Membership and supporter status within political parties in the United Kingdom typically contain restrictions including:Age restrictionsCitizenship RestrictionsA commitment to the party's principlesLimiting holding membership of other political partiesLimiting standing against officially endorsed candidatesMembership of specifically prohibited political partiesPersonal conduct expectations and party rule compliancePractically, involvement in a political party without membership may limit an individual's involvement.

Political positions of hillary clinton

Political groups (Australia)

The following table indicates the party of elected officials in Guam, an unincorporated territory of the United States:GovernorLieutenant GovernorAttorney GeneralThe table also indicates the historical party composition in the:Territorial LegislatureTerritory delegation to the United States House of RepresentativesFor years in which a presidential election was held, the table indicates which party's nominees won the island's presidential straw poll.

Politics (essay)

The political groups of the European Parliament are the parliamentary groups of the European Parliament. The European Parliament is unique among supranational assemblies in that its members (MEPs) organise themselves into ideological groups like in traditional national legislatures. The members of other supranational assemblies form national groups. The political groups of the European Parliament are sometimes the formal representation of a European political party in the Parliament. In other cases, they are political coalitions of a number of European parties, national parties, and independent politicians.These groups are not parties, but looser coalitions. They are strictly forbidden to campaign during the European elections since this is the exclusive responsibility of the Europarties. Each political group is assumed to have a set of core principles, and political groups that cannot demonstrate this may be disbanded (see below).

Political establishment

Political parties of the Empire of Japan

Political party strength in U S states

Political parties in Togo

Political mutilation in the Byzantine culture

Political divisions of the DRC

Political party strength in the United States Virgin Islands

Political parties in Cameroon

Political ideology in the United States

Political division of Venezuela

Political legitimacy

Political subdivisions

Sweden has for political and dynastic reasons been in union with other kingdoms and princely states, ostensibly personal unions.

The following table indicates the party of elected officials in the U.S. state of Montana:GovernorLieutenant GovernorSecretary of StateAttorney GeneralState AuditorSuperintendent of Public InstructionThe table also indicates the historical party composition in the:State SenateState House of RepresentativesState delegation to the United States SenateState delegation to the United States House of RepresentativesFor years in which a presidential election was held, the table indicates which party's nominees received the state's electoral votes.The parties are as follows: Constitution (C), Democratic (D), Populist (P), Republican (R), and a tie or coalition within a group of elected officials.

Political killings in the Philippines (2001–2010)

Cindy Simon Rosenthal

Politically radical

Political positions of Bill O'Reilly

Political parties of the world

Political sleaze (UK politics)

Political views of hillary rodham clinton

A political pensioner enjoys a pension awarded due to his or political career or significance.

Online access

A European political foundation, formally a political foundation at European level, informally a Eurofoundation, is a research and advocacy organization close to, but independent from a Europarty. They are funded by the European Parliament. Their purpose is to act as platforms aiming at developing forward-looking ideas and concepts for their respective political family and providing a forum where those ideas can be widely debated. There are nine Eurofoundations as of 16 March 2009.

Political parties involved in the 2008 Austrian legislative election

Political joke

Political views of Jimmy Wales

Political views of subhash chandra bose

The following table indicates the party of elected officials in the United States insular area of the United States Virgin Islands:GovernorLieutenant GovernorThe table also indicates the historical party composition in the:Territorial LegislatureTerritory delegation to the U.S.

Political problems of China

A political international is a trans-national organisation of political parties or activists. The international works together on points of agreement to co-ordinate activity.Political internationals have increased in popularity and influence since their beginnings in the political left of 19th-century Europe, as an increased attention has been paid by political activists to developments for or against their own ideological favor in other countries and continents.

Politically exposed person

Political positions of Hillary Rodham Clinton

Political divisions of Russia

Alan O'Connor

Political history of Mysore and Coorg (1565–1760)

Political offender

Political families of Kerala

"Politics" is an essay written by Ralph Waldo Emerson. It is part of his Essays: Second Series, published in 1844. A premier philosopher, poet and leader of American transcendentalism, he used this essay to belie his feelings on government, specifically American government. His impact on New England thought and his views on pragmatism influenced the likes of Henry David Thoreau, Orestes Brownson, and Frederich Nietzsche, among others.

Political positions of the Republican Party presidential primary candidates, 2016

Political divisions of Chile

The following table indicates the party of elected officials in the U.S. state of Oklahoma:GovernorLieutenant GovernorSecretary of StateAttorney GeneralState Auditor, State Examiner and Inspector, and State Auditor and InspectorState TreasurerSuperintendent of Public InstructionCommissioner of LaborCommissioner of InsuranceThe table also indicates the historical party composition in the:State SenateState House of RepresentativesState Corporation CommissionState delegation to the U.S.

In Australia, Political Groups (also known as Group Tickets, or simply Groups) are temporary associations made for the purpose of forming a ticket for elections to the upper houses of Australia, most notably the Australian Senate. In most upper houses and the ACT Legislative Assembly, elections are done under a special form of the Single Transferable Voting system in which a voter can vote for each candidate or a one political group of candidates. These groups are unsurely dissolve after the election is over, especially if one is made by an independent candidate or a group of independents. They are very similar to parties in many respects except the name. Political parties unsurely forms their own group tickets under the party name, with changes ranging from major (replacing an entire group with new candidates) to minor (replacing one or two, or raising the position of a lower listed candidate to a higher position in the group) after each election.

