Polish culture during WWII

Polish companies

Polish hook

Polish local elections, 2010

Polish invasion of Kievan Rus (1018)

Polish goverment in exile

Reverse

Polish military police

Free

Polish legislative election, 1985

Polish folk music

Anti-aircraft mounting, featuring three Polish Polsten cannons

Polish communism

Independent

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Polish literature is the literary tradition of Poland. Most Polish literature has been written in the Polish language, though other languages used in Poland over the centuries have also contributed to Polish literary traditions, including Latin, Yiddish, Lithuanian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, German and Esperanto. According to Czesław Miłosz, for centuries Polish literature focused more on drama and poetic self-expression than on fiction (dominant in the English speaking world).

Polish legislative election, 1976

Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 16 November 1930, with Senate elections held a week later on 23 November. In what became known as the Brest elections (Polish: Wybory brzeskie), the pro-Sanation Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government took 47% of the vote and 249 of the 444 seats in Sejm and 77 of the 111 seats in the Senate. The elections are known as the least free elections in the Second Polish Republic due to the Brest trial controversy.

Polish clan system

Polish legislative election, 2005

Polish coup in Lithuania

Senate - Kielce Area

Polish legislative election, 1969

Polish judiciary

Polish United Workers' Party

On March 17, 2003, then Polish President Aleksander Kwaśniewski announced that Poland would send about 2,000 troops to the Persian Gulf to take part in the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Polish soldiers had been present in the region since July 2002 and combat was first confirmed on March 24. These formed the fourth of the larger military contributions to the forces arrayed against Iraq (with the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia).

November 1927

Polish concentration camps

Polacy w Irlandii

Polish diplomatic missions

Polish local elections, 2014

Polish communist party (disambiguation)

Polish minority in United Kingdom

Polish fleet

Democratic Party

Polish literature

Crusader tank of Polish 1st Armoured Division near Haddington 1943

Polish government in exile, 1939-1990

Polish language in the United States

Polish decrees, Polish directives or decrees on Poles (German: Polen-Erlasse, Polenerlasse) were the decrees of the Nazi Germany government announced on 8 March 1940 during World War II to regulate the working and living conditions of the Polish workers (Zivilarbeiter) used during World War II as forced laborers in Germany. The regulation intentionally supported and even created discrimination on the grounds of ethnicity.

Polish national identity card

Polish mathematician

Polish currency

Polish legislative election, 1997

Polish heraldry is a branch of heraldry focused on studying the development of coats of arms in the lands of historical Poland (and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth), as well as specifically-Polish traits of heraldry. The term is also used to refer to the Polish heraldic system, as opposed to systems used elsewhere, notably in Western Europe. As such, it is an integral part of the history of the szlachta, the nobility of Poland.Due to the distinct manner in which feudal society evolved in Poland, the heraldic traditions of Poland differ significantly from those in German lands, France or the British Isles.

The Polish football league system is a series of leagues for club football in Poland.

There are currently 73,000 Polish nationals living in the Russian Federation. This includes autochthonous Poles as well as those forcibly deported during and after World War II; the total number of Poles in what was the former Soviet Union is estimated at up to 3 million.

Polish government

Polish Horseshoes (also called Spanish Horseshoes, Frisbeener in the midwest, French Darts in Virginia, and Beersbee in Canada) is an outdoor game played between two teams of two people using a Frisbee, two glass bottles, and stakes nailed into the ground. The game is played by the players taking turns throwing a Frisbee at a glass bottle that rests on top of the stakes in the ground. The two stakes are placed anywhere between 20 to 40 ft (6.1 to 12.2 m) apart. Players must hold a drink in one hand at all times, leaving only one hand free for throwing and catching.

Polish jesus statue

Polish comic

The interwar period of Polish football began in the late fall of 1918 after First World War, when Poland regained independence, which had been lost at the end of 18th century (see: Partitions of Poland). The newly created country soon started to organize its administration and several national organizations. Among them was the PZPN - Polski Zwiazek Pilki Noznej (Polish Football Association), which was created on December 20 and 21, 1919 in Warsaw. According to some sources, several officials representing around 30 Polish Football clubs were then present in Warsaw, but the list of them has been lost.Many Polish Football clubs were not founded in 1918, but much earlier. The first centers of Polish football were Kraków and Lwów, where a club were established as early as 1903 (Czarni Lwów, the first Polish sports club). However, before 1918 it was impossible to create an independent, uniquely Polish Federation, because Poland as such did not exist.

