Optimalj

Opticon (disambiguation)

Optically biaxial crystal

Optical variable device

Opticianry

Optimer Pharmaceuticals Inc (NASDAQ: OPTR) was a biopharmaceutical company, originally based in San Diego, CA and later its headquarters were moved to Jersey City, NJ 07302, United States of America.The company focused on developing specialty drugs to treat gastrointestinal infections and related diseases.

Optically Variable Ink

Mike Lomberg

Optical sound recording

Optical table

Optical sound is a means of storing sound recordings on transparent film. Originally developed for military purposes, the technology first saw widespread use in the 1920s as a sound-on-film format for motion pictures. Optical sound eventually superseded all of other sound film technologies until the advent of digital sound became the standard in cinema projection booths. Optical sound has also been used for multitrack recording and for creating effects in some musical synthesizers.

An optical variable device or optically variable device (OVD) is an iridescent image that exhibits various optical effects such as movement or color changes. OVDs cannot be photocopied or scanned, nor can they be accurately replicated or reproduced. The OVD is often used as a security device and anti-counterfeiting measure on money, credit cards and government issued identification cards. OVDs can be created through a combination of printing and embossing.OVDs are based on diffractive optical structures. This gives cards the appearance of having different patterns, colors, and designs depending on the amount of light striking the OVD and the angle the OVD is viewed at. Holograms are a type of OVD.

ADSL2+, Dial-up, WiMAX, VPN, Carrier Pre Selection, PSTN, POTS, Centrex, IPTV, WEB hosting, mail hosting

Optically Active Additive

Optical trackpad

Optima nova

An optical time-domain reflectometer (OTDR) is an optoelectronic instrument used to characterize an optical fiber. An OTDR is the optical equivalent of an electronic time domain reflectometer. It injects a series of optical pulses into the fiber under test and extracts, from the same end of the fiber, light that is scattered (Rayleigh backscatter) or reflected back from points along the fiber. The scattered or reflected light that is gathered back is used to characterize the optical fiber. This is equivalent to the way that an electronic time-domain meter measures reflections caused by changes in the impedance of the cable under test. The strength of the return pulses is measured and integrated as a function of time, and plotted as a function of fiber length.

Optimal arousal

Optical transport network

Modern optics

Optics Letters is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Optical Society of America. It was established in July, 1977. The editor-in-chief is Xi-Cheng Zhang (University of Rochester).

Optik

Optimal matching

Optima Legal

Optimal string alignment

Optimalniy Variant

Optimal Currency Area

Optical tomography

OptimFROG is a proprietary lossless audio data compression codec developed by Florin Ghido. OptimFROG is optimized for very high compression ratios at the expense of encoding and decoding speed.

Optimal expected reward

OptimFROG DualStream

Optimal firm size

Optical sound

Optics Valley is a region in southern Arizona, centered on Tucson, that is home to a high concentration of optics companies spawned by research at the University of Arizona.

The Optical Stretcher is a dual-beam optical trap that is used for trapping and deforming ("stretching") micrometer-sized soft matter particles, such as biological cells in suspension. The forces used for trapping and deforming objects arise from photon momentum transfer on the surface of the objects, making the Optical Stretcher - unlike atomic force microscopy or micropipette aspiration - a tool for contact-free rheology measurements.

Optical storage

The Optical Unit is a dimensionless units of length used in optical microscopy. Because every diffraction limited system have their resolution proportional to wavelength / NA, it is convenient for comparison to use this unit. There are actually 2 units, one "axial" (along the optical axis of the objective) and one "radial".

Optical triple star

C++, Python

Opticks (Software)

Optima Regal

Gerhard Swart

Opticom ASA is a Norwegian research and development company. The Opticom share was listed on the Oslo Børs (Oslo Stock Exchange) in 1997 and on the main list from the start of trading in January, 2000. Since its establishment in 1994, Opticom and its subsidiaries have done research and development within a number of areas, especially the emerging field of polymer electronics.The company developed polymer-based memory chips through its majority-owned subsidiary Thin Film Electronics ASA (TFE). Opticom and Intel, which owned a minority stake in TFE, wound down their joint development work in 2005 because of technical and changes in strategic direction. Opticom has announced its intention to pursue other avenues for the technology underlying TFE's memory designs. Opticom also owned nearly a tenth of Fast Search and Transfer.Opticom can be seen as an example of the year 2000 internet bubble, reaching a market capitalization of nearly $8 billion at its highest, still without revenues.

An optical tracer is an X-Y tooling machine which utilises a photoeye to track toolpaths printed on a full-scale drawing and move a tool head accordingly. No Z-axis or cut commands can be read from the drawing, so an operator was still required to tell the machine when and how deep it should cut.It has been made largely obsolete by CNC systems.

Optimation

Optimal asymmetric encryption padding

Optima is a humanist sans-serif typeface designed by Hermann Zapf and released between 1952 and 1955 for the D. Stempel AG foundry, Frankfurt, Germany.Though classified as a sans-serif, Optima has a subtle swelling at the terminals suggesting a glyphic serif. Optima was inspired by Roman and Italian stonecarving.Zapf intended Optima to be a typeface that could serve for both body text and titling. To prove its versatility, Zapf set his entire book About Alphabets in the regular weight. Zapf retained an interest in the design, collaborating on variants and expansions into his eighties.

Optimal Bayes designs

Optical wireless

Optimal Computing Budget Allocation

Optically Violent Variable

Optimal experimental design

Optimal Control Theory

yes

Optical transition radiation

Optimal Trace

Optimal tax

Martin J. Booth, Neil Broderick, Lawrence Chen, Anna Peacock, Myungshik Kim and Min Qiu

Optima Telekom

Optigen

Optical tracking instruments

Optics Sign Conventions

Optima televisión

In statistics, an optimality criterion provides a measure of the fit of the data to a given hypothesis, to aid in model selection. A model is designated as the "best" of the candidate models if it gives the best value of an objective function measuring the degree of satisfaction of the criterion used to evaluate the alternative hypotheses.The term has been used to identify the different criteria that are used to evaluate a phylogenetic tree. For example, in order to determine the best topology between two phylogenetic trees using the maximum likelihood optimality criterion, one would calculate the maximum likelihood score of each tree and choose the one that had the better score. However, different optimality criteria can select different hypotheses. In such circumstances caution should be exercised when making strong conclusions.Many other disciplines use similar criteria or have specific measures geared toward the objectives of the field. Optimality criteria include maximum likelihood, Bayesian, maximum parsimony, sum of squared residuals, least absolute deviations, and many others.

OptimFROG

Optimal cutting temperature compound

Optimal, Inc.

Optical turnstile

Opticrom

Optima Bus, LLC, formerly Chance Coach Inc., was a brand of small transit buses manufactured by North American Bus Industries. It was established in 1976 in Wichita, Kansas.It was originally the trolley-replica and conventional-bus production business of Chance Industries, Inc. In 1998, Chance Coach, Inc. was sold to American Capital Strategies, which rebranded the company as Optima Bus Corporation in 2003. American Capital subsequently sold Optima to North American Bus Industries, who closed the Kansas assembly plant on August 8, 2007, with production moved to their existing plant in Anniston, Alabama. Optima Bus is now North American Bus Industries, Inc.