The politicization of science is the manipulation of science for political gain. It occurs when government, business, or advocacy groups use legal or economic pressure to influence the findings of scientific research or the way it is disseminated, reported or interpreted. The politicization of science may also negatively affect academic and scientific freedom.

Political parties of Slovakia

Defunct

November 2010

Politician and personality nicknaming in Quebec

Political positions of Creigh Deeds

Political divisions of the Untied States

Politics is a 2003 novel by Adam Thirlwell about a father-daughter relationship and about a ménage à trois which includes said daughter and two of her friends. We are informed by the narrator that the novel is about "goodness".

Political parties in Germany

Political opponent

Political positions of John Kasich

Political parties in the Republic of the Congo

Political poetry brings together politics and poetry. Politics is the process of resolving conflicts and deciding who gets what, when, and how. Poetry is a written expression on an individual’s feelings, ambitions, or views. When both come together you have what we call "political poetry" and it is a creative way to exercise one’s right to freedom of expression, all while expressing yourself in the same process.

Politicized issue

Political parties in Ethiopia

Print

Dennis John Kucinich (born October 8, 1946) is an American politician, a former representative of Ohio's 10th congressional district (since 1997), a former Mayor of Cleveland (1978–1979), and twice a candidate for President of the United States.Kucinich is often regarded as one of the most liberal members of the United States House of Representatives.

Political parties in Belize

Political views of professors in the United States

Political parties in East Germany

Politics drawn from the very words of holy scripture

Politics, Religion and Her

Politics & Gender

Online political news daily

Political international

Political scandals of Albania

Political weblog

Political song

Political parties in Northern Cyprus

Politicide (disambiguation)

Political parties of minorities

Politico's

Political parties in the US

Political fusionism

Political views of Paul Robeson

Political parties in Sri Lanka

Political manifesto

Political parties of Puerto Rico

Political views

Political surgery

Political violence in Turkey, 1970s

In financial regulation, "politically exposed person" (PEP) is a term describing someone who has been entrusted with a prominent public function. A PEP generally presents a higher risk for potential involvement in bribery and corruption by virtue of their position and the influence that they may hold. The terms politically exposed person and senior foreign political figure are often used interchangeably, particularly in international forums. Foreign official is a term for individuals deemed as government persons under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act or FCPA, and although definitions are similar to PEP, there are quite a few differences and should not be used interchangeably. The term PEP is typically used referring to customers in the financial services industry, while 'foreign official' refers to the risks of third party relationships in all industries.

Political scandals during the Truman administration

Throughout the history of the Soviet Union tens of millions of people became victims of political repression, which was an instrument of the state since the October Revolution. Culminating during the Stalin era, it still existed during the "Khrushchev Thaw", followed by increased persecution of Soviet dissidents during the Brezhnev stagnation, and didn't cease to exist during Mikhail Gorbachev's perestroika. Its heritage still influences the life of modern Russia and other former Soviet states.

Political extremism in Japan

Politics

In late October 2012, the post-tropical cyclone once known as Hurricane Sandy made landfall in New Jersey. By the time it made landfall, it had merged with other storm systems. Though no longer a hurricane, the combined storm caused over $50 billion in damages and cost over 100 lives in the United States.The storm and its aftermath had several direct and indirect effects on the American political environment leading up to the 2012 United States General Election, in which Mitt Romney challenged incumbent Barack Obama for the Presidency.

Politics, Philosophy & Economics (journal)

Political opportunity structure

Political parties in Ukraine

Political parties in Romania

Political development

Political lobbyists

Political parties in Lebanon

Political make-up of London borough councils

Politics and government of Pakistan

Political strategy deals with politics from a strategic perspective. Basically, it is the study of how politics are invented, and used to obtain some given objective.This article covers some of these techniques as seen in history and the present day. Politics and the related tactics can be found in nearly every corner of our civilization.

Political positions of Noam Chomsky

This article presents the historical development and role of political parties in Ukrainian politics, and outlines more extensively the significant modern political parties since Ukraine gained independence in 1991.

Political humor

Political parties of Greece

Polit. Gender

Politics and the Unification Church

Political effects of hurricane katrina

Political party of the Netherlands

Political endorsement is the action of publicly declaring one's personal or group's support of a candidate for elected office. In a multiparty system, where one party considers that it does not have enough support to win power, just prior to the election, the official representative of that party may give an official endorsement for a party that they consider more likely to be a contender. In Australian electoral law electoral endorsement is a specific term and a candidate can only be endorsed by a registered party.

Political parties in Guyana

Politics, Philosophy & Economics

Political entrepreneurs

Political party strength in Oklahoma

Politics in Bihar

Political violence in Egypt (July 2013–present)

Political uprisings of 1968

Political game theory

Political parties (日本の戦前の政党, seitō) appeared in Japan after the Meiji Restoration, and gradually increased in importance after the promulgation of the Meiji Constitution and the creation of the Diet of Japan. During the Taishō period, parliamentary democracy based on party politics temporarily succeeded in Japan, but in the 1930s the political parties were eclipsed by the military, and were dissolved in the 1940s during World War II.

Political philology is "an active mode of understanding" texts. It does not simply take (religious) texts at face-value as religious texts without any connection to a social and political context, but situates them in a historical context, and is sensitive to the social and political implications and usages of a (religious) text.

Political simulation game

Politics and Judaism

Political refugees

Political officer (military)

Political status Of Taiwan

Political status of Niue

Political discourse analysis

Political party strength in Montana

Political institutions of rome

Politically-incorrect

Political recuperation

Political parties in Yemen

Herbert George Wells (1866–1946) — known as H.G. Wells — was a prolific English writer in many genres, including the novel, history, politics, and social commentary, and textbooks and rules for war games. Wells called his political views socialist.