Polish minority in the czech republic

Polish contribution to the 2003 Gulf War

Polish culture during the Second World War

Polish People's Party "Piast"

Polish death camps (incorrect term)

Polish films

Polish hiphop

Polish copies of Enigma (cryptology)

Polish legislative election, 2007

Polish decrees

legislative

Polish death camp controversy

Polish enfranchisement referendum, 1996

Polish local elections, 1994

All 460 seats in the Sejm

The 2002 Polish local elections were held in two parts. with its first round on October 27 and the second on November 10, 2002. All 16 provincial voivodeship sejmiks, 314 powiat county councils, 2,748 gmina municipal councils, and town and city mayors were up for election. The event was the first of its kind to allow direct elections for mayors of municipalities. The local polls followed one year after the decisive victory of the Democratic Left Alliance in the 2001 parliamentary elections, and were seen as a test to the popularity of the Democratic Left Alliance and Polish People's Party coalition government under Prime Minister Leszek Miller.

Melbourne, Victoria has the largest Polish population in Australia which comprises a large part of the city's eclectic multicultural community. In 1986, the state of Victoria accounted for 36.4 percent of Australia's Polish-born population compared with 25.8 percent of the national population.

Polish hound

Polish constitutional crisis, 2015

A Polish joke is an ethnic joke intended to mock the Polish people in the English language based on the hostile stereotypes about them. A 'Polish joke' belongs to the category of conditional jokes (i.e., jokes whose understanding requires from the audience a prior knowledge of what a Polish joke is). Similar to all discriminatory jokes, they depend upon the audience's preconceived notions and affective dislikes for entertainment. The relationship between these internalized negative stereotypes about the Polish people and the persistence of ethnic jokes about them is not easy to trace, although they can be understood by many. Often an offensive term for the Poles themselves is used in the joke description as well, for example the Polack joke in English.

Polish legislative election, 1989

Polish mob

Identity card,

Poles and Czechs

Polish flat

The Mine detector Mark I was a metal detector for landmines developed during World War II. Initial work on the design had started in Poland but after the invasion of Poland by the Germans in 1939, and then the Fall of France in 1940, it was not until the winter of 1941–1942 that work was completed by Polish lieutenant Józef Kosacki.

Polish committee of national liberation

Polish Horseshoes (also called Spanish Horseshoes, Frisbeener in the midwest, French Darts in Virginia, and Beersbee in Canada) is an outdoor game played between two teams of two people using a Frisbee, two glass bottles, and stakes nailed into the ground. The game is played by the players taking turns throwing a Frisbee at a glass bottle that rests on top of the stakes in the ground. The two stakes are placed anywhere between 20 to 40 ft (6.1 to 12.2 m) apart.

Polish insurrection of 1831

Polish fantasy and science-fiction

Polish character sets

Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 21 March 1976. The results, like with the other elections in communist Poland, were controlled by the communist government. The results of the 1976 election would be duplicated, exactly, by the 1980 election, and were only marginally different from those of the preceding years, and from the 1985 election.

Polish committee for standardization

The Polish manual alphabet is a single-handed manual alphabet used in Polish Sign Language.

Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 19 March 1972. The results, like with the other elections in communist Poland, were controlled by the communist government. The results of the 1965 election would be duplicated, exactly, by the 1969 and 1972 elections. The results of the next, 1976 election, would be only marginally different.

Polish folk dance is a tradition rooted in many centuries of Polish culture. Many of the dances stem from traditions or historical events, but also include ballroom and ballet style elements. Nowadays, they are typically danced by small companies on major holidays and events.

Polish football

Polish constitution

Polish legislative election, 1991

Polish legion

Polish food

Polish legislative election, 1928

Polish legislative elections, 1947

Polish gendarmerie

Polish economy

Polish minority in Soviet Union

Polish legislative election, 1965

Obverse

A Polish flat (sometimes referred to as the German duplex) is a two-family home with separate entrances, and with the units stacked on top of one another instead of side-by-side. Most homes of this type were constructed in the early 20th century.Constructing the units in two stages balanced affordability and quality.

