Fundamental physical constant (disambiguation)

The Fundamental Baptist Fellowship Association (FBFA) is an association of independent fundamentalist African-American Baptist churches.In 1962 Reverend Richard C. Mattox, of Cleveland, Ohio, led conservative-fundamentalist black ministers and congregations to form the Fundamental Baptist Fellowship Association. The association meets annually and provides fundamentalist black Baptist churches a means of fellowship in the areas of evangelism and foreign missions.

Fundamental Rights Agency

Fundamental Theorem of the Calculus

Fundamental Equation of Constrained Motion

The fundamental plane in a spherical coordinate system is a plane which divides the sphere into two hemispheres. The latitude of a point is then the angle between the fundamental plane and the line joining the point to the centre of the sphere.For a geographic coordinate system of the Earth, the fundamental plane is the equator.
Fundamental plane (spherical coordinates)

Fundamental

Fundamental line

Fundamental Diagram

The Fundamental Methodist Conference, Inc. is a body of independent Methodist congregations organized in 1942.This group was instituted at Ash Grove, Missouri in 1942 under the name Independent Fundamental Methodist Church. In 1944 the title was changed to Fundamental Methodist Church, Inc., when the first annual conference was held.The Fundamental Methodist Church traces its origins through the Methodist Protestant Church to the Anglican reformation of the Wesley brothers, John and Charles.

Berdieva Zukhra Shukurovna

Fundamental Attribution Error

Salutes the Chicago Blues Tradition

Fundamental Dimensions

Princeton, North Carolina

Fundamental Counting Principle

Fundamental Theorem Of Calculus

Fundamental Katalog

Fundamental cutset

A fundamental breach of a contract, sometimes known as a repudiatory breach, is a breach so fundamental that it permits the distressed party to terminate performance of the contract, in addition to entitling that party to sue for damages.

Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Ethics

In mathematics, a fundamental matrix of a system of n homogeneous linear ordinary differential equations x ˙ ( t ) = A ( t ) x ( t ) {\displaystyle {\dot {\mathbf {x} }}(t)=A(t)\mathbf {x} (t)} is a matrix-valued function Ψ ( t ) {\displaystyle \Psi (t)} whose columns are linearly independent solutions of the system.

Human needs and human-scale development, developed by Manfred Max-Neef and others (Antonio Elizalde and Martin Hopenhayn), are seen as ontological (stemming from the condition of being human), are few, finite and classifiable (as distinct from the conventional notion of conventional economic "wants" that are infinite and insatiable).They are also constant through all human cultures and across historical time periods. What changes over time and between cultures is the strategies by which these needs (and created desires) are satisfied. Human needs can be understood as a system—i.e., they are interrelated and interactive. In this system, there is no hierarchy of needs (apart from the basic need for subsistence or survival) as postulated by Western psychologists such as Maslow, rather, simultaneity, complementarity and trade-offs are features of the process of needs satisfaction.Manfred Max-Neef and his colleagues developed a taxonomy of human needs and a process by which communities can identify their "wealths" and "poverties" according to how their fundamental human needs are satisfied.This school of Human Scale Development is described as "focused and based on the satisfaction of fundamental human needs, on the generation of growing levels of self-reliance, and on the construction of organic articulations of people with nature and technology, of global processes with local activity, of the personal with the social, of planning with autonomy, and of civil society with the state."One of the applications is within the field of Strategic Sustainable Development where the individual Fundamental Human Needs (not the marketed or created desires and needs) are used to refine the Brundtland definition. Together with other aspects of the Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development, summarized as backcasting from sustainability principles, it enables planning and designing for sustainability.

The Fundamental Tour (also known as Fundamental Live) was a concert tour by English electronic duo, the Pet Shop Boys. The tour supported the group's ninth studio album, Fundamental. Beginning in June 2006, the trek played over 100 dates in Europe, the Americas, Australasia and Asia. The tour lasted over 17 months.

Fundamental chord

Fundamental postulates

First edition

Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation

Fundamental Statute of the Kingdom of Albania

The Fundamental Epistle, or Epistle of Foundation, (Latin: Epistola Fundamenti), was one of the sacred writings of the Manichaean religion, written by the founder Mani (c. 210–276 CE), originally in Syriac. Since none of the original Syriac writings of Manichaeism remain, we only have translations of small sections of this book, made by either Manichaeans or anti-Manichaeans.

Fundamental indexing

Fundamental group

Promotional poster for tour

W276AX

In mathematics, the fundamental class is a homology class [M] associated to an oriented manifold M of dimension n, which corresponds to the generator of the homology group H n ( M ; Z ) ≅ Z {\displaystyle H_{n}(M;\mathbf {Z} )\cong \mathbf {Z} } .

Fundamental Astronomy (1984–2007) is an astronomy textbook by Finnish author Hannu Karttunen of University of Turku; Pekka Kröger and Heikki Oja of University of Helsinki; Markku Poutanen of Finnish Geodetic Institute; and Karl Johan Donner of University of Helsinki. The first edition was published in Finnish by Ursa, Helsinki, 1984, and later published in English by Springer. The 5th edition was published in 2007. It is illustrated with more than 400 images, including 36 color plates.