While Japan's political mainstream has the DPJ and the LDP as dominant forces, there is political extremism to the left and the right.Neither left- nor right-wing extremists managed to wrest power from the LDP in post-war history, but they managed to influence public opinion on certain topics. These include Sino-Japanese relations, the role of the military, and national symbolism.

"Here She Comes"

Jill A. Irvine

Political topics in New Zealand

Political position ranking of the People's Republic of China

The political status of the Azores (in Portuguese, Estatuto Político-Administrativo dos Açores or EPARAA) is the standard paralegal constitutional framework for the autonomy of the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores. It defines the scope of the autonomous regional government and the structure and functioning of organs of government in the region. The statute is, in its essence, a regional constitution, which embodies the system of autonomy envisaged, in 1976, by the constitution of the Portuguese Republic. The autonomous region of Madeira has a similar status.

In financial regulation, "politically exposed person" (PEP) is a term describing someone who has been entrusted with a prominent public function. A PEP generally presents a higher risk for potential involvement in bribery and corruption by virtue of their position and the influence that they may hold. The terms politically exposed person and senior foreign political figure are often used interchangeably, particularly in international forums.

Politics As Usual

Ethnic parties aim to represent an ethnic group in a political system, be it a sovereign state or a country subdivision. An alternate designation is 'Political parties of minorities', but they should not be mistaken with regionalist or separatist parties, whose purpose is territorial autonomy.

Politics at the philippines

Politico’s Guide to the History of British Political Parties

Politics Daily was an American political journalism web site launched by AOL News in April 2009. It described itself as a "political news magazine for the general reader." Melinda Henneberger, a former Newsweek and New York Times reporter, was Editor in Chief. Carl M. Cannon was the Executive Editor and senior Washington correspondent. Former Baltimore Sun reporter David Wood was chief military correspondent.

Political parties in Armenia

Political repression in the Soviet Union

Politically correct

Political structure of atlanta

Political parties in South Korea

In Australia, Political Groups (also known as Group Tickets, or simply Groups) are temporary associations made for the purpose of forming a ticket for elections to the upper houses of Australia, most notably the Australian Senate. In most upper houses and the ACT Legislative Assembly, elections are done under a special form of the Single Transferable Voting system in which a voter can vote for each candidate or a one political group of candidates.

Political fringe movements

Political subjectivity is a term used to indicate the deeply embedded nature of subjectivity and subjective experience in a socially constructed system of power and meaning. The notion of political subjectivity is an emerging idea in social sciences and humanities. In some sense the term political subjectivity reflects the converging point of a number of traditionally distinct disciplinary lines of investigation, such as philosophy, anthropology, political theory, and psychoanalytic theory. Above all, the current conceptualization of political subjectivity has become possible due to a fundamental shift in humanities and social sciences during the 20th century, commonly known as the linguistic turn.Major figures associated with the question of political subjectivity come from diverse disciplinary backgrounds, such as German philosopher GWF Hegel, French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan, French historian Michel Foucault, American literary critic Fredric Jameson, American cultural anthropologist Clifford Geertz, American medical anthropologist Byron J. Good, American philosopher and gender theorist Judith Butler, Canadian medical anthropologist Sadeq Rahimi, Argentine political theorist Ernesto Laclau, Slovenian philosopher Slavoj Zizek, Greek political theorist Yannis Stavrakakis, and many others.The term "political subjectivity" had been used in earlier literature, such as Steven Brown's book, Political subjectivity: Applications of Q methodology in political science to refer to individual political view points as affected by social and personal psychological processes. But the term was later re-appropriated to refer to the much more intricate idea that the very experience of subjectivity is fundamentally political. According to Sadeq Rahimi in Meaning, Madness and Political Subjectivity, "Politicality is not an added aspect of the subject, but indeed the mode of being of the subject, that is, precisely what the subject is."An early (1981) book by Fredric Jameson, The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act, can be considered one of the forerunners of the notion of political subjectivity. In his book Jameson attributed what he termed a "political unconscious" to text, asserting that all text has embedded in it, albeit in an implicit form, the encodings of the political history of the environment in which they have been produced. He then proposed “the doctrine of a political unconscious,” as an analytic method for unearthing the hermeneutically repressed political memories of text, and “restoring to the surface of the text the repressed and buried reality of this fundamental history” (p. 20). While Jameson's original theory of the political unconscious was primarily a neo-Marxist approach to literary criticism, later proliferation and interdisciplinary cross-fertilization of theories of subjectivity have greatly expanded Jameson's original ideas to include the range of political, cultural and psychological processes within the framework of political subjectivity.

Political party at the European level

Political organizations and Armed forces in Vietnam, since 1912 :

The Republican candidates in the 2016 United States presidential election are not all the same in their opinions. The following chart shows the different positions they hold.

Neither 2001a nor 2001b include page 68

Dennis John Kucinich (born October 8, 1946) is an American politician, a former representative of Ohio's 10th congressional district (since 1997), a former Mayor of Cleveland (1978–1979), and twice a candidate for President of the United States.Kucinich is often regarded as one of the most liberal members of the United States House of Representatives. Describing his views in the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries, he said, "I'm from the universal-health-care wing of the Democratic Party. I'm from the Roe v. Wade-litmus-test wing of the Democratic Party. I'm from the abolish-the-death-penalty wing of the Democratic Party." Dennis Kucinich has also gained reputation as a pacifist. On The Daily Show with Jon Stewart he said as he ran for president in 2004 he wanted to end the idea that war is inevitable. He has authored a bill to create a Department of Peace.