Polish community of Melbourne

Polish extermination camps

Polish fantasy

Polish migrant workers in Western Europe after 1989

Polish modernism

Poland

Polish minority in the United States

Poles

Polish lithuanian commonwealth

A constitutional referendum was held in Poland on 25 May 1997. Voters were asked whether they approved of a new constitution. It was narrowly approved, with 53.5% voting in favour (22,58% of Voters with right to vote, voting for "yes"). Voter turnout was just 42.9%. Although the 1995 Referendum Act stated that a 50% turnout was required to validate the referendum, the Supreme Court ruled on 15 July that the constitution could be introduced.

Polish minority in France

Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 1 June 1969. The results, like with the other elections in communist Poland, were controlled by the communist government. The results of the 1965 election would be duplicated, exactly, by the 1969 and 1972 elections.

Polish i corps in the west

Gorol men's choir from Jabłonków during the parade at the beginning of the Jubileuszowy Festiwal PZKO 2007 in Karwina.

Polish medals

Polish literature during World War II

United People's Party

A Polish flat (sometimes referred to as the German duplex) is a two-family home with separate entrances, and with the units stacked on top of one another instead of side-by-side. Most homes of this type were constructed in the early 20th century.Constructing the units in two stages balanced affordability and quality. The new Polish immigrants, as soon as they could afford to do so, would purchase a small one-story or story-and-a-half cottage, or sometimes build one on a vacant lot with minimum cost, with modest Victorian Gothic or Queen Anne façade. When they saved again, they would then raise the frame up on jacks creating a partially sunken basement, excavate the area underneath, pour concrete floor, build foundation walls with masonry (usually concrete blocks), then set the old frame back down over the new apartment. While highly unorthodox, it was an ingenious technique of building new accommodations without disrupting family life, in line with their growing wealth.This arrangement enabled a family of limited means to end up with both a home and a modestly priced rental apartment unit. Most of the Polish flats that survive to this day are found in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Since Polish American immigrants prized land ownership in their own culture, this solution which was prominent in the areas they settled in came to be associated with them.Polish flats were "specifically designed both to accommodate and to accelerate the economic improvement of the family... Polish flats were human values reflected in architecture and testified to the hard work, practicality, and optimism of their inhabitants," wrote former Milwaukee mayor John Norquist in his book, The Wealth of Cities.

Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 8 September 1935, with Senate elections held a week later on 15 September. They were held under the April Constitution, drawn up earlier in 1935 by the Sanation movement, which structured the election rules in its favor.

The 2002 Polish local elections were held in two parts. with its first round on October 27 and the second on November 10, 2002. All 16 provincial voivodeship sejmiks, 314 powiat county councils, 2,748 gmina municipal councils, and town and city mayors were up for election. The event was the first of its kind to allow direct elections for mayors of municipalities.

Polish club

Polish minority in Lithuania

Stronnictwo Chłopskie

Polish i corps in the soviet union

Polish minority in Germany

Polish middle ages

Polish folk culture

Polish film

Polish king

Polish colonisation plans

Polish involvement in the 2003 invasion of Iraq

Polish law

Polish culture in the interwar period witnessed the rebirth of Polish sovereignty. The nationhood along with its cultural heritage was no longer suppressed by the three foreign partitioners. The cultural development saw the retreat of the 19th century elite cultures of nobility as well as the traditional folk culture, and the rise of a new mass culture integrating Polish society closer to the new intelligentsia educated in the practice of democracy.

Polish lands annexed by the Soviet Union

Polish enigma doubles

Polish legislative election, 1972

Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie"

Polish heavy metal

travel document for passport in the listed countries

Polish descent

The 2014 Polish local elections were held in two parts, with its first round on November 16 and second on November 30.The first round included elections of deputies to provincial voivodeship sejmiks, as well for gmina and powiat councilors. The second round of elections were marked for mayors, borough leaders, and other positions decided by runoff elections.