Optimally

Opticks: or, A treatise of the reflections, refractions, inflections and colours of light

Optical tomography is a form of computed tomography that creates a digital volumetric model of an object by reconstructing images made from light transmitted and scattered through an object. Optical tomography is used mostly in medical imaging research. Optical tomography in industry is used as a sensor of thickness and internal structure of semiconductors.

Joule

In forestry, the optimal rotation age is the growth period required to derive maximum value from a stand of timber. The calculation of this period is specific to each stand and to the economic and sustainability goals of the harvester.

Optima (grape)

Optimash prime

Biweekly

Optimal Asymmetric Encryption Padding

Optik - International Journal for Light and Electron Optics

Optical transducer

Optical window

Optimality model

Optimal substructure

Joule was an electric five seat passenger car by Optimal Energy, a South African company based in Cape Town. According to the company, it was to have a nominal driving range of 150 km and a top speed of 135 km/h. Designed to achieve a Euro NCAP 4 star safety rating, it complied with the stringent EU standards. It was never released commercially; production ceased in April 2012, and in June 2012 Optimal Energy announced its intention to close down.

Optical train

The Optimatoi (Greek: Ὀπτιμάτοι, from Latin: Optimates, "the Best Men") were initially formed as an elite Byzantine military unit. In the mid-8th century, however, they were downgraded to a supply and logistics corps and assigned a province (thema) in north-western Asia Minor, which was named after them. As an administrative unit, the Theme of the Optimatoi (Greek: θέμα Ὀπτιμάτων, thema Optimatōn) survived until the Ottoman conquest in the first decades of the 14th century.

Opticks (application)

The Optics Valley International Tennis Centre (simplified Chinese: 武汉光谷国际网球中心; traditional Chinese: 武漢光穀國際網球中心; pinyin: Wǔhàn Guānggǔ Guójì Wǎngqiú Zhōngxīn), is a tennis facility located in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. The center is the venue for the Wuhan Open, a professional tournament on the Women's Tennis Association tour and held annually since 2014.

Private

Optimal Currency Region

Optimal Maintenance

Optics Valley Square Station

'OT-Optima Telekom d.d. (OT)' is one of the leading telecommunications operator in the Croatian telecommunications market. After the establishment in 2004 and after making the first commercial call in its own network in 2005, OT used the liberalization of the telecommunications market as an opportunity to become the leader of changes in a short notice. Today, Optima Telekom's services cover the entire territory of the Republic of Croatia.

Opticks (Isaac Newton book)

Opticom ASA

Optimal control theory, an extension of the calculus of variations, is a mathematical optimization method for deriving control policies. The method is largely due to the work of Lev Pontryagin and Richard Bellman in the 1950s, after contributions to calculus of variations by Edward J. McShane. Optimal control can be seen as a control strategy in control theory.

Optimal maintenance is the discipline within operations research concerned with maintaining a system in a manner that maximizes profit or minimizes cost. Cost functions depending on the reliability, availability and maintainability characteristics of the system of interest determine the parameters to minimize.

London, England

Optimal distinctiveness theory

United States

Optimal computing budget allocation (OCBA) is a concept first introduced in the mid 1990s by Dr. Chun-Hung Chen. This approach intends to maximize the overall simulation efficiency for finding an optimal decision. Simply put, OCBA is an approach to simulation that will help determine the number of replication and/or the simulation time that is needed in order to receive acceptable/best results within a set of given parameters. This is accomplished by using an asymptotic framework to analyze the structure of the optimal allocation.

Opticin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OPTC gene.Opticin belongs to class III of the small leucine-rich repeat protein (SLRP) family. Members of this family are typically associated with the extracellular matrix. Opticin is present in significant quantities in the vitreous of the eye and also localizes to the cornea, iris, ciliary body, optic nerve, choroid, retina, and fetal liver.

Optik Records

Cape Town, South Africa

July 2014

metro

Optima is a white wine grape that was created by viticulturalist Peter Morio at the Geilweilerhof Institute for Grape Breeding in the Palatinate in 1930. Morio crossed a Riesling x Silvaner cross with Müller-Thurgau. The Riesling x Silvaner is sometimes mentioned as Rieslaner, but more often just as "a Riesling x Silvaner".

Optical square

Optical spectroscopy

Optics Software for Layout and Optimization

Optically variable devices

Optical transfection is the process of introducing nucleic acids into cells using light. Typically, a laser is focussed to a diffraction limited spot (~1 µm diameter) using a high numerical aperture microscope objective. The plasma membrane of a cell is then exposed to this highly focussed light for a small amount of time (typically tens of milliseconds to seconds), generating a transient pore on the membrane. The generation of a photopore allows exogenous plasmid DNA, RNA, organic fluorophores, or larger objects such as semiconductor quantum nanodots to enter the cell. In this technique, one cell at a time is treated, making it particularly useful for single cell analysis.To put the above simply, cells do not usually allow certain types of substances into their interior space. Lasers can be used to burn a tiny hole on the cell surface, allowing those substances to enter. This is tremendously useful to biologists who are studying disease, as a common experimental requirement is to put things (such as DNA) into cells.This technique was first demonstrated in 1984 by Tsukakoshi et al., who used a frequency tripled Nd:YAG to generate stable and transient transfection of normal rat kidney cells. Since this time, the optical transfection of a host of mammalian cell types has been demonstrated using a variety of laser sources, including the 405 nm continuous wave (cw), 488 nm cw, or pulsed sources such as the 800 nm femtosecond pulsed Ti:Sapphire or 1064 nm nanosecod pulsed Nd:YAG.

Optimer Pharmaceuticals

Optik (journal)

Optimal solution

Healthcare

Optimatoi

Optima (ship)

Optical wireless is the combined use of "optical" (optical fibre) and "wireless" (radio frequency) communication to provide telecommunication to clusters of end points which are geographically distant. The high capacity optical fibre is used to span the longest distances, and a lower cost wireless link carries the signal for the last mile to nearby users.

Optimates and Populares

Optically variable ink (OVI) is an anti-counterfeiting measure used on many major modern banknotes, as well as on other official documents (professional licenses, for example).The ink displays two distinct colors depending on the angle the bill is viewed at. The United States fifty-dollar bill, for example, uses color shifting ink for the numeral 50 so that it displays copper at one angle and bright green in another.OVI is particularly useful as an anti-counterfeiting measure as it is not widely available. One major manufacturer is a Swiss company called SICPA (Société Industrielle et Commerciale de Produits pour l'Agriculture). Additional suppliers include Sun Chemical (through their Brand Protection Division based in Manchester, UK) and the Brazilian company Sellerink, located in São Paulo, Brazil.Color-shifting inks reflect various wavelengths in white light differently, depending on the angle of incidence to the surface. An unaided eye will observe this effect as a change of color while the viewing angle is changed. A color copier or scanner can copy a document only at one fixed angle relative to the document’s surface.