Politicization of science

Political positions of Lincoln Chafee

Political parties in Kosovo

Political positions of Sebastián Piñera

Political wing of the fal

Political party strength in Washington

Politicorps

The following is a list of the political history of East Africa.

Political primary

Politics and Society

Political families of pakistan

Political strategy

Political liberalism in the United Kingdom

Political families of Andhra Pradesh

Political parties in the Sahrawi Republic

"Fit to Be Tied Down"

Politics and Letters: Interviews with New Left Review

Political subjectivity is a term used to indicate the deeply embedded nature of subjectivity and subjective experience in a socially constructed system of power and meaning. The notion of political subjectivity is an emerging idea in social sciences and humanities. In some sense the term political subjectivity reflects the converging point of a number of traditionally distinct disciplinary lines of investigation, such as philosophy, anthropology, political theory, and psychoanalytic theory.

Political pressure

Political views of Mitt Romney

English

Political divisions of Karafuto Province (1905-1945)

Political parties in Denmark

Political party strength in Guam

Political positions of Harry Reid

Political party funding

Political ecologists

Online archive

Political history of medieval karnataka

Political parties in Niger

Political positions of david cameron

PoliticsHome

The terms horse race and handicapping the horse race, have been used to describe media coverage of elections. The terms refer to any news story or article whose main focus is describing how a particular candidate or candidates is faring during the election, in other words, trying to predict the outcome. This category includes polls. There is a thin line between a horse race news story and a non horse race news story. For example, an article simply describing a candidate's economic policy is a non horse race article, but an article which is about how certain groups of voters are angry at a candidate's economic policy is a horse race article.

Political journalists

Political thought in ancient China

Political life of Frank Sinatra

Politics-related lists

Political parties in Sweden

Political progressives

Politicalcompass

Political history of Nicaragua

Political views of Bill Cosby

The political groups of the European Parliament are the parliamentary groups of the European Parliament. The European Parliament is unique among supranational assemblies in that its members (MEPs) organise themselves into ideological groups like in traditional national legislatures. The members of other supranational assemblies form national groups. The political groups of the European Parliament are sometimes the formal representation of a European political party in the Parliament.

Entertainer and activist Paul Robeson's political philosophies and outspoken views about domestic and international Communist countries and movements were the subject of great concern to the western mass media and the United States Government, during the Cold War. His views also caused controversy within the ranks of black organizations and the entertainment industry.Robeson was never officially identified as a member of the Communist Party USA (CPUSA), domestically or internationally. Robeson's beliefs in socialism, his ties to the CPUSA and leftist trade unions, and his experiences in the USSR continue to cause controversy among historians and scholars as well as fans and journalists.

Political feasibility Analysis

Politically Re-Active with W. Kamau Bell and Hari Kondabolu

The following table indicates the party of elected officials in the United States insular area of the United States Virgin Islands:GovernorLieutenant GovernorThe table also indicates the historical party composition in the:Territorial LegislatureTerritory delegation to the U.S. House of RepresentativesThe parties are as follows: Democratic (D), Independent (I), Independent Citizens Movement (IC), and Republican (R).For a particular year, the noted partisan composition is that which either took office during that year or which maintained the office throughout the entire year. Only changes made outside of regularly scheduled elections are noted as affecting the partisan composition during a particular year. Shading is determined by the final result of any mid-cycle changes in partisan affiliation.

Politics and Letters

Politicians in Poland

Political elder

Politics in Armenia

Political parties in the Cook Islands

The following table indicates the party of elected officials in the U.S. state of Oklahoma:GovernorLieutenant GovernorSecretary of StateAttorney GeneralState Auditor, State Examiner and Inspector, and State Auditor and InspectorState TreasurerSuperintendent of Public InstructionCommissioner of LaborCommissioner of InsuranceThe table also indicates the historical party composition in the:State SenateState House of RepresentativesState Corporation CommissionState delegation to the U.S. SenateState delegation to the U.S. House of RepresentativesFor years in which a presidential election was held, the table indicates which party's nominees received the state's electoral votes.The parties are as follows: Democratic (D), Republican (R), and a tie or coalition within a group of elected officials.

Political parties in Pakistan

The exploration of politics in science fiction is arguably older than the identification of the genre. One of the earliest works of modern science fiction, H. G. Wells’ The Time Machine, is an extrapolation of the class structure of the United Kingdom of his time, an extreme form of Social Darwinism; during tens of thousands of years, human beings have evolved into two different species based on their social class.

Political music

Political party strength in Rhode Island

Political regressivism

Political film

Political issues

Political parties in Nagorno-Karabakh

The terms horse race and handicapping the horse race, have been used to describe media coverage of elections. The terms refer to any news story or article whose main focus is describing how a particular candidate or candidates is faring during the election, in other words, trying to predict the outcome. This category includes polls. There is a thin line between a horse race news story and a non horse race news story.