Polish foreign affairs

Polish heraldic families

Every Polish citizen 18 years of age or older residing permanently in Poland must have an Identity Card (Dowód osobisty) issued by the local Office of Civic Affairs. Polish citizens living permanently abroad are entitled, but not required, to have one. Identity cards are valid for a period of 10 years (5 years for individuals under the age of 5 on the date of issue).The front bears a photo of the holder, surname, forenames, date of birth, parents' names and gender. It also contains the coat of arms of the Republic of Poland and a security hologram. In the bottom right corner a special security element can be found - the photo of the person and the year of expiration, but only one of them can be seen at a time, depending on the angle of view.On the back can be found the holder's nationality, place of birth, date of issue, date of expiry, card number, issuing authority and personal number (PESEL - Powszechny Elektroniczny Spis Ewidencji Ludności - Universal Electronic Population Database). Below the card number is repeated the bearer's photo and some of the personal data in machine-readable form.The Polish identity card also functions as a travel document inside the European Union and, additionally, the non-EU-member countries within the Schengen area of Norway, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Vatican City, San Marino and Monaco. Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania and Northern Cyprus allow Polish citizens to use the card for travel as well.

Polish heraldry is a branch of heraldry focused on studying the development of coats of arms in the lands of historical Poland (and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth), as well as specifically-Polish traits of heraldry. The term is also used to refer to the Polish heraldic system, as opposed to systems used elsewhere, notably in Western Europe.

Polish colonies

The Polish minority in the Czech Republic (Polish: Polska mniejszość narodowa w Republice Czeskiej, Czech: Polská národnostní menšina v České republice) is a Polish national minority living mainly in the Zaolzie region of western Cieszyn Silesia. The Polish community is the only national (or ethnic) minority in the Czech Republic that is linked to a specific geographical area. Zaolzie is located in the north-eastern part of the country.

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Polish contribution to World War II

Icelandic language Polish language English language

Polish football champions

State list - no. 19

Polish logic

PAX Association

Polish fenig

Polish coins

Polish Socialist Party

Polish culture in World War II

The European theatre of World War II opened with the German invasion of Poland on Friday September 1, 1939 and the Soviet invasion of Poland on September 17, 1939. The Polish Army was defeated after more than a month of fighting. After Poland had been overrun, a government-in-exile (headquartered in Britain), armed forces, and an intelligence service were established outside of Poland. These organizations contributed to the Allied effort throughout the war.

Polish migrant workers in Western Europe

Polish group

Polish crown jewels

Polish death camps (wrong term)

Polish magnate

In mathematics, a Polish group is a topological group that is also a Polish space, in other words homeomorphic to a separable complete metric space.

Cieszyn Silesian dialect, Polish and Czech

Polish european constitution referendum

Polish consort

Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 13 October 1985.

Polish collaboration during World War II

FCE883

Polish drama

Polish code pages

Poles in Ireland

Polish minority in Spain

Polish minority in Brazil

Polish historic regions

Polish legions in world war i

Polish minority in the Republic of Ireland

Polish hammer

Polish high speed rail

The outbreak of World War II in Europe completely changed the situation of Polish cultural and literary life. All institutions were liquidated by the Nazi and Soviet occupiers. Artists were forced to create in secrecy or in exile. Polish Literature during World War II suffered tremendous losses under the occupation; however, writers did continue to produce works both underground (Polska podziemna) and abroad (Polska walcząca).

Polish legislative election, 1935

Polish defensive war

Polish immigrants in Iceland

The Polish legislative election of 1989 was the tenth election to the Sejm, the parliament of the Polish People's Republic, and the first election to the recreated Senate of Poland. The first round took place on 4 June, right after the 1989 June 4th Beijing Tiananmen Square massacre in China, with a second round on 18 June.

Polish heraldry

Polish horseshoes

Polish general

Polish death metal

Polish composers

Polish legislative election, 1930

Polish insurrection of 1830-31

Polish id

Polish contribution to world war ii

Polish consulate in Chicago

Polish in Omaha

Polish minority in the USSR

Polish historic regions are regions that were related to a former Polish state, or are within present-day Poland without being identified in its administrative division.There are several historic and cultural regions in Poland that are called ethnographic regions. Their exact borders cannot be drawn, as the regions are not official political or administrative units. They are delimited by culture, such as country traditions, traditional lifestyle, songs, tales, etc.