Mark Gao

Fundamental Theorems

Fundamental laws

Fundamental lemma (Langlands program)

Fundamental Islam

In Being and Time, Martin Heidegger made the distinction between ontical and ontological. Ontical refers to a particular area of Being, whereas ontological ought to refer to Being as such. The history of ontology in Western Philosophy is, in Heidegger's terms, properly speaking, ontical, and ontology ought to designate fundamental ontology. He says "Ontological inquiry is indeed more primordial, as over against the ontical inquiry of the positive sciences".

Fundamental parallelotope

The Fundamental Law of Vatican City State, promulgated by Pope John Paul II on 26 November 2000, is the main governing document of the Vatican's civil entities. It obtained the force of law of 22 February 2001, Feast of the Chair of St. Peter, Apostle, and replaced in its entirety law N. I (the Fundamental Law of Vatican City of 7 June 1929). All the norms in force in Vatican City State which were not in agreement with the new Law were abrogated and the original of the Fundamental Law, bearing the Seal of Vatican City State, was deposited in the Archive of the Laws of Vatican City State and the corresponding text was published in the Supplement to the Acta Apostolicae Sedis. The law consists of 20 Articles.

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Fundamental Theorem of Combinatorial Enumeration

Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work

Fundamental Laws of England

Fundamental point

Fundamental diagram of traffic flow

Fundamental law

The Fundamental Laws of the Realm (Spanish: Leyes Fundamentales del Reino), were a set of de facto constitutional laws organizing the powers of Spain during the dictatorship of General Francisco Franco. In 1977, during the transition, an eighth law with the same status as the others was brought into effect, altering the legislative framework, in order to bring to a head the process of political reform. Rather than a constitution, the laws were fueros, as they had not been developed or approved by elected representatives.The Fundamental Laws were revoked by the Spanish Constitution of 1978.The eight laws were:1. The Labour Charter of 1938: influenced by the Italian Labour Charter of 1927, it regulated the labour conditions and economic life of Spain. Though it established a minimum wage and limits on the length of the working day, these concessions were subordinate to the national interest.2. The Law Constituting the Cortes of 1942: created with an eye to a coming Allied victory in WWII. It recreated the Cortes as a limited instrument of collaboration, for creating and promulgating new laws. The first Cortes of Francoist Spain was inaugurated on July 18, 1942.3. The Charter of the Spanish of 1945: fixed the rights and duties of the Spanish people. It was intended to convey the impression of democratisation to Potsdam.4. The National Referendum Law of 1945: established the use of referendums to settle important points. The Law of Leadership Succession made it obligatory to hold a referendum to change the fundamental laws.5. The Law of Leadership Succession of 1947: regulated the Succession. Spanish monarchy was de jure restored. Franco remained head of state for life. Created the Council of the Kingdom and the Council of the Regency (approved by referendum in 1947).6. Law of the Principles of the Movimiento Nacional of 1958: established some organising principles for the judiciary of Franco's Spain.7. The Organic Law of the State of 1967: enumerated the ends of the state and fixed the powers and duties of the Head of State, as well as creating formally the office of Chief of Government (approved by referendum in 1966).8. The Law for Political Reform of 1977: Political reform was begun in 1976. This law established the minimum conditions for the election of a new Cortes by universal suffrage, and authorised it to carry out the constitutional reforms of the transition. The law was submitted to a referendum on 15 December 1976, receiving majority support from those who participated. Thus, in the State's time of rupture, the existing legal structures were used to create a parliamentary monarchy.Fuero (Spanish) — Is a Spanish legal term and concept. The word comes from Latin forum, an open space used as market, tribunal and meeting.

Fundamental bass

Fundamental homology class

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Fundamental system of entourages

Fundamental psychological law

A fundamental point (in German Fundamentalpunkt) is the geometric origin of a geodetic network and defines the geodetic datum of a national survey.Some fundamental stations are an astronomical or satellite geodetic observatory. In any case, the geographic latitude and longitude of the station is precisely determined by methods of astrogeodesy and is chosen as ellipsoidal latitude and longitude at the Earth ellipsoid which is used to calculate the coordinates of the whole network.Also, precise azimuths to one or two network points are observed, and are taken over as orientated directions of these network lines. By these procedure, the polar axis of the reference ellipsoid becomes parallel to the Earth rotation axis, and therefore the vertical deflection of the fundamental point is zero.The term Fundamental station is used for special observatories which combine several space positioning techniques like VLBI, Satellite Laser Ranging, GPS, Glonass etc. They are the basis of Plate tectonic analyses which allow the monitoring of continental drift rates with accuracies of mm/year.Important fundamental stations in Europe areGrasse, central FranceGraz-Lustbühel (Austria)Malvern, England (?)Onsala Space Observatory (large radio telescope), SwedenWettzell (20m Radio telescope) in the Bayerischer Wald, GermanyZimmerwald near Berne, Switzerland.Worldwide about 30 fundamental stations are existing: about 5 in the United States and in Commonwealth of Independent States countries, 2-3 in South America, Africa, Eastern Asia, Australia and Antarctica.The basic coordinate system is the ITRF reference frame, which is related to the ICRS celestial inertial system by means of very precise Earth Orientation Parameters (EOPs), containing polar coordinates, Nutation- and Earth rotation parameters. The ITRF data set is revised every 3–5 years, the actual accuracy is in the millimeter area. The ITCS is based on about 500 Quasars in the far universe, and on some 3000 fundamental stars of our galaxy. The actual coordinates of the latter (FK6) were published in 2000 by the Astronomisches Rechen-Institut (ARI) in Heidelberg.