Politics and Gender

Politics (novel)

Political repression of cyber-dissidents is the oppression or persecution of people for expressing their political views on the Internet.Along with development of the Internet, state authorities in many parts of the world are moving forward to install mass surveillance of the electronic communications, establish Internet censorship to limit the flow of information, and persecute individuals and groups who express "inconvenient" political views in the Internet. Many cyber-dissidents have found themselves persecuted for attempts to bypass state controlled news media. Reporters Without Borders has released a Handbook For Bloggers and Cyber-Dissidents and maintains a roster of currently imprisoned cyber-dissidents.

yes

Political metaphor

Political parties in Senegal

"Vidalia'''"

Political independence

Political scandals during the George W. Bush Administration

Political philology

Politically Incorrect (Blog)

Political ideas in science fiction

Political libertarianism

Political parties in Marshall Islands

Political parties of australia

Political scandals during the Clinton Administration

Politicians

PolitickerNY.com

Politics in Germany

In late October 2012, the post-tropical cyclone once known as Hurricane Sandy made landfall in New Jersey. By the time it made landfall, it had merged with other storm systems.

Political parties in Ireland

Political divisions of Algeria

Political speech

Cambridge Journals for the Women and Politics Research Section of APSA

Political positions of Dennis Kucinich

Politicised issues

Political endorsement is the action of publicly declaring one's personal or group's support of a candidate for elected office. In a multiparty system, where one party considers that it does not have enough support to win power, just prior to the election, the official representative of that party may give an official endorsement for a party that they consider more likely to be a contender.

Politics Daily was an American political journalism web site launched by AOL News in April 2009. It described itself as a "political news magazine for the general reader." Melinda Henneberger, a former Newsweek and New York Times reporter, was Editor in Chief. Carl M. Cannon was the Executive Editor and senior Washington correspondent. Former Baltimore Sun reporter David Wood was chief military correspondent. Politics Daily columnist Jill Lawrence was a national political correspondent for USA Today. Washington Post columnist Donna Britt and Chicago Sun-Times reporter Lynn Sweet wrote for the web site. Bucking the general trend of layoffs in the media industry due to declining advertising revenue in the late-2000s recession, Politics Daily had hired 22 professional writers and journalists by the end of April 2009, with some reportedly earning salaries over US$100,000 annually.On March 10, 2011, Melinda Henneberger and other top Politics Daily staffers were among 200 editorial employees laid off at AOL. It was later merged into The Huffington Post's Politics section.