In statistics, an optimality criterion provides a measure of the fit of the data to a given hypothesis, to aid in model selection. A model is designated as the "best" of the candidate models if it gives the best value of an objective function measuring the degree of satisfaction of the criterion used to evaluate the alternative hypotheses.The term has been used to identify the different criteria that are used to evaluate a phylogenetic tree.

Opticks (remote sensing application)

Keith Helfet

Optima

Optima Gent

Optimal discriminant analysis

Optimal packing

Optical telecommunication

Optimal carbon tax

U.S.

Optik – International Journal for Light and Electron Optics

Optimal Currency

Optics Valley Square Station (Chinese: 光谷广场站) is the current southeastern terminus of Line 2 of the Wuhan Metro. It entered revenue service on December 28, 2012. It is located in Donghu New Technology Development Zone. It is one of the busiest stations in the Wuhan Metro network serving 210,000 people on May 1, 2014.

Optimal Discriminant Analysis (ODA) and the related classification tree analysis (CTA) are exact statistical methods that maximize predictive accuracy. For any specific sample and exploratory or confirmatory hypothesis, optimal discriminant analysis (ODA) identifies the statistical model that yields maximum predictive accuracy, assesses the exact Type I error rate, and evaluates potential cross-generalizability.

An optical turnstile is a physical security device designed to restrict or control access to a building or secure area. Optical turnstiles are usually a part of an access control system, which also consists of software, card readers, and controllers. Optical turnstiles operate much like regular mechanical turnstiles, except that they rely primarily on electronic (infrared) beams, and audible/visual interfaces to control entry. Rather than physically restraining a person, the optical turnstile uses sounds and lights to alert others to attempted entry by unauthorized individuals. For this reason, they are not likely to be used in subways and stadiums, as they are suited for settings where design and aesthetics are important, such as lobbies. They are perfect for high rise buildings with a single path through the lobby and staffed reception. The rate of people passing through the optical turnstile is high, with less delay than other methods. They are also suitable for the handicapped, as they are barrier-free.Early optical turnstiles used programmable logic controllers and banks of relays to control the access card and infrared sensor inputs and the indicating lights and audible outputs. These older designs required a large control footprint and were complicated.The first optical turnstiles were developed in the late 1990s for the San Francisco market by Omega Corporate Security of Walnut Creek, California. Early installations included Charles Schwab, East Bay Municipal Utility District, and Wells Fargo.The optical turnstile products have evolved with technological advances over time. Many security entrance lanes today are optical turnstile portals employing moving, mobile barriers of metal, glass or acrylic in some cases. The barriers can be drop arms, swinging glass, retractable (sliding) glass, or other materials. The sensing technology has improved to a higher level of security violation detection, as well as to allow for faster throughput. Longer cabinets are sometimes used to increase throughput. Trolley detection is employed to discern between tailgate/piggybackers and roller bags and luggage. Many security optical turnstiles are IP network ready, and certified for mechanical and electrical safety via UL325 or UL2593 standards by nationally recognized testing labs.

OptimJ

Opticom System

Optics Communications

Optics and Spectroscopy is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal. It is the English version of the Russian journal Оптика и спектроскопия (Optika i Spektroskopiya) that was established in 1956. It covers research on spectroscopy of electromagnetic waves, from radio waves till X-rays, and related topics in optics, including quantum optics.

Optimal transport

Optimal portfolio

Opticks (book by Isaac Newton)

LGPL 2.1

Optimal Golomb ruler

Optical solitons

Optical telegraph line

In computer science, a problem is said to have optimal substructure if an optimal solution can be constructed efficiently from optimal solutions of its subproblems. This property is used to determine the usefulness of dynamic programming and greedy algorithms for a problem.Typically, a greedy algorithm is used to solve a problem with optimal substructure if it can be proved by induction that this is optimal at each step.

Optics Valley International Tennis Center

Geilweilerhof 33-13-113

In biology, optimality models are a tool used to evaluate the costs and benefits of different organismal features, traits, and characteristics, including behavior, in the natural world. This evaluation allows researchers to make predictions about an organisms’s optimal behavior or other aspects of its phenotype. Optimality modeling is the modeling aspect of optimization theory.

OPLEDP
Online archives

Optical spectrum analyzer

Optik (disambiguation)

Optile (Organisation Professionnelle des Transports d'Île-de-France, or Professional Transport Organisation of Île-de-France) is a public transport organisation, created in October 2000 from a merger between several private bus companies serving suburban Paris. It regulates bus routes under the authority of STIF, the Francilian transport authority.

Optimality criterion

Optimalist

Optimer Pharmaceuticals Inc (NASDAQ: OPTR) was a biopharmaceutical company, originally based in San Diego, CA and later its headquarters were moved to Jersey City, NJ 07302, United States of America.The company focused on developing specialty drugs to treat gastrointestinal infections and related diseases. In 2011, it received regulatory approval for the first antibacterial drug, Dificid, in 25 years approved to treat certain types of diarrhea (i.e., Clostridium difficile induced diarrhea) in adults. But sales of the drug Dificid failed to meet expectations and the drug faced strong competition from cheaper generic alternatives.

Opt. Commun.

Optimal maintenance

Optima gent

Optimal rotation age

Optical vortices

Optimal tax theory or the theory of optimal taxation is the study of designing and implementing a tax that reduces inefficiency and distortion in the market under given economic constraints. Generally, this criterion consists of individuals' utility and the optimization problem involves minimizing the distortions caused by taxation. A neutral tax is a theoretical tax which avoids distortion and inefficiency completely.

Optiks

Optimal power flow

Optimax

'OT-Optima Telekom d.d. (OT)' is one of the leading telecommunications operator in the Croatian telecommunications market. After the establishment in 2004 and after making the first commercial call in its own network in 2005, OT used the liberalization of the telecommunications market as an opportunity to become the leader of changes in a short notice. Today, Optima Telekom's services cover the entire territory of the Republic of Croatia. The current market potential of over half a million ports connects more than 2.900 km of Optima Telekom's own optical network. Services that are available for citizens are integrated voice services, broadband internet and IP television.Optima Telekom has offices, sales and technical teams as well as employees in Zagreb, Split, Rijeka, Osijek, Varazdin, Zadar, Dubrovnik, Pula, Sisak and Buje.Optima Telekom is in the majority ownership of Zagrebacka banka (40.5% of Optima Telekom's shares). Hrvatski Telekom d.d. owns 19.11%, while the remaining 40.39% are in the hands of private and institutional investors.

Optik Software is a former game development company, best known for creating the MS-DOS game War Inc. in 1997.

Byzantine recovery

Optical telegraphy

Optimal design

Jian Swiegers

Optics letters.

Optima Nova

Optimal cutting temperature compound (OCT compound) is used to embed tissue samples prior to frozen sectioning on a microtome-cryostat. This process is undertaken so as to mount slices (sections) of a sample onto slides for analysis.