Fundamental four-spiral semigroup

John Maynard Keynes, in 1936, proposed the psychological law in his work: The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. The law basically captures and understands the essential spending behavior of the household sector. Keynes uses the term 'psychology' in his law but the law is just a basic observation of consumer behavior and consumption.

Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of India

Given a topological space and a group acting on it, the images of a single point under the group action form an orbit of the action. A fundamental domain is a subset of the space which contains exactly one point from each of these orbits. It serves as a geometric realization for the abstract set of representatives of the orbits.There are many ways to choose a fundamental domain. Typically, a fundamental domain is required to be a connected subset with some restrictions on its boundary, for example, smooth or polyhedral. The images of a chosen fundamental domain under the group action then tile the space. One general construction of fundamental domains uses Voronoi cells.

Fundamental Law of Vatican City State

Fundamental Christianity

The fundamental plane is a set of bivariate correlations connecting some of the properties of normal elliptical galaxies, including their radius, luminosity, mass, velocity dispersion, metallicity, surface brightness, colors, density (of luminosity, mass, or phase space), and, to a lesser degree, the shape of their radial surface brightness profiles. It is usually expressed as a relationship between the effective radius, average surface brightness and central velocity dispersion of normal elliptical galaxies. Any one of the three parameters may be estimated from the other two, as together they describe a plane that falls within their more general three-dimensional space.

Oakland, Maryland

Fundamental rights in the United States

In single-variable differential calculus, the fundamental increment lemma is an immediate consequence of the definition of the derivative f'(a) of a function f at a point a: f ′ ( a ) = lim h → 0 f ( a + h ) − f ( a ) h . {\displaystyle f'(a)=\lim _{h\to 0}{\frac {f(a+h)-f(a)}{h}}.} The lemma asserts that the existence of this derivative implies the existence of a function φ {\displaystyle \varphi } such that lim h → 0 φ ( h ) = 0 and f ( a + h ) = f ( a ) + f ′ ( a ) h + φ ( h ) h {\displaystyle \lim _{h\to 0}\varphi (h)=0\qquad {\text{and}}\qquad f(a+h)=f(a)+f'(a)h+\varphi (h)h} for sufficiently small but non-zero h. For a proof, it suffices to define φ ( h ) = f ( a + h ) − f ( a ) h − f ′ ( a ) {\displaystyle \varphi (h)={\frac {f(a+h)-f(a)}{h}}-f'(a)} and verify this φ {\displaystyle \varphi } meets the requirements.

Ayden, North Carolina

Fundamental counting principle

In the mathematical field of algebraic topology, the fundamental group is a mathematical group associated to any given pointed topological space that provides a way to determine when two paths, starting and ending at a fixed base point, can be continuously deformed into each other. It records information about the basic shape, or holes, of the topological space. The fundamental group is the first and simplest homotopy group.

Fundamental theorem of Calculus

Fundamental Law of Vatican City

Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation (FIRO)

Fundamental sciences

Fundamental laws of England

Fundamental constant

Fundamental freedoms

In the 1760s William Blackstone described the Fundamental Laws of England in Commentaries on the Laws of England, Book the First – Chapter the First : Of the Absolute Rights of Individuals as "the absolute rights of every Englishman" and traced their basis and evolution as follows:Magna Carta between King John and his barons in 1215confirmation of Magna Carta by King Henry III to Parliament in 1216, 1217, and 1225Confirmatio Cartarum (Confirmation of Charters) 1253a multitude of subsequent corroborating statutes, from King Edward I to King Henry IVthe Petition of Right, a parliamentary declaration in 1628 of the liberties of the people, assented to by King Charles Imore concessions made by King Charles I to his Parliamentmany laws, particularly the Habeas Corpus Act 1679, passed under King Charles IIthe Bill of Rights 1689 assented to by King William III and Queen Mary IIthe Act of Settlement 1701Blackstone's list was an 18th-century constitutional view, and the Union of the Crowns had occurred in 1603 between Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Scotland, and the 1628 Petition of Right had already referred to the fundamental laws being violated.

Fundamental domain

Allmusic

In representation theory of Lie groups and Lie algebras, a fundamental representation is an irreducible finite-dimensional representation of a semisimple Lie group or Lie algebra whose highest weight is a fundamental weight. For example, the defining module of a classical Lie group is a fundamental representation. Any finite-dimensional irreducible representation of a semisimple Lie group or Lie algebra can be constructed from the fundamental representations by a procedure due to Élie Cartan. Thus in a certain sense, the fundamental representations are the elementary building blocks for arbitrary finite-dimensional representations.

Fundamental Epistle

Fundamental duties of india

Fundamental indexation

Fundamental Laws

Fundamental Judaism

Fundamenta Nova Theoriae Functionum Ellipticarum

Fundamental lemma of calculus of variations

Fundamental postulate of statistical mechanics

Fundamental Laws (Russian Empire)

FundamentalDomain

Fundamental forces

Fundamental Theorem Of Arithmetic

Fundamental Destiny is a live album by the Art Ensemble of Chicago and Don Pullen recorded in June 1991 in Frankfurt, Germany and released in 2007 on the group's AECO label. It features performances by Lester Bowie, Joseph Jarman, Roscoe Mitchell, Malachi Favors Maghostut, and Don Moye with Don Pullen joining on piano.