Much of Nicaragua's early politics following independence was characterized by the rivalry between the liberal elite of León and the conservative elite of Granada. This rivalry sometimes spilled into civil war. Initially invited by Francisco Castellon in 1854 to join their struggle against the conservatives, US-born adventurer William Walker arrived in 1855 and won the Liberals' war so easily that it seemed that he barely fought. As a result, he saw the chance to take over the country. He appointed himself president in 1856. Fearing his plans for expansion, several Central American countries united to drive Walker out of Nicaragua in 1857. They were supported by the United States industrialist Cornelius Vanderbilt, who had originally sponsored Walker in Nicaragua. Walker was executed in neighboring Honduras on September 12, 1860. Three decades of conservative rule followed.Taking advantage of divisions among conservatives, José Santos Zelaya led a liberal revolt that brought him to power in 1893. He ended the long-standing dispute with the United Kingdom over the Atlantic Coast in 1894, and incorporated the Mosquito Coast into Nicaragua.Nicaragua was the first country to ratify the UN Charter, and declared war on Germany during World War II. No troops were sent to the war but Somoza used the crisis to seize attractive properties held by German-Nicaraguans, the best known of which was the Montelimar estate. Today it is operated as a privately owned luxury resort and casino.Because of the strategic importance of Nicaragua in the hemisphere, the United States (US) made numerous military interventions to protect what it believed were its interests in the region:1894: Month-long occupation of Bluefields1896: Marines land in port of Corinto1898: Marines land at port of San Juan del Sur1899: Marines land at port of Bluefields1907: "Dollar Diplomacy" protectorate set up1910: Marines land in Bluefields and Corinto1912-33: Bombing, 20-year occupation, fought guerrillas1981-90: CIA directs exile (Contra) revolution, plants harbor mines against governmentNicaragua has had numerous and lengthy periods when the country was ruled by military dictatorship. The longest was the rule of the Somoza family for much of the 20th century. The Somoza family came to power as part of a US-engineered Pact of Espino Negro in 1927; it stipulated the formation of the National Guard to replace the small individual armies that had supported separate fiefdoms in the country. The only Nicaraguan general to refuse to sign this pact (el tratado del Espino Negro) was Augusto César Sandino. He took refuge in the northern mountains of Las Segovias, from where he fought the US Marines for over five years.After U.S. Marines withdrew from Nicaragua in January 1933, Sandino and the newly elected Sacasa government reached an agreement by which he would cease his guerrilla activities in return for amnesty, a grant of land for an agricultural colony, and retention of an armed band of 100 men for a year. There followed a growing hostility between Sandino and Anastasio Somoza Garcia, chief of the national guard, which prompted Somoza to order the assassination of Sandino. Fearing future armed opposition from Sandino, Somoza invited him to a meeting in Managua, where Sandino was assassinated on February 21 of 1934 by the National Guard. Following the death of Sandino was the execution of hundreds of men, women, and children.With Sandino's death and using his troops, the National Guard, to force Sacasa to resign, Somoza had taken control of the country in 1937 and destroyed any potential armed resistance. Somoza was in turn assassinated by Rigoberto López Pérez, a Nicaraguan poet, in 1956. Luis Somoza Debayle, the eldest son of the late dictator, officially took charge of Nicaragua after his father's death.Luis Somoza, remembered by some for being moderate, was in power for only a few years before dying of a heart attack. Then came president, Rene Schick, whom most Nicaraguans viewed "as nothing more than a puppet of the Somozas". Somoza's brother, Anastasio Somoza Debayle, who succeeded his father in charge of the National Guard, held control of the country, and officially took the presidency after Schick. In 1961, a young student, Carlos Fonseca, turned back to the historical figure of Sandino, and founded the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN). The FSLN was a tiny party throughout most of the 1960s, but Somoza's hatred of it, and his repressive treatment of anyone suspected as a Sandinista sympathizer, gave many ordinary Nicaraguans the idea that the Sandinistas were much stronger than was the case.Some Nicaraguan historians point to the 1972 earthquake that devastated Managua as the final 'nail in the coffin' for Somoza. Some 90% of the city was destroyed. Somoza's brazen corruption, mishandling of relief (which prompted Pittsburgh Pirates star Roberto Clemente to fly to Managua on December 31, 1972, to try to help - a flight that ended in his death) and refusal to rebuild Managua, flooded the ranks of the Sandinistas with young disaffected Nicaraguans who no longer had anything to lose.Somoza acquired monopolies in industries that were key to rebuilding the nation, not allowing other members of the upper class to share the profits that would result from the reborn economic activity. This weakened Somoza further since even the economic elite were reluctant to support him. In the 1950s a synthetic brand of cotton, one of Nicaragua's economic pillars of the epoch, was developed. This caused the price of cotton to decrease, placing the economy in great trouble.These economic problems propelled the Sandinistas forward in their struggle against Somoza by leading many middle and upper class Nicaraguans to see the Sandinistas as the only hope for ridding the country of the brutal Somoza regime. The January 1978 assassination of Pedro Joaquin Chamorro, the editor of an important newspaper in Nicaragua and an ardent opponent of Somoza, is believed to have been the spark that led to extreme general disappointment against Somoza. The intellectual planners and perpetrators of the murder were at the highest echelons of the Somoza regime and included the dictator's son, “El Chiguin”, Somoza’s President of Housing, Cornelio Hueck, Somoza’s Attorney General, and Pedro Ramos, a close Cuban ally who commercialized in illegal blood plasma.The Sandinistas, supported by much of the populace, elements of the Catholic Church, and regional and international governments took power in July 1979. Somoza abandoned the country and eventually ended up in Paraguay, where he was assassinated in September 1980, allegedly by members of the 'Argentinian Revolutionary Workers' Party.The key large-scale programs of the Sandinistas included a massive National Literacy Crusade (March–August 1980), social program], which received international recognition for their gains in literacy, health care, education, childcare, unions, and land reform.United States President Jimmy Carter, who had cut off aid to Somoza's Nicaragua the previous year, initially chose to give aid to the new government, but the amount of aid lessened towards the end of his presidency and was completely cut off by President Reagan due to evidence of Sandinista support to FMLN rebels in El Salvador. Prior to U.S. aid withdrawal, Bayardo Arce, an FSLN politician, had stated that "Nicaragua is the only country building its socialism with the dollars of imperialism." The Reagan administration retorted imposing economic sanctions and a trade embargo against Nicaragua.After a brief period of these sanctions, Nicaragua was faced with a collapsing economy (see: Economy of Nicaragua). The U.S. trained and illegally financed the Contras, which were a counter-revolutionary group, in neighboring Honduras to impose an American-friendly government and militarily oppose the current government and the Nicaraguan army. The Soviet Union and Cuba were also heavily funding the Nicaraguan army. On June 27, 1986, the International Court of Justice in the “Case Concerning the Military and Paramilitary Activities In and Against Nicaragua (NICARAGUA v. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA)” acknowledged the nature of the conflict in Nicaragua as one of aggression directed by a foreign power against Nicaragua. In a twelve to three vote, the Court’s summary judgment against the United States stated that by:...training, arming, equipping, financing and supplying the contra forces or otherwise encouraging, supporting and aiding military and paramilitary activities in and against Nicaragua, the United States has acted, against the Republic of Nicaragua, in breach of its obligation under customary international law not to intervene in the affairs of another State.The US support for the Contras sparked widespread criticism from many quarters around the globe including within Nicaragua and the U.S., Democrats in Congress included. When Congress moved to cut off aid to the Contras, Reagan aide Col. Oliver North concocted a clandestine and ingenious plan to continue funding the Contras terrorists see: Iran-Contra Affair.Daniel Ortega was overwhelmingly elected President in 1984. The November 1984 elections were certified "fair" by some Western NGOs allowed into Nicaragua. Three right-wing opposition parties (Coordinadora Democrática Nicaragüense) boycotted the election, claiming that the Sandinistas were manipulating the media and that the elections might not be fair. The years of war and Nicaragua's economic situation had taken an unparalleled toll on Nicaragua. The US Government offered a political amnesty program that gave visas to any Nicaraguan without question. Nicaraguans (particularly those who could afford passage or had familial connections within the US) left the country in droves. This was the largest emigration ever seen in the history of Nicaragua."In 1984, controversy over U.S. assistance to the opponents of the Nicaraguan government (the anti-Sandinista guerrillas known as the “contras”) led to a prohibition on such assistance in a continuing appropriations bill." [Congressional Research Service, Congressional Use of Funding Cutoffs Since 1970 Involving U.S. Military Forces and Overseas Deployments, January 10, 2001, pg. 6.] [1]Nicaragua won a historic case against the U.S. at the International Court of Justice in 1986 (see Nicaragua v. United States), and the U.S. was ordered to pay Nicaragua some $12 billion in reparations for violating Nicaraguan sovereignty by engaging in attacks against it. The United States withdrew its acceptance of the Court and argued it had no authority in matters of sovereign state relations. In addition, the U.S. noted that Cuba and the Soviet Union also unfairly committed exactly the same alleged violation against Nicaraguan sovereignty by providing training and ammunition to Sandinistas while Somoza was in power. The U.S. government, standing on this arbitrary principle, refused to pay restitutions, even when a United Nations General Assembly resolution on the matter had been passed.