Vitis vinifera

Optimal Energy Joule

Optical technology

Optimality Theory of Linguistics

Optical transfection

Opticin

Asia Minor ca 780 AD.svg

Optime (disambiguation)

Optimal Design of Experiments

Optical telecommunications

Optimalism

Optimil

Optical telescopes

Optical window in biological tissue

Bani 75a, Buzin, 10 010 Zagreb, Croatia

Optimal Optimus

Optical surfaces

Optics sign conventions

Optimal currency region

An optical table is a vibration control platform that is used to support systems used for laser and optics related experiments, engineering and manufacturing. The surfaces of these tables are designed to be very rigid with minimum deflection so that the alignment of optical elements remains stable over time. Many optical systems require that vibration of optical elements be kept small. As a result, optical tables are typically very heavy and incorporate vibration isolation and damping features in their structure. Many use pneumatic isolators that act as mechanical low-pass filters, reducing the ability of vibrations in the floor to cause vibrations in the tabletop.The surface of an optical table is typically stainless steel with a rectangular grid of tapped holes in either metric or imperial units:metric: M6 on a 25 mm gridimperial: ¼-20" UNC on a 1" (25.4 mm) gridOptical breadboards, benches, and rails are simpler structures that perform a similar function to optical tables. These are used in teaching and in research and development, and are also sometimes used to support permanently aligned optical systems in finished devices.

Optical storage media

Optical wavelength

Opticks (Isaac Newton)

Optics Valley Square

Optical time domain reflectometer

Optile

Optical storage is the storage of data on an optically readable medium. Data is recorded by making marks in a pattern that can be read back with the aid of light, usually a beam of laser light precisely focused on a spinning optical disc. An older example of optical storage that does not require the use of computers, is microform. There are other means of optically storing data and new methods are in development. An optical disc drive is a device in a computer that can read CD-ROMs or other optical discs, such as DVDs and Blu-ray discs. Optical storage differs from other data storage techniques that make use of other technologies such as magnetism, such as floppy disks and hard disks, or semiconductors, such as flash memory and RAM.Optical storage can range from a single drive reading a single CD-ROM to multiple drives reading multiple discs such as an optical jukebox. Single CDs (compact discs) can hold around 700 MB (megabytes) and optical jukeboxes can hold much more. Single-layer DVDs can hold 4.7 GB, while dual-layered can hold 8.5 GB. This can be doubled to 9.4 GB and 17 GB by making the DVDs double sided, with readable surfaces on both sides of the disc. HD DVDs were able to store 15 GB with a single-layer and 30 GB with a dual-layer. Blu-ray discs, which won the HDTV optical format war by defeating HD DVDs, can hold 25 GB for single-layer and 50 GB for dual-layer.

Optimal Control

OptimalJ

Optical zoom

Optically violently variable quasar

Optik – International Journal for Light and Electron Optics, or simply Optik (German for Optics) is a scientific journal, specializing in the optics of light and electrons. It is included in the Web of Science and other standard indexes.Despite its low impact factor (0.769 as of 2013, ranking it 52 out of 64 in the Journal Citation Reports, category "Optics"), Optik has published a number of highly cited papers, one having as many as 1250 citations according to the Web of Science (2008).

Optima Bus Corporation

Online access

Underground

Optics & Laser Europe

Optima television

Optimal operating temperature

Optics Software for Layout and Optimization (OSLO) is an optical design program originally developed at the University of Rochester in the 1970s. The first commercial version was produced in 1976 by Sinclair Optics. Since then, OSLO has been rewritten several times as computer technology has advanced. In 1993, Sinclair Optics acquired the GENII program for optical design, and many of the features of GENII are now included in OSLO. Lambda Research Corporation (Littleton MA) purchased the program from Sinclair Optics in 2001.The OSLO software is used by scientists and engineers to design lenses, reflectors, optical instruments, laser collimators, and illumination systems. It is also used for simulation and analysis of optical systems using both geometrical and physical optics. In addition to optical design and analysis, OSLO provides a complete technical software development system including interactive graphics, math, and database libraries.

North-Holland Pub. Co.

Optimal computing budget allocation (OCBA) is a concept first introduced in the mid 1990s by Dr. Chun-Hung Chen. This approach intends to maximize the overall simulation efficiency for finding an optimal decision. Simply put, OCBA is an approach to simulation that will help determine the number of replication and/or the simulation time that is needed in order to receive acceptable/best results within a set of given parameters.

Optimal Biological Dose

Xi-Cheng Zhang

Optimal experiment

In biology, optimality models are a tool used to evaluate the costs and benefits of different organismal features, traits, and characteristics, including behavior, in the natural world. This evaluation allows researchers to make predictions about an organisms’s optimal behavior or other aspects of its phenotype. Optimality modeling is the modeling aspect of optimization theory. It allows for the calculation and visualization of the costs and benefits that influence the outcome of a decision, and contributes to an understanding of adaptations.Optimal behavior is defined as an action that maximizes the difference between the costs and benefits of that decision. Three primary variables are used in optimality models of behavior: decisions, currency, and constraints. Decision involves evolutionary considerations of the costs and benefits of their actions. Currency is defined as the variable that is intended to be maximized (ex. food per unit of energy expenditure). It is the driving factor behind an action and usually involves food or other items essential to an organism’s survival. Constraints refer to the limitations placed on behavior, such as time and energy used to conduct that behavior, or possibly limitations inherent to their sensory abilities.Optimality models are used to predict optimal behavior (ex. time spent foraging). To make predictions about optimal behavior, cost-benefit graphs are used to visualize the optimality model (see Fig 1). Optimality occurs at the point in which the difference between benefits and costs for obtaining a currency via a particular behavior is maximized.

Netherlands

Optically variable ink

Optics Classification and Indexing Scheme

Compuware OptimalJ was a model-driven development environment for Java.OptimalJ was first released in 2001 and was then based on Sun Microsystems' open source NetBeans IDE. Since 2006 OptimalJ is based on the open source Eclipse IDE.

Optical space

Stempel

Optimal transport problem

Optimal distinctiveness is a social psychological theory seeking to understand ingroup–outgroup differences. It asserts that individuals desire to attain an optimal balance of inclusion and distinctiveness within and between social groups and situations (Brewer, 2003). These two motives are in constant opposition with each other; when there is too much of one motive, the other must increase in order to counterbalance it and vice versa (Brewer, 1991). The theory of optimal distinctiveness was first proposed by Dr. Marilynn B. Brewer in 1991 and extensively reviewed in 2010 by Drs. Geoffrey J. Leonardelli, Cynthia L. Pickett, and Marilynn Brewer.

Optically Variable Devices

Optimal solutions for Rubik's Cube

In the design of experiments, optimal designs (or optimum designs) are a class of experimental designs that are optimal with respect to some statistical criterion. The creation of this field of statistics has been credited to Danish statistician Kirstine Smith.In the design of experiments for estimating statistical models, optimal designs allow parameters to be estimated without bias and with minimum variance.

Optima Television

Theme of the Optimatoi

Optimate

Optical tweezers

Optically stimulated luminescence dating

Optimal ripeness (wine)

Optimal matching is a sequence analysis method used in social science, to assess the dissimilarity of ordered arrays of tokens that usually represent a time-ordered sequence of socio-economic states two individuals have experienced. Once such distances have been calculated for a set of observations (e.g. individuals in a cohort) classical tools (such as cluster analysis) can be used. The method was tailored to social sciences from a technique originally introduced to study molecular biology (protein or genetic) sequences (see sequence alignment). Optimal matching uses the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm.