Fundamental Laws of the Russian Empire

Fundamental theology is a branch of Catholic theology which seeks to establish the fact that God has made a supernatural revelation and established the Catholic Church as its divinely authorized custodian and interpreter.Unlike apologetics, fundamental theology does not directly work towards evangelization, but rather towards the analysis of where and by what means God brings human beings to assent to his Word.

Fundamental analysis

Fundamental Baptist Fellowship of America

Fundamental Rights of India

Fundamental Tour

Fundamental Films is a Chinese film production company and distributor based in Shanghai and founded in 2008. In September 2016 it was announced the company had acquired a stake of 27.9% in French film company EuropaCorp, becoming the second-largest shareholder in the company.

Fundamental station

The Fundamental Statute of the Kingdom of Albania is the statute used in the Albanian Kingdom introduced by King Zog.The 1928 Fundamental Statute was replaced in 1939, after the Italian invasion of Albania. On 3 June 1939, King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy promulgated a new constition and created the Albanian Kingdom.

The Fundamental Epistle, or Epistle of Foundation, (Latin: Epistola Fundamenti), was one of the sacred writings of the Manichaean religion, written by the founder Mani (c. 210–276 CE), originally in Syriac. Since none of the original Syriac writings of Manichaeism remain, we only have translations of small sections of this book, made by either Manichaeans or anti-Manichaeans. One of the most well-known references to this book is found in the writings of Saint Augustine (354-430 CE), who before converting to Christianity, was a Manichaean "hearer" for a number of years. In two of his anti-Manichaean books, he quotes a few paragraphs of the Fundamental Epistle.

Fundamental human right

Fundamental dimension

W216BH

Fundamental class

Fundamental axiom

Fundamental right

Fundamental Agreement between the Holy See and the State of Israel

Fundamental Methodist Conference, Inc.

Fundamental Interaction

Fundamental Statue

Fundamental Statue of the Kingdom of Albania

Fundamental rights in indian constitution

Fundamental beliefs of the iglesia ni cristo

Fundamental Destiny

Nimitz, West Virginia

European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights

Fundamental Theorem of Algebra

Fundamental (disambiguation)

Fundamental Verses of the Middle Way

Fundamental breach

Fundamental Group

Fundamental Principles of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement

Fundamenta nova theoriae functionum ellipticarum (New Foundations of the Theory of Elliptic Functions) is a book on Jacobi elliptic functions by Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi. The book was first published in 1829, and has been reprinted in volume 1 of his collected works and on several later occasions. The book introduces Jacobi elliptic functions and the Jacobi triple product identity.

Fundamental analysis, in accounting and finance, is the analysis of a business's financial statements (usually to analyze the business's assets, liabilities, and earnings); health; and its competitors and markets. When applied to futures and forex, it focuses on the overall state of the economy, and considers factors including interest rates, production, earnings, employment, GDP, housing, manufacturing and management.

The European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (usually known in English as the Fundamental Rights Agency; FRA) is a Vienna-based agency of the European Union inaugurated on 1 March 2007. It was established by Council Regulation (EC) No 168/2007 of 15 February 2007.

Fundamental Constants

Fundamental Statute of the Kingdom of Albania (1939)

Fundamental Constitutions

The Fundamental Statute of the Kingdom of Albania was the constitution used in the Albanian Kingdom. It was introduced by King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy after the Italian invasion of Albania. It replaced the previous constitution of the same name.

Fundamental quantity

Newton Grove, North Carolina

Fundamental Domain

Fundamental matrix

describing the discovery of monstrous moonshine.

W214BU

Fundamental group scheme

Summersville, West Virginia

The Fundamental Baptist Fellowship Association (FBFA) is an association of independent fundamentalist African-American Baptist churches.In 1962 Reverend Richard C. Mattox, of Cleveland, Ohio, led conservative-fundamentalist black ministers and congregations to form the Fundamental Baptist Fellowship Association. The association meets annually and provides fundamentalist black Baptist churches a means of fellowship in the areas of evangelism and foreign missions. Each congregation is independent and autonomous.A number of churches in the Fundamental Baptist Fellowship Association hold dual affiliation with the General Association of Regular Baptist Churches. Headquarters are in Fort Wayne, Indiana. In the area of Christian education, the FBFA partners with Cedarville University in Cedarville, Ohio.The FBFA is sometimes confused with the predominantly white Fundamental Baptist Fellowship International, whose strength is in the Southeast. The FBFA is predominantly black and most of its churches are located in the Midwestern states.

Fundamental Films

Fundamental Law of Education

Fundamental business concepts

In mathematics, specifically in the calculus of variations, a variation δf of a function f can be concentrated on an arbitrarily small interval, but not a single point. Accordingly, the necessary condition of extremum (functional derivative equal zero) appears in a weak formulation (variational form) integrated with an arbitrary function δf. The fundamental lemma of the calculus of variations is typically used to transform this weak formulation into the strong formulation (differential equation), free of the integration with arbitrary function. The proof usually exploits the possibility to choose δf concentrated on an interval on which f keeps sign (positive or negative). Several versions of the lemma are in use. Basic versions are easy to formulate and prove. More powerful versions are used when needed.