Political party funding refers to the set of methods that a political party applies to raise money for campaign and routine activities. This subject is also called political finance. In the US, campaign finance is the more frequently used term.Political parties are funded by contributions fromparty members and individual supporters (via membership fees/ dues/ subscriptions and/ or small donations),organizations, which share their political views (e.g.

Political platform

Political parties in Saint Kitts and Nevis

Political families

Rao 1948 not given in citations

Political divisions of Taiwan

"Politics, Religion and Her"

Political violence in Germany, 1918–33

J. Pol. Phil. Econ.

Political science basic topics

Political groups of the European Parliament

Politics and Letters is critic Raymond Williams's own account of his life and work. The book is based on a series of interviews given by Williams to the magazine New Left Review and was published in 1979.The work consists of five Sections: "Biography," "Culture," "Drama," "Literature," and "Politics".

Political status of guam

Yemen is a one party dominant state in which the General People's Congress (GPC) holds power. Opposition parties are allowed and elections are regularly held.

Political subdivisions of the state of New York

Noam Chomsky is a widely known intellectual, political activist, and critic of the foreign policy of the United States and other governments. Noam Chomsky describes himself as a libertarian socialist, a sympathizer of anarcho-syndicalism, and is considered to be a key intellectual figure within the left-wing of US politics.

Political parties in the Marshall Islands

Politicial mutilation in Byzantine culture

Political rights

Politics (magazine 1944-1949)

Political parties in France

Political parties in Cote d'Ivoire

Political views of Ron Paul

Political repression of cyber-dissidents is the oppression or persecution of people for expressing their political views on the Internet.Along with development of the Internet, state authorities in many parts of the world are moving forward to install mass surveillance of the electronic communications, establish Internet censorship to limit the flow of information, and persecute individuals and groups who express "inconvenient" political views in the Internet.

Politically Incorrect Guide to American History

Throughout his life, Frank Sinatra, the musician and actor, was involved in many different political activities in the United States. He also held positive views toward African Americans at a time when much of the United States still had segregation.

Politics (Royce da 5'9" song)

Political systems

Political scandals of india

Politics in Business Award

Much of Nicaragua's early politics following independence was characterized by the rivalry between the liberal elite of León and the conservative elite of Granada. This rivalry sometimes spilled into civil war. Initially invited by Francisco Castellon in 1854 to join their struggle against the conservatives, US-born adventurer William Walker arrived in 1855 and won the Liberals' war so easily that it seemed that he barely fought. As a result, he saw the chance to take over the country.

Politicisations

Political factions in joseon dynasty

Political treachery

Political endorsement

Political divisions of North Korea

Political parties in Iceland

Political parties in Brazil

Political parties of Niger

Politics and Bullshit

Political doctrine

The political status of the Azores (in Portuguese, Estatuto Político-Administrativo dos Açores or EPARAA) is the standard paralegal constitutional framework for the autonomy of the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores. It defines the scope of the autonomous regional government and the structure and functioning of organs of government in the region.

Entertainer and activist Paul Robeson's political philosophies and outspoken views about domestic and international Communist countries and movements were the subject of great concern to the western mass media and the United States Government, during the Cold War. His views also caused controversy within the ranks of black organizations and the entertainment industry.Robeson was never officially identified as a member of the Communist Party USA (CPUSA), domestically or internationally.

Nair 2006 not given in citations

Political party in the Netherlands

Political organizations and Armed forces in Vietnam

Politico's Publishing

Political positions of Mike Pence

The politicization of science is the manipulation of science for political gain. It occurs when government, business, or advocacy groups use legal or economic pressure to influence the findings of scientific research or the way it is disseminated, reported or interpreted. The politicization of science may also negatively affect academic and scientific freedom. Historically, groups have conducted various campaigns to promote their interests in defiance of scientific consensus, and in an effort to manipulate public policy.

Political families of Pakistan

Political war

Membership and supporter status within political parties in the United Kingdom typically contain restrictions including:Age restrictionsCitizenship RestrictionsA commitment to the party's principlesLimiting holding membership of other political partiesLimiting standing against officially endorsed candidatesMembership of specifically prohibited political partiesPersonal conduct expectations and party rule compliancePractically, involvement in a political party without membership may limit an individual's involvement. Parties that offer a lower level of affiliation, such as supporter status tend to have looser constraints.

Political organization

Political donations

Quarterly

Political party affiliation in the United Kingdom

Political parties in the Dominican Republic

Political views of H.G. Wells

Political impact of Hurricane Sandy

Political poetry

Political sovereignty

Political taxonomy

Political parties in new caledonia

Political divisions of china

Political models

Political movements for unification of Romania with Moldova

Political positions of Ben Carson

Politicker NY

Political reactions to Hurricane Sandy

Political particularisms

Political parties of Chile

Politics & the English Language

Thomas Christiano, Jonathan Riley, Andrew Williams

Political duopoly

Political positions of Chris Dodd

Politics Daily

Political separatism

United States Senator Harry Reid has declared his position on many political issues through his public comments and his senatorial voting record.