Polish christmas traditions

Polish legislative elections, 1989

PZL.37 Łoś a Polish twin-engine medium bomber built at the PZL factory in Mielec
The European theatre of World War II opened with the German invasion of Poland on Friday September 1, 1939 and the Soviet invasion of Poland on September 17, 1939. The Polish Army was defeated after more than a month of fighting. After Poland had been overrun, a government-in-exile (headquartered in Britain), armed forces, and an intelligence service were established outside of Poland. These organizations contributed to the Allied effort throughout the war. The Polish Army was recreated in the West, as well as in the East (after the German invasion of the Soviet Union).Poles provided crucial help to the Allies throughout the war, fighting on land, sea and air. Notable was the service of the Polish Air Force, not only in the Allied victory in the Battle of Britain but also the subsequent air war. Polish ground troops were present in the North Africa Campaign (siege of Tobruk); the Italian campaign (including the capture of the monastery hill at the Battle of Monte Cassino); and in battles following the invasion of France (the battle of the Falaise pocket; an airborne brigade parachute drop during Operation Market Garden and one division in the Western Allied invasion of Germany). Polish forces in the east, fighting alongside the Red army and under Soviet command, took part in the Soviet offensives across Belarus and Ukraine into Poland, across the Vistula and towards the Oder and then into Berlin. Some Polish contributions were less visible, and some even overlooked, most notably the prewar and wartime deciphering of German Enigma machine codes by cryptologists Marian Rejewski and his colleagues. The Polish intelligence network also proved to be of much value to the Allied intelligence.Unlike in France, the Nazis did not set up a collaborationist government. Instead Poland was governed directly by a purely German administration known as the Generalgouvernement. This administration was in turn opposed by the Polish Underground State, which not only fielded one of the three largest partisan forces in existence, but was a rare example of an underground government, a phenomenon not witnessed in many other occupied countries.The Polish forces as a whole are considered to have been the 4th largest Allied army in Europe, after the Soviet Union, United States and Britain.

Polish eagle

Polish copyright law

Polish fiddling

Polish fighter aces

Polish football in interwar period

Polish manual alphabet

Polish hydraulic

Polish folk beliefs are a part of Polish culture concerned with traditional folk beliefs. The study of Polish folklore begun in 19th century.

Polish gothic metal

Polish contribution to the 2003 invasion of Iraq

Polish citizens of Jewish origin

Polish corridor

Polish contribution to the WWII

The 2014 Polish local elections were held in two parts, with its first round on November 16 and second on November 30.The first round included elections of deputies to provincial voivodeship sejmiks, as well for gmina and powiat councilors. The second round of elections were marked for mayors, borough leaders, and other positions decided by runoff elections. The local elections were seen as a test to the ruling Civic Platform and Polish People's Party coalition government under Prime Minister Ewa Kopacz.

Polish historical regions

Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 26 January 1919, electing the first Sejm of the Second Polish Republic. The elections, based on universal suffrage and proportional representation, was the first free election in the country's history. It produced a parliament balanced between the right, left and center, although the elections were boycotted by the Polish communists and the Jewish Bund. In the territories where the election took place, voter turnout was from 70% to 90%. Right-wing parties won 50% of votes, left-wing parties around 30%, and Jewish organizations more than 10%.

Polish culture in the Interbellum

Polish legions

Polish konik

Polish council of state

Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance

Polish culture during world war ii

Polish codepages

The Polish minority in the Republic of Ireland numbered approximately 122,585 (2.7% of the population) according to 2011 census figures, making it the largest minority in the country.

Polish copyrights

Polish foods

Polish military eagle

Polish cultural and educational union

Polish minority in Moldova

Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government

Polish communist censorship

Polish jokes

Polish cooking

Polish highlanders alliance of north america

Polish gentry

Polish military awards and decorations

Polish euro coins

Polish civil war (1704-1706)

Polish invovement in the 2003 invasion of Iraq

Polish minority in the Czech Republic

Polish messianism

Polish minority in the Soviet Union

Polish death camp

Polish legislative election, 1919

and Atheism

Polish constitution of 1935

Polish church

Polish minority in Ireland

Polish guilders

Polish constitution of 1921

Polish constitutional referendum, 1997

Polish migration to Britain

Polish minority in Croatia

Polish Christian Democratic Party

Polish joke

Polish migration to the United Kingdom

Polish marka

Polish mark

Polish invasion of Russia (disambiguation)