Fundamental Broadcasting Network

In mathematics, a fundamental pair of periods is an ordered pair of complex numbers that define a lattice in the complex plane. This type of lattice is the underlying object with which elliptic functions and modular forms are defined.Although the concept of a two-dimensional lattice is quite simple, there is a considerable amount of specialized notation and language concerning the lattice that occurs in mathematical literature.

Fundamental parallelogram (disambiguation)

Fundamental Law

Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina

Shelstad

Fundamental data type

In Schenkerian analysis, the fundamental structure (German: Ursatz) describes the structure of a tonal work as it occurs at the most remote (or "background") level and in the most abstract form. A basic elaboration of the tonic triad, it consists of the fundamental line accompanied by the bass arpeggiation. Hence the fundamental structure, like the fundamental line itself, takes one of three forms, according to which tonic triad pitch is the primary tone.

A fundamental point (in German Fundamentalpunkt) is the geometric origin of a geodetic network and defines the geodetic datum of a national survey.Some fundamental stations are an astronomical or satellite geodetic observatory.

FundamentalGroup

Fundamental Applied Toxicology

Fundamental Accord

The Fundamental Articles of 1871 (German: Fundamentalartikel, Czech: Fundamentálky) were a set of proposed changes to the Austro-Hungarian constitution regarding the status of the Bohemian Crownlands. Their rejection was largely responsible for the downfall of the Hohenwart cabinet.

Fundamental materialism

Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Ethics

Fundamental Rights in India

Fundamental sequence (ordinals)

In complex analysis, a mathematical discipline, the fundamental normality test gives sufficient conditions to test the normality of a family of analytic functions. It is another name for the stronger version of Montel's Theorem.

In mathematics, a fundamental discriminant D is an integer invariant in the theory of integral binary quadratic forms. If Q(x, y) = ax2 + bxy + cy2 is a quadratic form with integer coefficients, then D = b2 − 4ac is the discriminant of Q(x, y). Conversely, every integer D with D ≡ 0, 1 (mod 4) is the discriminant of some binary quadratic form with integer coefficients. Thus, all such integers are referred to as discriminants in this theory.There are explicit congruence conditions that give the set of fundamental discriminants. Specifically, D is a fundamental discriminant if, and only if, one of the following statements holdsD ≡ 1 (mod 4) and is square-free,D = 4m, where m ≡ 2 or 3 (mod 4) and m is square-free.The first ten positive fundamental discriminants are:1, 5, 8, 12, 13, 17, 21, 24, 28, 29, 33 (sequence A003658 in the OEIS).The first ten negative fundamental discriminants are:−3, −4, −7, −8, −11, −15, −19, −20, −23, −24, −31 (sequence A003657 in the OEIS).

In mathematics, specifically in the calculus of variations, a variation δf of a function f can be concentrated on an arbitrarily small interval, but not a single point. Accordingly, the necessary condition of extremum (functional derivative equal zero) appears in a weak formulation (variational form) integrated with an arbitrary function δf.

Fundamental agreement of the new haven colony

The Fundamental Resolution Equation is an equation used in chromatography to help relate adjustable chomatographic parameters to resolution, and is as follows:Rs = [N1/2/4][(α-1)/α][k2'/(1+k2')], whereN = Number of theoretical platesα = Selectivity Term = k2'/k1'The [N1/2/4] term is the column factor, the [(α-1)/α] term is the thermodynamic factor, and the [k2'/(1+k2')] term is the retention factor. The 3 factors are not completely independent, but they are very close, and can be treated as such.So what does this mean? It means that to increase resolution of two peaks on a chromatogram, one of the three terms of the equation need to be modified.1) N can be increased by lengthening the column (least effective, as doubling the column will get a 21/2 or 1.44x increase in resolution).2) Increasing k' also helps. This can be done by lowering the column temperature in G.C., or by choosing a weaker mobile phase in L.C. (moderately effective)3) Changing α is the most effective way of increasing resolution. This can be done by choosing a stationary phase that has a greater difference between k1' and k2'. It can also be done in L.C. by using pH to invoke secondary equilibria (if applicable).The Fundamental Resolution Equation is derived as follows:For 2 closely spaced peaks, ω1 = ω2, and σ1 = σ2so Rs = (tr2 - tr1)/ω2 = (tr2 - tr1)/4σ2Where tr1 and tr2 are the retention times of two separate peaks.Since N = [(tr2)/σ2]2, then σ = tr2/ N1/2Using substitution, Rs = N1/2[(tr2 - tr1)/4tr2] = (N1/2/4)(1 - tr1/tr2)Now using the following equations and solving for tr1 and tr2k1' = (tr1 - t0)/t0 ; tr1 = t0(k1' + 1)k2' = (tr2 - t0)/t0 ; tr2 = t0(k2' + 1)Substituting again and you get:Rs = [N1/2/4][1 - (k1' + 1)/(k2' + 1] = [N1/2/4][(k2' - k1')/(1 + k2')]And finally substituting once more α = k2'/k1' and you get the Fundamental Resolution Equation:Rs = [N1/2/4][(α-1)/α][k2'/(1+k2')]

The Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina were adopted in March 1, 1669 by the eight Lords Proprietors of the Province of Carolina, which included most of the land between what is now Virginia and Florida. It replaced the Charter of Carolina and the Concessions and Agreements of the Lords Proprietors of the Province of Carolina (1665).