Politican

Political party funding refers to the set of methods that a political party applies to raise money for campaign and routine activities. This subject is also called political finance. In the US, campaign finance is the more frequently used term.Political parties are funded by contributions fromparty members and individual supporters (via membership fees/ dues/ subscriptions and/ or small donations),organizations, which share their political views (e.g. by trade union affiliation fees) or which can benefit from their activities (e.g. by corporate donations) ortaxpayers respectively the general revenue fund (by grants that are called state aid, government or public funding).Funds for party activity (be it campaigning or routine operations) can be solicited via "grassroots fundraising" as party membership dues or other voluntary contributions from individuals (e.g. direct mail fundraising) or as "plutocratic funding" from wealthy people and/ or the business community as corporate donations. Since the 1960s an additional source of political revenue, public subsidies, is spreading among the democracies. Despite such multitude of promising options, political fundraising via political corruption (e.g. influence peddling, graft, extortion, kickbacks, embezzlement) is still around.

Political parties in Turkey

Politically Incorrect Guides

Political institutions

Political parties in Moldova

The following table indicates the party of elected officials in the U.S. state of Rhode Island:GovernorLieutenant GovernorSecretary of StateAttorney GeneralState TreasurerThe table also indicates the historical party composition in the:State SenateState House of RepresentativesState delegation to the U.S. SenateState delegation to the U.S. House of RepresentativesFor years in which a presidential election was held, the table indicates which party's candidate received the state's electoral votes.The parties are as follows: Anti-Administration (AA), Country (C), Democratic (D), Democratic-Republican (DR), Federalist (F), Independent (I), Law and Order (LO), no party (N), Native American (NA), National Republican (NR), Pro-Administration (PA), Prohibition (P), People's Party (Reb), Republican (R), Unionist (U), and Whig (W).For a particular year, the noted partisan composition is that which either took office during that year or which maintained the office throughout the entire year. Only changes made outside of regularly scheduled elections are noted as affecting the partisan composition during a particular year. Shading is determined by the final result of any mid-cycle changes in partisan affiliation.

Political prisoners

Political satirist

Political ministers

Political leader

Political subjectivity

Political pensioner

Political policy

United Kingdom

Politics can be different!

Political foundation at European level

December 2015

Politics PA

Political reporter

Political handicapping

Political party strength in New York State

Subrahmanyam [or Subhrahmanyam] 1985 not given in citations

December 2009
A political international is a trans-national organisation of political parties or activists. The international works together on points of agreement to co-ordinate activity.Political internationals have increased in popularity and influence since their beginnings in the political left of 19th-century Europe, as an increased attention has been paid by political activists to developments for or against their own ideological favor in other countries and continents. After World War II, other ideological movements formed their own political internationals in order to communicate among aligned parliamentarians and legislatorial candidates, as well as to communicate with intergovernmental and supranational organisations such as the United Nations and, later, the European Union. Internationals also form supranational and regional branches (i.e., a European branch, an African branch) and maintain fraternal or governing relationships with sector-specific "wings" (i.e., Youth wing, Women's wing).Political internationals have often expelled member parties for various abuses, such as political malfeasance or financial corruption among members.

Politics, Religion and Her (song)

Political scientist

Political pundit

Politicizer

Political parties in Lithuania

Political history of Taiwan

Political unions involving Sweden

Political status of the Azores

A politicized issue or hot-button issue is a social, economic, theological, spiritual, scientific or legal issue which has become a political issue, as a result of deliberate action or otherwise, whereby people become politically active over that issue.A contemporary example is abortion, an emotive and moral issue which has become a highly contentious legal and political issue in many countries.

Political positions of Gary Johnson

Political repression of cyber-dissidents

Political status of Guam

Yes

Political positions of john edwards

Political charters

Political parties in Anguilla

Politics and technology

The following table indicates the party of elected officials in the U.S.

The following table indicates the party of elected officials in the U.S. state of Rhode Island:GovernorLieutenant GovernorSecretary of StateAttorney GeneralState TreasurerThe table also indicates the historical party composition in the:State SenateState House of RepresentativesState delegation to the U.S. SenateState delegation to the U.S.

Political history of East Africa

While Japan's political mainstream has the DPJ and the LDP as dominant forces, there is political extremism to the left and the right.Neither left- nor right-wing extremists managed to wrest power from the LDP in post-war history, but they managed to influence public opinion on certain topics. These include Sino-Japanese relations, the role of the military, and national symbolism. On some topics, like the Yasukuni Shrine, all three elements play a role.The public and the government appear to tolerate certain forms of public disorder as inherent to a properly functioning democracy. Demonstrations usually follow established forms. Groups receive legal permits and keep to assigned routes and areas. Placards and bullhorns are used to express positions. Traffic is sometimes disrupted, and occasional shoving battles between police and protesters results. But arrests are rare and are generally made only in cases involving violence.Although members of extremist groups represent only a minute portion of the population and present no serious threat to the government, authorities are concerned about the example set by the groups' violence, as well as by particular violent events. Violent protests by radicals also occur in the name of fringe causes without meaningful public support. Occasional clashes between leftist factions and rightist factions have injured participants.

Melinda Henneberger

Political questions

Biography of critic Raymond Williams

Political franchise

Political poetry brings together politics and poetry. Politics is the process of resolving conflicts and deciding who gets what, when, and how. Poetry is a written expression on an individual’s feelings, ambitions, or views. When both come together you have what we call "political poetry" and it is a creative way to exercise one’s right to freedom of expression, all while expressing yourself in the same process. The writer accomplishes his goal to express his views on the world all while impacting the readers lives teaching them, allowing them to derive their own meaning out of it. The following is a sample of political poems and poets, on the worldly issues today.

Political terrorist

Political offence

Political parties in iran