Polish minority in ukraine

Polish given name

Polish fantasy and science fiction

Polish kingdom

Polish exonyms in the Teschen area

Polish legislative election, 1980

Polish communist propaganda

The Polish minority in the Czech Republic (Polish: Polska mniejszość narodowa w Republice Czeskiej, Czech: Polská národnostní menšina v České republice) is a Polish national minority living mainly in the Zaolzie region of western Cieszyn Silesia. The Polish community is the only national (or ethnic) minority in the Czech Republic that is linked to a specific geographical area. Zaolzie is located in the north-eastern part of the country. It comprises Karviná District and the eastern part of Frýdek-Místek District. Many Poles living in other regions of the Czech Republic have roots in Zaolzie as well.Poles formed the largest ethnic group in Cieszyn Silesia in the 19th century, but at the beginning of the 20th century the Czech population grew. The Czechs and Poles collaborated on resisting Germanization movements, but this collaboration ceased after World War I. In 1920 the region of Zaolzie was incorporated into Czechoslovakia after the Polish–Czechoslovak War. Since then the Polish population demographically decreased. In 1938 it was annexed by Poland in the context of the Munich Agreement and in 1939 by Nazi Germany. The region was then given back to Czechoslovakia after World War II. Polish organizations were re-created, but were banned by the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. After the Velvet Revolution Polish organizations were re-created again and Zaolzie had adopted bilingual signs.

Polish folk beliefs are a part of Polish culture concerned with traditional folk beliefs. The study of Polish folklore begun in 19th century. Pioneers of that field include Hugo Kołłątaj, Zorian Dołęga-Chodakowski, Oskar Kolberg, Jan Karłowicz, Erazm Majewski, Zygmunt Gloger, Lucjan Malinowski, Władysław Siarkowski, Jan Świętek, Seweryn Udziela, Kazimierz Władysław Wóycicki, Żegota Pauli, Karol Baliński and Lucjan Siemieński).Polish Academy of Sciences Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, founded in 1949, publishes a journal Etnografia Polska since 1956.

Polish military eagles

All 444 seats to the Sejm

Polish folk dances

Polish copyright

All 208 seats in the Sejm

Christian-Social Union

Polish government in exile in London

Polish electoral districts

Polish intelligence Station 300

National Workers' Party

Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 13 October 1985. According to the Constitution of 1952 the elections should have been held every 4 years, that is in the spring of 1984, but since the internal political situation was still considered "unstable" even after the repealing in 1983 of the Martial Law, the Sejm voted to extend its own term at first indefinitely (on February 13, 1984) and then until August 31, 1985 (on December 3, 1984), fixing the elections to be held not beyond the end of 1985. As was the case in previous elections, only candidates approved by the Communist regime (coalesced under the Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth, replacing the similar Front of National Unity) were permitted on the ballot. The outcome was thus not in doubt, nevertheless the regime was hoping for a high turnout, which it could then claim as evidence of strong support for the government among the population. The opposition from the Solidarity movement called for a boycott of the elections. According to official figures 78.9% of the electorate turned out to vote. This turnout, while relatively high, was much lower than the nearly 100% turnout which was reported in previous elections.The results, like with the other elections in communist Poland, were controlled by the communist government. The results of the 1985 election were duplicating, exactly, the results of the 1965 to 1972 elections, which were only marginally different from those of the preceding years.It was the last election in Communist Poland in which no real opposition candidates were allowed to participate. The following election in 1989, in which opposition parties could put up candidates for a portion of the seats, resulted in a convincing opposition victory followed by the downfall of the Communist system.