Optical superresolution

OptimJ is an extension of the Java with language support for writing optimization models and abstractions for bulk data processing. The extensions and the proprietary product implementing the extensions were developed by Ateji which went out of business in September 2011.

Optical tweezers (originally called "single-beam gradient force trap") are scientific instruments that use a highly focused laser beam to provide an attractive or repulsive force (typically on the order of piconewtons), depending on the refractive index mismatch to physically hold and move microscopic dielectric objects similar to tweezers. Optical tweezers have been particularly successful in studying a variety of biological systems in recent years.

Optimal intertemporal portfolio

Optimal Discriminant Analysis (ODA) and the related classification tree analysis (CTA) are exact statistical methods that maximize predictive accuracy. For any specific sample and exploratory or confirmatory hypothesis, optimal discriminant analysis (ODA) identifies the statistical model that yields maximum predictive accuracy, assesses the exact Type I error rate, and evaluates potential cross-generalizability. Optimal discriminant analysis may be applied to > 0 dimensions, with the one-dimensional case being referred to as UniODA and the multidimensional case being referred to as MultiODA. Classification tree analysis is a generalization of optimal discriminant analysis to non-orthogonal trees. Classification tree analysis has more recently been called "hierarchical optimal discriminant analysis". Optimal discriminant analysis and classification tree analysis may be used to find the combination of variables and cut points that best separate classes of objects or events. These variables and cut points may then be used to reduce dimensions and to then build a statistical model that optimally describes the data.Optimal discriminant analysis may be thought of as a generalization of Fisher's linear discriminant analysis. Optimal discriminant analysis is an alternative to ANOVA (analysis of variance) and regression analysis, which attempt to express one dependent variable as a linear combination of other features or measurements. However, ANOVA and regression analysis give a dependent variable that is a numerical variable, while optimal discriminant analysis gives a dependent variable that is a class variable.

Optics and spectroscopy

Compuware OptimalJ was a model-driven development environment for Java.OptimalJ was first released in 2001 and was then based on Sun Microsystems' open source NetBeans IDE. Since 2006 OptimalJ is based on the open source Eclipse IDE. OptimalJ was developed out of Compuware's Amsterdam offices by many of the development team responsible for the Uniface development suite.OptimalJ is available in two editions:The Professional Edition is focused on simplifying Java EE development, by providing the capability to model a Java EE application, and then generate the application's code from the model via implementation patterns. First, a platform-independent model is made, which is then transformed via technology patterns to a platform-specific model.The Architecture Edition provides capabilities for metamodeling and for writing implementation and technology patterns, which can be used to extend the Professional Edition. Metamodels and patterns are bundled into software factories.OptimalJ was generally regarded as a technically superior but relatively expensive development environment. Compuware found it difficult to gain market share amongst the Java development community with the Optimal suite of products.Due to internal restructurings, Compuware decided in 2008 to discontinue OptimalJ.

Optimal range

Optically active additive (OAA) is an organic or inorganic material which, when added to a coating, makes that coating react to ultra violet light. This effect enables quick, non-invasive inspection of very large coated areas during the application process allowing the coating inspector to identify and concentrate on defective areas, thus reducing inspection time while assuring the probability of good application and coverage.

Blanc

Optimal capital structure

Optimal control theory

Optics Software for Layout and Optimization (OSLO) is an optical design program originally developed at the University of Rochester in the 1970s. The first commercial version was produced in 1976 by Sinclair Optics. Since then, OSLO has been rewritten several times as computer technology has advanced. In 1993, Sinclair Optics acquired the GENII program for optical design, and many of the features of GENII are now included in OSLO.

Optima (disambiguation)

Optimal Golomb Rulers

Optima, OK

Optimal Golomb Ruler

Optics polishing

Located in the middle of the Oklahoma panhandle, the 4,333-acre (17.54 km2) Optima National Wildlife Refuge is made up of grasslands and wooded bottomland on the Coldwater Creek arm of the Optima Lake project.The 8,062-acre Optima Wildlife Management Area, an Oklahoma state-managed hunting area, sits adjacent on the Beaver River arm of the Optima Lake project.

Optics Communications is a peer-reviewed rapid-publication scientific journal published by Elsevier. It reports on all fields of optical science and technology. Articles are available since year 1969. According to the Library of Congress, and CASSI: Vol.1 No. 1 of this journal was issued in April 1969.

Opticin belongs to class III of the small leucine-rich repeat protein family. Members of this family are typically associated with the extracellular matrix. Opticin is present in significant quantities in the vitreous of the eye and also localizes to the cornea, iris, ciliary body, optic nerve, choroid, retina, and fetal liver. Opticin may noncovalently bind collagen fibrils and regulate fibril morphology, spacing, and organization. The opticin gene is mapped to a region of chromosome 1 that is associated with the inherited eye diseases age-related macular degeneration and posterior column ataxia with retinosa pigmentosa .

Optically thick

Optimal Payments

Optime

The Optics Valley International Tennis Centre (simplified Chinese: 武汉光谷国际网球中心; traditional Chinese: 武漢光穀國際網球中心; pinyin: Wǔhàn Guānggǔ Guójì Wǎngqiú Zhōngxīn), is a tennis facility located in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. The center is the venue for the Wuhan Open, a professional tournament on the Women's Tennis Association tour and held annually since 2014. The facility has a 15,000-seat main stadium named "Central Court", a 5,000-seat annex stadium (Court 1), and 6 standard outdoor hard courts with necessary supporting facilities, covering an area of 103,400 square metres (1,113,000 sq ft). The center is located in the Wuhan East Lake New Technology Development Zone, being adjacent to Erfei Hill.

Optimal mechanism

Optimal shape design

Optimas OE Solutions, formerly Anixter OEM Supply — Fasteners, is a specialty distributor and manufacturer of highly engineered fasteners and C-Class components headquartered in Glenview, Illinois, United States. The company employs nearly 2,000 individuals globally, with 70+ locations, including 9 ISO-certified quality control labs, in Europe, Asia and North America. There are 30 locations in the United States.Optimas OE Solutions supplies 8.6 billion components from 250,000 SKUs annually to approximately 4,000 customers worldwide in the commercial vehicle, luxury automotive, agricultural equipment, power generation equipment, construction and general industrial markets. The average relationship among its 10 largest customers exceeds 17 years. While still known as Anixter OEM Supply — Fasteners, the business reported 2014 revenues of $938.5 million and operating profit of $39.1 million.The company is a practicer of Just-in-Time (JIT) and Kanban manufacturing techniques. Anesa Chaibi is the company’sChief Executive Officer.

In the design of experiments, optimal designs (or optimum designs) are a class of experimental designs that are optimal with respect to some statistical criterion. The creation of this field of statistics has been credited to Danish statistician Kirstine Smith.In the design of experiments for estimating statistical models, optimal designs allow parameters to be estimated without bias and with minimum variance. A non-optimal design requires a greater number of experimental runs to estimate the parameters with the same precision as an optimal design. In practical terms, optimal experiments can reduce the costs of experimentation.The optimality of a design depends on the statistical model and is assessed with respect to a statistical criterion, which is related to the variance-matrix of the estimator. Specifying an appropriate model and specifying a suitable criterion function both require understanding of statistical theory and practical knowledge with designing experiments.