In Canadian and New Zealand law, fundamental justice is the fairness underlying the administration of justice and its operation. The principles of fundamental justice are specific legal principles that command "significant societal consensus" as "fundamental to the way in which the legal system ought fairly to operate", per R v Malmo-Levine.

Fundamental parallelogram (complex analysis)

Live at the 6th Tokyo Music Joy

Monroe, North Carolina

Fundamental analysis software automates analysis that supports fundamental analysts in their review of a company's financial statements and valuation.

Latin

Fundamental order

Fundamental Particle

Print

Fundamental Justice

Fundamental assumption of statistical mechanics

Edenton, North Carolina

In mathematics, a fundamental discriminant D is an integer invariant in the theory of integral binary quadratic forms. If Q(x, y) = ax2 + bxy + cy2 is a quadratic form with integer coefficients, then D = b2 − 4ac is the discriminant of Q(x, y). Conversely, every integer D with D ≡ 0, 1 (mod 4) is the discriminant of some binary quadratic form with integer coefficients.

Soperton, Georgia

Fundamental groups

Fundamental Theorem of Line Integrals

Fundamental Mormon

Fundamental interactions

The Fundamental Law of Vatican City State, promulgated by Pope John Paul II on 26 November 2000, is the main governing document of the Vatican's civil entities. It obtained the force of law of 22 February 2001, Feast of the Chair of St. Peter, Apostle, and replaced in its entirety law N. I (the Fundamental Law of Vatican City of 7 June 1929).

Fundamental Homomorphism Theorem

Fundamental Destiny.jpg

Fundamental dimensions

The Fundamental Agreement between the Holy See and the State of Israel or "Fundamental Accord" is a treaty or concordat between the Holy See and the State of Israel, signed on 30 December 1993. The Agreement deals with the property rights and tax exemptions of the Roman Catholic Church within Israeli territory. It did not resolve all issues, and the parties continue to meet in an attempt to resolve the issues outstanding.As a result of the Agreement, diplomatic relations between the Holy See and Israel were established in 1994, with the Vatican appointing an apostolic nuncio to Israel and Israel appointing an ambassador to the Vatican. The present Israeli ambassador is Zion Evrony, who presented his credentials on 30 September 2012.On 10 November 1997, the Vatican and Israel entered into a further agreement, called an "Agreement Between the State of Israel and the Holy See" (also referred to as the "Legal Personality Agreement" or the "Agreement on the Legal Personality of the Church"), but neither agreement has been ratified by the Knesset.

Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals

Fundamental Beliefs of Iglesia ni Cristo

The Fundamental Broadcasting Network (FBN) is a network of Christian radio stations in the United States, based out of the Grace Baptist Church in Newport, North Carolina.Programs heard on FBN include Family Altar with Lester Roloff, Prophecy Today with Jimmy DeYoung, Moody Radio's Stories of Great Christians, and Unshackled!.

Fundamental equation of mechanics

Fundamental justice

In computer vision, the fundamental matrix F {\displaystyle \mathbf {F} } is a 3×3 matrix which relates corresponding points in stereo images. In epipolar geometry, with homogeneous image coordinates, x and x′, of corresponding points in a stereo image pair, Fx describes a line (an epipolar line) on which the corresponding point x′ on the other image must lie. That means, for all pairs of corresponding points holds x ′ ⊤ F x = 0. {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} '^{\top }\mathbf {Fx} =0.} Being of rank two and determined only up to scale, the fundamental matrix can be estimated given at least seven point correspondences. Its seven parameters represent the only geometric information about cameras that can be obtained through point correspondences alone.The term "fundamental matrix" was coined by QT Luong in his influential PhD thesis. It is sometimes also referred to as the "bifocal tensor". As a tensor it is a two-point tensor in that it is a bilinear form relating points in distinct coordinate systems.The above relation which defines the fundamental matrix was published in 1992 by both Faugeras and Hartley. Although Longuet-Higgins' essential matrix satisfies a similar relationship, the essential matrix is a metric object pertaining to calibrated cameras, while the fundamental matrix describes the correspondence in more general and fundamental terms of projective geometry. This is captured mathematically by the relationship between a fundamental matrix F {\displaystyle \mathbf {F} } and its corresponding essential matrix E {\displaystyle \mathbf {E} } , which is E = K ′ ⊤ F K {\displaystyle \mathbf {E} =\mathbf {K} '^{\top }\;\mathbf {F} \;\mathbf {K} } K {\displaystyle \mathbf {K} } and K ′ {\displaystyle \mathbf {K} '} being the intrinsic calibration matrices of the two images involved.

Fundamental plane (disambiguation)

The fundamental plane is a set of bivariate correlations connecting some of the properties of normal elliptical galaxies, including their radius, luminosity, mass, velocity dispersion, metallicity, surface brightness, colors, density (of luminosity, mass, or phase space), and, to a lesser degree, the shape of their radial surface brightness profiles.

