses administrative offices and the university's geological museum. The museum, one of the oldest collegiate geology collections in the United States, was founded by state geologist and Rutgers professor George Hammell Cook in 1872. Its exhibits showcase the natural history of New Jersey; focusing geology, paleontology, and anthropology. Exhibits include fluorescent zinc minerals from Franklin and Ogdensburg, a mastodon from Salem County, a dinosaur trackway discovered in Towaco, and a Ptolemaic era Egyptian mummy.

Geological detritus

-Chihuahuan Desert

Geological survey of canada

Geologically

Geologryggen

Location in Antarctica
None

Geological hammer

Geological structure of Great Britain

Geological map of Senegal at 1/500 000 (March 2009)The revision of these three geological maps of Senegal mainly focuses on the sedimentary substratum from Upper Cretaceous to Miocene, the Cap-Vert volcanism from Miocene until Pleistocene, and the superficial Pliocene and Quaternary formations, thus updating these three sheets of the Geological Map of Senegal and Gambia carried out by the Bureau de Recherches géologiques et minières (BRGM) in 1962.This revision also provided the opportunity to move from the classical chronostratigraphy used back in the 1960s to the lithostratigraphy that is currently more prevalent.

The Geological Survey of Western Australia is an authority within the Department of Mines and Petroleum of the Government of Western Australia that is responsible for surveying and exploration of Western Australia's geological resources.

Geological engineer

Geology of Finland

Dorset /ˈdɔːrsᵻt/ (or archaically, Dorsetshire) is a county in South West England on the English Channel coast. Covering an area of 2,653 square kilometres (1,024 sq mi); it borders Devon to the west, Somerset to the north-west, Wiltshire to the north-east, and Hampshire to the east. The great variation in its landscape owes much to the underlying geology which includes an almost unbroken sequence of rocks from 200 Ma to 40 Ma and superficial deposits from 2 Ma to the present.

Geological archaeology

Geological Survey of Great Britain

The geology of Ceres consists of the characteristics of the surface, the crust and the interior of dwarf planet Ceres. The spectrum of Ceres is similar to that of C-type asteroids, but with spectral features of carbonates and clay minerals, which are usually absent in the spectra of other C-type asteroids. Ceres is sometimes classified as a G-type asteroid. The surface of Ceres is comparable to the surfaces of Saturn's moon Rhea and Tethys, and Uranus's moon Umbriel and Oberon.With an albedo of 0.09, Ceres's surface is quite dark compared to the moons in the outer Solar System. This might be a result of the relatively high temperature of Ceres's surface, the maximum temperature with the Sun overhead was estimated from measurements to be 235 K (approximately −38 °C, −36 °F) on 5 May 1991. In a vacuum, ice is unstable at this temperature. Material left behind by the sublimation of surface ice could explain the dark surface of Ceres compared to the icy moons of the outer Solar System.

Þingvellir National Park, Bláskógabyggð .jpg

The geological structure of Great Britain is complex, resulting as it does from a long and varied geological history spanning more than two billion years. This piece of the Earth's crust has experienced several episodes of mountain building or 'orogenies', each of which has added further complexity to the picture.A wide range of geological structures occur across Britain and include examples at a variety of scales of:faultsthrust faultsfoldssedimentary basinsgrabens and horstsunconformitiesOur understanding of Britain's large-scale structure has been gained over many decades by simple geological field survey together with an increasing range of technological methods including gravity surveys, seismic surveys, aeromagnetic surveys and other forms of remote sensing.

Geology and paleoclimatology of the Mediterranean Basin

Geologists Day is a professional holiday of geologists, geophysicists and geochemists. It is traditionally celebrated on the first Sunday of April. The establishment of this holiday was initiated by a group of prominent Soviet geologists headed by academician Alexander Yanshin.

Geology of China

Geology of Easter Island

Geology and Earth formation

Fig 1. This figure shows the locations of the major deformation zones in Iceland. The thickest line represents the divergent plate boundary.