In computer science, a problem is said to have optimal substructure if an optimal solution can be constructed efficiently from optimal solutions of its subproblems. This property is used to determine the usefulness of dynamic programming and greedy algorithms for a problem.Typically, a greedy algorithm is used to solve a problem with optimal substructure if it can be proved by induction that this is optimal at each step. Otherwise, provided the problem exhibits overlapping subproblems as well, dynamic programming is used. If there are no appropriate greedy algorithms and the problem fails to exhibit overlapping subproblems, often a lengthy but straightforward search of the solution space is the best alternative. In the application of dynamic programming to mathematical optimization, Richard Bellman's Principle of Optimality is based on the idea that in order to solve a dynamic optimization problem from some starting period t to some ending period T, one implicitly has to solve subproblems starting from later dates s, where t<s<T. This is an example of optimal substructure. The Principle of Optimality is used to derive the Bellman equation, which shows how the value of the problem starting from t is related to the value of the problem starting from s.

Asia

Optimality Theory

Optimal maintenance is the discipline within operations research concerned with maintaining a system in a manner that maximizes profit or minimizes cost. Cost functions depending on the reliability, availability and maintainability characteristics of the system of interest determine the parameters to minimize. Parameters often considered are the cost of failure, the cost per time unit of "downtime" (for example: revenue losses), the cost (per time unit) of corrective maintenance, the cost per time unit of preventive maintenance and the cost of repairable system replacement [Cassady and Pohl]. The foundation of any maintenance model relies on the correct description of the underlying deterioration process and failure behavior of the component, and on the relationships between maintained components in the product breakdown (system / sub-system / assembly / sub-assembly...).Optimal Maintenance strategies are often constructed using stochastic models and focus on finding an optimal inspection time or the optimal acceptable degree of system degradation before maintenance and/or replacement. Cost considerations on an Asset scale may also lead to select a "run-to-failure" approach for specific components.There are four main survey papers available accomplished to cover the spectrum of optimal maintenance:Optimal maintenance models for systems subject to failure–a review by YS Sherif, ML Smith published in Naval Research Logistics Quarterly, 1981.C. Valdez-Flores, R.M. Feldman, “A survey of preventive maintenance models for stochastically deteriorating single-unit systems”, Naval Research Logistics, vol 36, 1989 Aug, pp 419-446.J.J. McCall, “Maintenance policies for stochastically failing equipment:a survey”, Management Science, vol 11, 1965 Mar, pp 493-524.W.P. Pierskalla, J.A. Voelker, “A survey of maintenance models: The control and surveillance of deteriorating systems”, Naval Research Logistics Quarterly, vol 23, 1976 Sep, pp 353-388.

An optical time-domain reflectometer (OTDR) is an optoelectronic instrument used to characterize an optical fiber. An OTDR is the optical equivalent of an electronic time domain reflectometer. It injects a series of optical pulses into the fiber under test and extracts, from the same end of the fiber, light that is scattered (Rayleigh backscatter) or reflected back from points along the fiber. The scattered or reflected light that is gathered back is used to characterize the optical fiber.

Optical telegraph

Optimal Energy

Optimal control

Optical splitter

Optimal controller

Optical storage is the storage of data on an optically readable medium. Data is recorded by making marks in a pattern that can be read back with the aid of light, usually a beam of laser light precisely focused on a spinning optical disc. An older example of optical storage that does not require the use of computers, is microform. There are other means of optically storing data and new methods are in development.

Optimal scale

Optical stealth

partly

Optical storage devices

Optimal currency area

Optimark

Opticyl

Optically active additive

Optically pure

An optical table is a vibration control platform that is used to support systems used for laser and optics related experiments, engineering and manufacturing. The surfaces of these tables are designed to be very rigid with minimum deflection so that the alignment of optical elements remains stable over time. Many optical systems require that vibration of optical elements be kept small.

Optik Rathenow

Conquest by Ottomans

Optical switching

Optimal Play

Optimal aperture

Optical tweezer

Optical vesicle

Optics and Spectroscopy

Optimal play

Optimal bitonic tour

Florin Ghido

Optical viewfinder

In economics, optimal mechanism refers to the mechanism which maximizes the seller's profit.

impulse response and harmonics

Optically variable ink (OVI) is an anti-counterfeiting measure used on many major modern banknotes, as well as on other official documents (professional licenses, for example).The ink displays two distinct colors depending on the angle the bill is viewed at.

An optical turnstile is a physical security device designed to restrict or control access to a building or secure area. Optical turnstiles are usually a part of an access control system, which also consists of software, card readers, and controllers. Optical turnstiles operate much like regular mechanical turnstiles, except that they rely primarily on electronic (infrared) beams, and audible/visual interfaces to control entry.

Optical stretcher

Optimal distinctiveness is a social psychological theory seeking to understand ingroup–outgroup differences. It asserts that individuals desire to attain an optimal balance of inclusion and distinctiveness within and between social groups and situations (Brewer, 2003). These two motives are in constant opposition with each other; when there is too much of one motive, the other must increase in order to counterbalance it and vice versa (Brewer, 1991).

In control theory, optimal projection equations constitute necessary and sufficient conditions for a locally optimal reduced-order LQG controller.The Linear-Quadratic-Gaussian (LQG) control problem is one of the most fundamental optimal control problems. It concerns uncertain linear systems disturbed by additive white Gaussian noise, incomplete state information (i.e.

Optics Valley is a region in southern Arizona, centered on Tucson, that is home to a high concentration of optics companies spawned by research at the University of Arizona. Based on the idea of a technology cluster such as Silicon Valley, Optics Valley is known not only for its optics industry and research but also for the astronomical observatories located in the mountains of southern Arizona where clear skies and isolated peaks make for superior observing conditions.China’s biggest photoelectron information industry base, Also known as Optical Valley, is located in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province. Located in central China, the city of Wuhan is one of the earliest areas in China to develop the photoelectron information industry. It has 143 factories and research institutes related to photoelectrons.

English

United Kingdom

Optical viewer

Optics & Photonics News

Optima Lake Dam

Opticks (software)

Kobus Meiring

Optimal-substructure

Optimal diet width

free download

Optimal computing budget allocation

Optics Valley

Opticians

Optik Records was a German hip hop label located in Berlin. The label was shut down in 2009 due to financial problems.

Optical tape recorder

Opticari

Optimal health ranges

Optically visually violent quasar

Imagery of the pyramids.