Fundamental Error of Attribution

Fundamental lemma (automorphic forms)

Newport, North Carolina

Fundamental Physics Group

Fundamental matrix (absorbing Markov chain)

Fundamental Lemma (Langlands program)

The fundamental series is a set of spectra lines in a set caused by transition between d and f orbitals in atoms.Originally the series was discovered in the infrared by Fowler and independently by Arno Bergmann. This resulted in the name Bergmann series used for such a set of lines in a spectrum. However the name was changed as Bergmann also discovered other series of lines. And other discoverers also established other such series. They became known as the fundamental series.

The fundamental diagram of traffic flow is a diagram that gives a relation between the traffic flux (vehicles/hour) and the traffic density (vehicles/km). A macroscopic traffic model involving traffic flux, traffic density and velocity forms the basis of the fundamental diagram. It can be used to predict the capability of a road system, or its behaviour when applying inflow regulation or speed limits.

Fundamental Duties of Indian citizens

Fundamental infinity groupoid

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A fundamental ephemeris of the Solar System is a model of the objects of the system in space, with all of their positions and motions accurately represented. It is intended to be a high-precision primary reference for prediction and observation of those positions and motions, and which provides a basis for further refinement of the model. It is generally not intended to cover the entire life of the Solar System; usually a short-duration time span, perhaps a few centuries, is represented to high accuracy. Some long ephemerides cover several millennia to medium accuracy.

Fundamental concepts of geometry

Tashkent city, Uzbekistan

Fundamental Weyl chamber

Fundamental theorem of Arithmetic

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Fundamental plane

In mathematics, the fundamental class is a homology class [M] associated to an oriented manifold M of dimension n, which corresponds to the generator of the homology group H n ( M ; Z ) ≅ Z {\displaystyle H_{n}(M;\mathbf {Z} )\cong \mathbf {Z} } . The fundamental class can be thought of as the orientation of the top-dimensional simplices of a suitable triangulation of the manifold.

Fundamental Laws of the Realm

In representation theory of Lie groups and Lie algebras, a fundamental representation is an irreducible finite-dimensional representation of a semisimple Lie group or Lie algebra whose highest weight is a fundamental weight. For example, the defining module of a classical Lie group is a fundamental representation. Any finite-dimensional irreducible representation of a semisimple Lie group or Lie algebra can be constructed from the fundamental representations by a procedure due to Élie Cartan.

Fundamental dimensions/Forum

Fundamental patterns are one of the types of design patterns. They are termed fundamental as they form the basic building blocks of the other patterns.

Director

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Burgaw, North Carolina

Fundamental sequence

Fundamental Baptist Fellowship International (FBFI), formerly the Fundamental Baptist Fellowship of America, is a fellowship of Independent Fundamental Baptist individuals.

Fundamental Rights in the Constitution of India

Fundamental articles

Fundamental Modeling Concepts

Fundamental operations

Fundamental Analysis

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Fundamental lemma

Fundamental plane (elliptical galaxies)

Farmville, North Carolina

Fundamental Unification Theological Affirmations

Fundamental astronomy book

Fundamental research

Fundamental Orders

Fundamental Library of Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences

Fundamental laws of england

Fundamental Astronomy

Fundamental motion

Fundamental statute for the secular government of the states of the church

Fundamental marxian theorem

give systematic form to changes in the state structure

Fundamental Welfare theorems

Fundamental Analysis Software

The Fundamental Agreement of the New Haven Colony was signed on June 4, 1639. The free planters (founders of the New Haven Colony) who assented to the agreement are listed below:

Fundamental physical constants

North America

Fundamental rights in india

Fundamental Law of the Vatican City State

The Fundamental Statute for the Secular Government of the States of the Church was the constitution of the Papal States conceded by Pope Pius IX as a result of the 1848 Revolutions. It was published on 14 March.

Fundamental niche

Fundamental mathematics

Fundamental research project on advanced hydrogen science

Fundamental Theorems of Welfare Economics

Fundamental niche modelling

Fundamental stars

Fundamental Forces

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Fundamental Thermodynamic Relation

Fundamental Resolution Equation

Fundamental Articles

Fundamental patterns are one of the types of design patterns. They are termed fundamental as they form the basic building blocks of the other patterns. Most of the other patterns and most modern applications draw on these patterns in one way or another.Examples of this class of patterns include:Delegation pattern: an object outwardly expresses certain behaviour but in reality delegates responsibilityFunctional design: strives for each modular part of a computer program has only one responsibility and performs that with minimum side effectsInterface pattern: method for structuring programs so that they're simpler to understandProxy pattern: an object functions as an interface to another, typically more complex, objectFacade pattern: provides a simplified interface to a larger body of code, such as a class library.Composite pattern: defines Composite object (e.g. a shape) designed as a composition of one-or-more similar objects (other kinds of shapes/geometries), all exhibiting similar functionality. The Composite object then exposes properties and methods for child objects manipulation as if it were a simple object.

Fundamental Theology

Human needs and human-scale development, developed by Manfred Max-Neef and others (Antonio Elizalde and Martin Hopenhayn), are seen as ontological (stemming from the condition of being human), are few, finite and classifiable (as distinct from the conventional notion of conventional economic "wants" that are infinite and insatiable).They are also constant through all human cultures and across historical time periods.