Geological Survey of Belgium

The terrain of Chad in central Africa is dominated by the low-lying Chad Basin (elevation about 250 m / 820 ft), which rises gradually to mountains and plateaus on the north, east, and south. In the east heights of more than 900 metres (3,000 ft) are attained in the Ennedi and Ouaddaï plateaus. The greatest elevations are reached in the Tibesti massif in the north, with a maximum height of 3,415 metres (11,204 ft) at Emi Koussi. The northern half of the republic lies in the Sahara. The Bodélé Depression is a low region in the southern Sahara that is surrounded by basalt mountain ridges. Winds flow through this region and lift dust. The dust from this region supplies over half of the dust to Amazon rainforests.The only important rivers, the Logone and Chari, are located in the southwest and flow into Lake Chad. The lake doubles in size during the rainy season.

Geological history

Geological units:

Geological engineering

Geological reserve estimation

Geological modelling

The Geologists Range is a mountain range about 55 km (34 mi) long, standing between the heads of Lucy and Nimrod Glaciers in Antarctica. Seen by the northern party of the New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition (NZGSAE) (1961–62) and named to commemorate the work of geologists in Antarctic exploration.

Enderby Land is a region of Northeastern Antarctica which extends into the Southern Indian Ocean. The unique and diverse geological features of this Australian Antarctic Territory have been associated with the evolution and development of the supercontinent Gondwana. Multiple distinct geological formations are located in this region.

Geological age

Geological epoch

Archean to Paleozoic

Geological history of Borneo

Geologists from the USSR

Dos Cabezas Mountains-NW

Extensional structure, Þingvellir Graben, provides evidence for plate divergence in Iceland.

Geological framework of Iceland

Geological record

Geology Museum (Romania)

The Geologic history of the Chiricahua Mountains concerns the Chiricahua Mountains, an inactive volcanic range located in Coronado National Forest of southeastern Arizona, in the United States. They are part of an "archipelago" of mountain ranges known as the sky islands that connect the Sierra Madre Occidental in Mexico with the Rocky Mountains. The Chiricahua Mountains are home to a number of unusual geologic features associated with the Turkey Creek Caldera, some of which are protected by Chiricahua National Monument. The landscape has been dominantly shaped by faulting due to Basin and Range extension during the Miocene, volcanic activity, and erosion.

The geological structure of Great Britain is complex, resulting as it does from a long and varied geological history spanning more than two billion years.

Andorra is located in the Axial Zone of the central Pyrenees mountain range in south western Europe, which means that it has intensely folded and thrusted rocks formed when the Iberian peninsula was rotated onto the European continent.Rocks from the Cambrian or Ordovician occur in the form of conglomerate, limestone, phyllite, quartzite, and slate. Diapirs of slate from the Silurian Period are found in the Llavirsi syncline near Bixessarri in the south west.

Geological Survey of Victoria

Napier Complex, Rayner Complex, Lützow-Holm Complex, Yamato–Belgica Complex

Geology of Cyprus

Geologists from the Soviet Union

Geological hazard

Geology of Chad

Geological resistance

Tectonic forces

Donna Kirkwood

Geology Hall, formerly Geological Hall, is a building located in the historic Queens Campus section of Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey's College Avenue Campus in New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States. As part of the Queen's Campus, Geology Hall was included on the New Jersey Register of Historic Places and the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.

-Sonoran Desert

Geology of Europe

Geology in Australia

Geology of Armenia

Geological society of america

County

The geology of Europe is varied and complex, and gives rise to the wide variety of landscapes found across the continent, from the Scottish Highlands to the rolling plains of Hungary. Europe's most significant feature is the dichotomy between highland and mountainous Southern Europe and a vast, partially underwater, northern plain ranging from England in the west to the Ural Mountains in the east. These two halves are separated by the Pyrenees and the Alps-Carpathians mountain chain.

Commission géologique du Canada

Geological Survey of Austria

Geology Museum in Tashkent

Sulphur Springs Valley-NW, W & SW

The Geological Society of South Africa (GSSA) is a learned society for geological science that was founded in 1895, making it one of the oldest such societies in Africa.