Optimal tax theory or the theory of optimal taxation is the study of designing and implementing a tax that reduces inefficiency and distortion in the market under given economic constraints. Generally, this criterion consists of individuals' utility and the optimization problem involves minimizing the distortions caused by taxation. A neutral tax is a theoretical tax which avoids distortion and inefficiency completely. Other things being equal, if a tax-payer must choose between two mutually exclusive economic projects (say investments) that have the same pre-tax risk and returns, the one with the lower tax or with a tax exemption would be chosen by a rational actor. Thus economists argue that taxes generally distort behavior.In the Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith observed that“…the economic incomes of private people are of three main types: rent, profit and wages. Ordinary taxpayers will ultimately pay their taxes from at least one of these revenue sources. The government may intend that a particular tax should fall exclusively on rent, profit, or wages – and that another tax should fall on all three private income sources jointly. However, many taxes will inevitably fall on resources and persons very different from those intended … Good taxes meet four major criteria. They are (1) proportionate to incomes or abilities to pay (2) certain rather than arbitrary (3) payable at times and in ways convenient to the taxpayers and (4) cheap to administer and collect.” [1]

Optically transparent wood nanocomposites

The meaning of this term depends on the context:In astronomy, the optical window is the optical portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that passes through the atmosphere all the way to the ground. Most EM wavelengths are blocked by the atmosphere, so this is like a window that lets through only a narrow selection of what is out there, though the Sun is particularly active in the passed wavelengths. It is called "optical" because the wavelengths we can see are all in this range.

Optics (Ptolemy)

Optimal Stopping

Optical transfection is the process of introducing nucleic acids into cells using light. Typically, a laser is focussed to a diffraction limited spot (~1 µm diameter) using a high numerical aperture microscope objective. The plasma membrane of a cell is then exposed to this highly focussed light for a small amount of time (typically tens of milliseconds to seconds), generating a transient pore on the membrane.

Optically Variable Device

Opticlean

Optimal erasure codes with arbitrary parameters

Optical theodolite

Optics Valley of China

An optical variable device or optically variable device (OVD) is an iridescent image that exhibits various optical effects such as movement or color changes. OVDs cannot be photocopied or scanned, nor can they be accurately replicated or reproduced. The OVD is often used as a security device and anti-counterfeiting measure on money, credit cards and government issued identification cards.

Optimal projection equations

Opticin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OPTC gene.Opticin belongs to class III of the small leucine-rich repeat protein (SLRP) family. Members of this family are typically associated with the extracellular matrix. Opticin is present in significant quantities in the vitreous of the eye and also localizes to the cornea, iris, ciliary body, optic nerve, choroid, retina, and fetal liver. Opticin may noncovalently bind collagen fibrils and regulate fibril morphology, spacing, and organization. The opticin gene is mapped to a region of chromosome 1 that is associated with the inherited eye diseases age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and posterior column ataxia with retinosa pigmentosa (AXPC1).

Optical storage device

Optima is a white wine grape that was created by viticulturalist Peter Morio at the Geilweilerhof Institute for Grape Breeding in the Palatinate in 1930. Morio crossed a Riesling x Silvaner cross with Müller-Thurgau. The Riesling x Silvaner is sometimes mentioned as Rieslaner, but more often just as "a Riesling x Silvaner". Due to the random element of genetic recombination involved in sexual reproduction of plants, no two crosses of the same parent grape varieties will be identical, so there is a difference between the Riesling x Silvaner cross Rieslaner, and each other such cross.Optima received varietal protection and was released for general cultivation in 1970 and 1971, respectively. Its name is derived from the Latin language word for "the best".Optima ripens very early, even before other varieties which are considered as early ripening, such as Müller-Thurgau. Its late budding made it popular in the Mosel region, since it thus was less prone to frost damage. It can also grow on poor sites, where more demanding grape varieties such as Riesling do not ripen very reliably. It also easily achieves very impressive must weights, resulting in its use as a booster of Prädikat levels and sweetness in cheap German blended wines, primarily in Rheinhessen and Mosel. This use is similar to the variety Ortega.Varietal wines made from Optima grapes are usually yellow-green in colour, can show aromas similar to Riesling, but are lower in acidity. For this reason they have been described as "flabby and undistinguished", and as mentioned above, primarily used in blends.German plantings of Optima peaked at 420 hectares (1,000 acres) in 1990, but in similarity with many other new breeds of white German grapes, Optima has lost popularity in recent years. It is now grown on less than 100 hectares (250 acres) of vineyards in Germany. The remaining plantations are found primarily in Mosel and Rheinhessen.It is known under the synonyms (breeding codes) Geilweilerhof 33-13-113 and Gf. 33-13-113.Optima was used in a crossing to produce the grape variety Orion.

Zoran Kežman

OptimJ is an extension of the Java with language support for writing optimization models and abstractions for bulk data processing. The extensions and the proprietary product implementing the extensions were developed by Ateji which went out of business in September 2011. OptimJ aims at providing a clear and concise algebraic notation for optimization modeling, removing compatibility barriers between optimization modeling and application programming tools, and bringing software engineering techniques such as object-orientation and modern IDE support to optimization experts.OptimJ models are directly compatible with Java source code, existing Java libraries such as database access, Excel connection or graphical interfaces. OptimJ is compatible with development tools such as Eclipse, CVS, JUnit or JavaDoc. OptimJ is available free with the following solvers: lp_solve, glpk, LP or MPS file formats and also supports the following commercial solvers: Gurobi, MOSEK, IBM ILOG CPLEX Optimization Studio.

Optics Letters

Optics (Al-Kindi)

Optically transparent wood

Optical storage library

光谷广场

Opticon (typeface)

Optimal foraging

Optimal biological dose

Optimal value

Optics Classification and Indexing Scheme (OCIS) is a categorization scheme used to encode the topic of an article or presentation in a 7-digit code. The system is used by the Optical Society of America in the organization of conferences and for journal publications. Authors are required to choose one or several OCIS numbers at submission.

Optical unit

Optically pumped atomic magnetometer

wuhan

Optimfrog

Russell Ambrose

Optical spectrum

Optimal design of experiments

zh-Hans

Optimal population size

Optics and vision

Optical spaces are mathematical coordinate systems that facilitate the modeling of optical systems as mathematical transformations. An optical space is a mathematical coordinate system such as a Cartesian coordinate system associated with a refractive index. The analysis of optical systems is greatly simplified by the use of optical spaces which enable designers to place the origin of a coordinate system at any of several convenient locations. In the design of optical systems two optical spaces, object space and image space, are always employed. Additional intermediate spaces are often used as well.Optical spaces extend to infinity in all directions. The object space does not exist only on the "input" side of the system, nor the image space only on the "output" side. All optical spaces thus overlap completely. Typically, the origin and at least some of the coordinate axes of each space are different. It may not be possible to discern from an illustration to which space a point, ray, or plane belongs unless some convention is adopted. A common convention uses capital letters to label points and lower case letters to indicate distances. Unprimed letters indicate object space and primed letters image space. Intermediate spaces are indicated by additional primes. The same letter is used to indicate a conjugate relationship either between points or distances. The only exception is the use of F and F' to indicate respectively object and image space focal points (which are not conjugate). The term "object point" does not necessarily refer to a point on a specific object but rather to a point in object space; similarly for "image point".One may wonder how an object point can exist on the "output" side of an optical system or conversely how an image point could be located on the "input" side of an optical system. The answer in both cases is that the points are virtual. Optical spaces are divided into real and virtual parts. Thus, an object point on the "output" side of the system is in the virtual part of object space and is referred to as a virtual object point. Object points on the "input" side are in the real part of object space and are real object points. The situation is reversed for image points.It is common practice to designate the horizontal axis of an optical space as the z-axis with the positive direction left to right. Similarly, the y-axis is vertical with the positive direction upward.