Polish film school

Polish legislative election, 2001

Polish cities

There have been several different migratory movements of Poles to Iceland. The earliest on record occurred at the turn of the 19th century after Poland lost its statehood. However, for much of the Cold War period most of the Polish population was restricted in their ability to travel outside of communist Poland at all.More recently in 2004, an influx occurred after Poland joined the European Union, thereby easing restrictions on Polish citizens' eligibility to work in other European Economic Area states. There are estimated to be 10,141 Polish people living in Iceland, or 3.1% of the country's population. Although small compared to the size of migrant groups in other countries, that makes them the biggest minority ethnic group in Iceland. As of 2010, they represented 37% of migrants in Iceland. In 2006, Iceland's construction industry boomed and Polish workers were increasingly hired to fulfill work demands. Within a year, the number of Polish migrants in the country increased by 81%. Poland also joined Iceland in the Schengen Zone in 2007. As a consequence of these changes, Poles do not need work or resident permits to live and work in Iceland. The global financial crisis of 2008 incited further immigration to Iceland.Many Poles in the country view their time in Iceland as temporary and show little interest in assimilating to Icelandic culture. The demographic is largely endogamous and insular. Poles in Iceland typically speak Polish, watch Polish television, continue to practice Catholicism and have opened Polish restaurants. A study conducted in 2012 suggested that most Poles in the country used the English language more often than Icelandic in their daily lives, found English more useful and often learned it before learning Icelandic. Despite their reluctance to assimilate, however, Poles have not been met with much xenophobia in Iceland.

Polish historic regions are regions that were related to a former Polish state, or are within present-day Poland without being identified in its administrative division.There are several historic and cultural regions in Poland that are called ethnographic regions. Their exact borders cannot be drawn, as the regions are not official political or administrative units. They are delimited by culture, such as country traditions, traditional lifestyle, songs, tales, etc. To some extent, the regions correspond to the zones of Polish language dialects. The correspondence, however, is by no means strict.

Polish iv liga

Polish citizenship

The marka (Polish: marka polska, Polish mark, abbreviated mp, Polish-language plural declensions: marki, marek) was the currency of the Kingdom of Poland and of the Republic of Poland between 1917 and 1924. It was subdivided into 100 fenigs (a Polish spelling of German "pfennig"), much like its German original after which it was modelled (see German mark).

Polish film history

Polish jacobin

Polish in Detroit

The Polish legislative election of 1989 was the tenth election to the Sejm, the parliament of the Polish People's Republic, and the first election to the recreated Senate of Poland. The first round took place on 4 June, right after the 1989 June 4th Beijing Tiananmen Square massacre in China, with a second round on 18 June. It was the closest thing to a free election in the country since 1928, and the first since the communist Polish United Workers Party abandoned its monopoly of power in April.Not all parliamentary seats were contested, but the resounding victory of the Solidarity opposition in the freely contested races paved the way to the fall of Communism in Poland. Solidarity swept all of the freely contested seats in the Sejm, and all but one seat in the entirely freely-contested Senate. In the election's aftermath, Poland became the first country of the Eastern Bloc in which democratically elected representatives gained real power. Although the elections were not entirely democratic, they paved the way for creation of Tadeusz Mazowiecki's cabinet and a peaceful transition to democracy in Poland and elsewhere in Central and Eastern Europe, which was confirmed after the Polish parliamentary elections of 1991.

Polish minority in Russia

ORP Dragon, in the Polish Navy since January 1943

Polish colonization of the Americas

Polish legislative election, 1938

Polish elections

Polish forces in the East

Polish minority in belarus

Polish colonization plans

Polish l

There have been several different migratory movements of Poles to Iceland. The earliest on record occurred at the turn of the 19th century after Poland lost its statehood.

Polish cross of valour

Polish locomotives designation

none

Polish magnates

Polish metric space

Polish in Metro Detroit

Polish minority in Ukraine

Polish national ID card

A Polish joke is an ethnic joke intended to mock the Polish people in the English language based on the hostile stereotypes about them. A 'Polish joke' belongs to the category of conditional jokes (i.e., jokes whose understanding requires from the audience a prior knowledge of what a Polish joke is). Similar to all discriminatory jokes, they depend upon the audience's preconceived notions and affective dislikes for entertainment.

A9A9A9

State list - no. 7

Polish minority in lithuania

Polish in Chicago

Polish minority in the United Kingdom

Polish in Baltimore

Polish military organization of the upper silesia

Polish military decorations

The 2010 Polish local elections were held in two parts, with its first round on November 21 and second on December 5. The first round included elections of deputies to provincial voivodeship sejmiks, as well for gmina and powiat councilors. The second round of elections were marked for mayors, borough leaders, and other positions decided by runoff elections. The local elections were seen as a test to the ruling Civic Platform and Polish People's Party coalition government under Prime Minister Donald Tusk.