Map of the United States

Optimal Bayesian experiment

Optical spaces are mathematical coordinate systems that facilitate the modeling of optical systems as mathematical transformations. An optical space is a mathematical coordinate system such as a Cartesian coordinate system associated with a refractive index. The analysis of optical systems is greatly simplified by the use of optical spaces which enable designers to place the origin of a coordinate system at any of several convenient locations.

Optical trapping

Optimal Energy, (Pty) Ltd.

Optically variable device

Wuhan Metro Co., Ltd

In control theory, optimal projection equations constitute necessary and sufficient conditions for a locally optimal reduced-order LQG controller.The Linear-Quadratic-Gaussian (LQG) control problem is one of the most fundamental optimal control problems. It concerns uncertain linear systems disturbed by additive white Gaussian noise, incomplete state information (i.e. not all the state variables are measured and available for feedback) also disturbed by additive white Gaussian noise and quadratic costs. Moreover, the solution is unique and constitutes a linear dynamic feedback control law that is easily computed and implemented. Finally the LQG controller is also fundamental to the optimal perturbation control of non-linear systems.The LQG controller itself is a dynamic system like the system it controls. Both systems have the same state dimension. Therefore, implementing the LQG controller may be problematic if the dimension of the system state is large. The reduced-order LQG problem (fixed-order LQG problem) overcomes this by fixing a-priori the number of states of the LQG controller. This problem is more difficult to solve because it is no longer separable. Also the solution is no longer unique. Despite these facts numerical algorithms are available to solve the associated optimal projection equations.

Optimal sorting

Diana Blake

Middle Ages
the Byzantine Empire

Optimality

November 2004

Optically active compound

Optimash Prime

Optimas OE Solutions, formerly Anixter OEM Supply — Fasteners, is a specialty distributor and manufacturer of highly engineered fasteners and C-Class components headquartered in Glenview, Illinois, United States. The company employs nearly 2,000 individuals globally, with 70+ locations, including 9 ISO-certified quality control labs, in Europe, Asia and North America.

China

Optimal Energy, Ltd.

Optima National Wildlife Refuge

Optical time-domain reflectometer

OPCOB8

The optical square uses a pentaprism to reflect and refract a beam or sighting 90 degrees, it is used in pairs in surveying and in a singular block in metrology.

A fiber-optic array for breast cancer detection by way of Diffuse Optical Tomography.

Optimas

Opticom ASA is a Norwegian research and development company. The Opticom share was listed on the Oslo Børs (Oslo Stock Exchange) in 1997 and on the main list from the start of trading in January, 2000. Since its establishment in 1994, Opticom and its subsidiaries have done research and development within a number of areas, especially the emerging field of polymer electronics.The company developed polymer-based memory chips through its majority-owned subsidiary Thin Film Electronics ASA (TFE).

Opticks

Optimal Stopping problem

Donghu NTDZ District,Wuhan,Hubei

Optima is a humanist sans-serif typeface designed by Hermann Zapf and released between 1952 and 1955 for the D. Stempel AG foundry, Frankfurt, Germany.Though classified as a sans-serif, Optima has a subtle swelling at the terminals suggesting a glyphic serif. Optima was inspired by Roman and Italian stonecarving.Zapf intended Optima to be a typeface that could serve for both body text and titling. To prove its versatility, Zapf set his entire book About Alphabets in the regular weight.

Optima Health

Optimal matching is a sequence analysis method used in social science, to assess the dissimilarity of ordered arrays of tokens that usually represent a time-ordered sequence of socio-economic states two individuals have experienced. Once such distances have been calculated for a set of observations (e.g. individuals in a cohort) classical tools (such as cluster analysis) can be used.

Optical transparency

Optimax is a UK-based laser eye treatment specialist which has 38 locations nationwide. Optimax was established as one of the first private clinics to offer laser eye surgery.Laser eye surgery in the UK is dominated by three main companies Optical Express, Ultralase and Optimax which, in total, account for approximately 56% of clinics in the UK.

Optical tracer

Optimas OE Solutions

Optimal design of experiment

Map of the administrative structure of the Byzantine Empire c. 780. The thema of the Optimatoi is located in the peninsula directly across the Bosporus, opposite Constantinople.

Opticon

Optima Bus, LLC, formerly Chance Coach Inc., was a brand of small transit buses manufactured by North American Bus Industries. It was established in 1976 in Wichita, Kansas.It was originally the trolley-replica and conventional-bus production business of Chance Industries, Inc. In 1998, Chance Coach, Inc. was sold to American Capital Strategies, which rebranded the company as Optima Bus Corporation in 2003.

Optigan Talentmaker

Optical waveguide

Optically active additive (OAA) is an organic or inorganic material which, when added to a coating, makes that coating react to ultra violet light. This effect enables quick, non-invasive inspection of very large coated areas during the application process allowing the coating inspector to identify and concentrate on defective areas, thus reducing inspection time while assuring the probability of good application and coverage. It works by highlighting holidays and pin-holes, areas of over and under application as well as giving the opportunity for crack detection and identification of early coating deterioration through life. The use of optically active additives or fluorescing additives is specified in US Military Specification MIL-SPEC-23236C. The use of and the inspection technique is described in the SSPC document Technology Up-date 11.

Opt. Lett.

Optik Software

Optimal control Theory

Opticom (company)

The meaning of this term depends on the context:In astronomy, the optical window is the optical portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that passes through the atmosphere all the way to the ground. Most EM wavelengths are blocked by the atmosphere, so this is like a window that lets through only a narrow selection of what is out there, though the Sun is particularly active in the passed wavelengths. It is called "optical" because the wavelengths we can see are all in this range. The window runs from around 300 nanometers (ultraviolet-B) at the short end up into the range the eye can use, roughly 400-700 nm and continues up through the visual infrared to around 1100 nm, which is in the near-infrared range. There are also infrared and "radio windows" that transmit some infrared and radio waves. The radio window runs from about one centimeter to about eleven-meter waves.In medical physics, the optical window is the portion of the visible and infrared spectrum where living tissue absorbs relatively little light. This window runs approximately from 650 nm to 1200 nm. At shorter wavelengths light is strongly absorbed by hemoglobin in blood, while at longer wavelengths water strongly absorbs infrared light.In optics, it means a (usually at least mechanically flat, sometimes optically flat, depending on resolution requirements) piece of transparent (for a wavelength range of interest, not necessarily for visible light) optical material that allows light into an optical instrument. A window is usually parallel and is likely to be anti reflection coated, at least if it is designed for visible light. An optical window may be built into a piece of equipment (such as a vacuum chamber) to allow optical instruments to view inside that equipment.

Opticopteryx

Optical system

In cryptography, Optimal Asymmetric Encryption Padding (OAEP) is a padding scheme often used together with RSA encryption. OAEP was introduced by Bellare and Rogaway, and subsequently standardized in PKCS#1 v2 and RFC 2437.The OAEP algorithm is a form of Feistel network which uses a pair of random oracles G and H to process the plaintext prior to asymmetric encryption.

Optically Stimulated Luminescence

Opticom