Polish classicism

Polish folk beliefs

Solidarity Citizens' Committee

The 2010 Polish local elections were held in two parts, with its first round on November 21 and second on December 5. The first round included elections of deputies to provincial voivodeship sejmiks, as well for gmina and powiat councilors. The second round of elections were marked for mayors, borough leaders, and other positions decided by runoff elections.

Polish mafia

Polish ministers

National Party

Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 6 November 1938, with Senate elections held a week later on 13 November. They were the last elections in the Second Polish Republic. This election was held under the April Constitution of 1935, which was written to favor the Sanation movement.The Camp of National Unity, the party of the Sanation movement, won 164 of the 208 seats in the Sejm and 66 of the 96 seats in the Senate.

Polish communist

Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 26 January 1919, electing the first Sejm of the Second Polish Republic. The elections, based on universal suffrage and proportional representation, was the first free election in the country's history. It produced a parliament balanced between the right, left and center, although the elections were boycotted by the Polish communists and the Jewish Bund. In the territories where the election took place, voter turnout was from 70% to 90%.

Polish education system

Polish football league system

Polish intelligentsia

Polish local elections, 1998

Polish citizen

All over Ireland, especially Limerick, Dublin, Portlaoise, Cork, Waterford and Galway.

Polish minority in Belarus

Polish crown

Polish minority in Romania

Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 8 September 1935, with Senate elections held a week later on 15 September. They were held under the April Constitution, drawn up earlier in 1935 by the Sanation movement, which structured the election rules in its favor. In protest, the election was boycotted by opposition factions, and voter turnout was only 45.9%, the lowest in the history of the Second Republic.The Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government, the political arm of the Sanation movement, won 181 of the 206 seats in the Sejm and all 96 seats in the Senate.

Polish legislative elections 2011

Polish minority in Argentina

Polish cinema

Melbourne, Victoria has the largest Polish population in Australia which comprises a large part of the city's eclectic multicultural community. In 1986, the state of Victoria accounted for 36.4 percent of Australia's Polish-born population compared with 25.8 percent of the national population. A vast majority of these immigrants reside in Melbourne's south-east, in suburbs such as Bentleigh and Caulfield.The largest portion of Melbourne's Polish population immigrated to the city after the Second World War, with the second largest influx occurring in the 1980s. However, Melbourne's Polish history goes back much further than the 1940s, with a Polish Relief Fund and a Polish Society both established in the city as early as 1863.

Polish independence regained

Polish mine detector

Polish local elections, 2002

Polish holidays

Polish local government reforms

The interwar period of Polish football began in the late fall of 1918 after First World War, when Poland regained independence, which had been lost at the end of 18th century (see: Partitions of Poland). The newly created country soon started to organize its administration and several national organizations. Among them was the PZPN - Polski Zwiazek Pilki Noznej (Polish Football Association), which was created on December 20 and 21, 1919 in Warsaw.

FF0000

Polish journal of chemistry

Polish minority in germany

Polish minority in UK

Polish civil war

Polish civilian camps in World War II

Polish forests

Polish exiles to Siberia

Polish minority in United States

Polish forces in the West

Polish government in Exile

Polish dialects

Polish military ranks

Polish heritage register

Polish community in Ipswich

Polish legions (Napoleonic period)

Polish immigrants to Canada

Polish institute of physical chemistry

Polish governorates

Every Polish citizen 18 years of age or older residing permanently in Poland must have an Identity Card (Dowód osobisty) issued by the local Office of Civic Affairs. Polish citizens living permanently abroad are entitled, but not required, to have one. Identity cards are valid for a period of 10 years (5 years for individuals under the age of 5 on the date of issue).The front bears a photo of the holder, surname, forenames, date of birth, parents' names and gender.

Polish communist party

October 1928

Polish coat of arms

The personnel of submarine ORP Sokół displaying a Jolly Roger marking the number of sunk or damaged enemy ships

Polish culture in the interwar period

Polish civil war (1704–1706)

Polish ministries

Polish constitution of May 3, 1791

Polish culture

Polish extermination sites

Polish military

Polish matura

Polish institute and sikorski museum

Polish communists

Polish metal

Polish parliamentary election, 1991

Polish hussar

Polish identity card

Polish constitution of 1952

Polish football in the interwar period

Polish clan

Title page of the 1834 edition of Pan Tadeusz by Adam Mickiewicz, the most notable poet among Poland's Romantic bards

Polish government in exile