Fundamental ontology

Fundamental system

In Canadian and New Zealand law, fundamental justice is the fairness underlying the administration of justice and its operation. The principles of fundamental justice are specific legal principles that command "significant societal consensus" as "fundamental to the way in which the legal system ought fairly to operate", per R v Malmo-Levine. These principles may stipulate basic procedural rights afforded to anyone facing an adjudicative process or procedure that affects fundamental rights and freedoms, and certain substantive standards related to the rule of law that regulate the actions of the state (e.g., the rule against unclear or vague laws). The degree of protection dictated by these standards and procedural rights vary in accordance with the precise context, involving a contextual analysis of the affected person's interests. In other words, the more a person's rights or interests are adversely affected, the more procedural or substantive protections must be afforded to that person in order to respect the principles of fundamental justice. A legislative or administrative framework that respects the principles of fundamental justice, as such, must be fundamentally fair to the person affected, but does not necessarily have to strike the "right balance" between individual and societal interests in general.The term is used in the Canadian Bill of Rights and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and also the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990. Fundamental justice, although closely associated with, is not to be confused with the concepts of due process, natural justice, and Wednesbury unreasonableness.

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Fundamental modeling concepts (FMC) provide a framework to describe software-intensive systems. It strongly emphasizes the communication about software-intensive systems by using a semi-formal graphical notation that can easily be understood.

Fundamental domain triangle

Fundamental and Applied Nematology

Fundamental (music)

Fundamental Law of the Vatican

Fundamental theorem in calculus of variation

Fundamental Diagram of Traffic Flow

The Fundamental Agreement between the Holy See and the State of Israel or "Fundamental Accord" is a treaty or concordat between the Holy See and the State of Israel, signed on 30 December 1993. The Agreement deals with the property rights and tax exemptions of the Roman Catholic Church within Israeli territory.

In computer vision, the fundamental matrix F {\displaystyle \mathbf {F} } is a 3×3 matrix which relates corresponding points in stereo images. In epipolar geometry, with homogeneous image coordinates, x and x′, of corresponding points in a stereo image pair, Fx describes a line (an epipolar line) on which the corresponding point x′ on the other image must lie.

Fundamental Baptist Fellowship Association

Fundamental articles (theology)

Fundamental science

In single-variable differential calculus, the fundamental increment lemma is an immediate consequence of the definition of the derivative f'(a) of a function f at a point a: f ′ ( a ) = lim h → 0 f ( a + h ) − f ( a ) h .

Fundamental groupoid

Fundamental elements of southtown

Fundamental rights (India)

Fundamental Rights of Indian citizens

Fundamental and Applied Toxicology

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In the mathematical theory of automorphic forms, the fundamental lemma relates orbital integrals on a reductive group over a local field to stable orbital integrals on its endoscopic groups. It was conjectured by Langlands (1983) in the course of developing the Langlands program. The fundamental lemma was proved by Gérard Laumon and Ngô Bảo Châu in the case of unitary groups and then by Ngô for general reductive groups, building on a series of important reductions made by Jean-Loup Waldspurger to the case of Lie algebras. Time magazine placed Ngô's proof on the list of the "Top 10 scientific discoveries of 2009". In 2010 Ngô was awarded the Fields medal for this proof.

Fundamental Theorem of Arbitrage-free Pricing

Fundamental homotopy group

Fundamental (album)

Fundamental axiom of analysis

In mathematics, the fundamental group scheme is a group scheme canonically associated to a scheme over a Dedekind scheme (e.g. the spectrum of a field or the spectrum of a discrete valuation ring). It is a generalisation of the étale fundamental group. Although its existence was conjectured by Alexander Grothendieck, the first construction is due to Madhav Nori, who only worked on schemes over fields. A generalisation to schemes over Dedekind schemes is due to Carlo Gasbarri.

Fundamental Christian

Fundamental Marxian theorem

Fundamental rules of logic

Fundamental physical constant

Fundamental representation

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Fundamental theorem of Boolean algebra

Fundamental constitutions of carolina

Fundamental Verses on the Middle Way

Fundamental Theorem on Natural Selection

Fundamental recurrence formulas

Fundamental law (disambiguation)

Fundamental cell

Fundamental Speed

Fundamental lemma of the calculus of variations

Fundamental series

Fundamental Astronomy (book)

Non-fiction

Fundamental matrix (computer vision)

Fundamental diagram

Fundamental equation

Fundamental Library of Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, is one of the key parts of "Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan", and it plays huge role in development of sciences in the Republic of Uzbekistan.

Fundamental Indexes

Fundamental normality test

Europe

Fundamental lemma of sieve theory

Fundamental system of roots

In Being and Time, Martin Heidegger made the distinction between ontical and ontological. Ontical refers to a particular area of Being, whereas ontological ought to refer to Being as such. The history of ontology in Western Philosophy is, in Heidegger's terms, properly speaking, ontical, and ontology ought to designate fundamental ontology. He says "Ontological inquiry is indeed more primordial, as over against the ontical inquiry of the positive sciences". It is from this distinction he developed his project of fundamental ontology (German: Fundamentalontologie).

Fundamental structure

Grace Baptist Church

Fundamental attribution bias

Fundamental astronomy

Fundamental Interconnectedness of All Things

Fundamental forms

Fundamental physics

Fundamental lemma of Langlands and Shelstad

Fundamental Theorem

Fundamental region

John Maynard Keynes, in 1936, proposed the psychological law in his work: The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. The law basically captures and understands the essential spending behavior of the household sector. Keynes uses the term 'psychology' in his law but the law is just a basic observation of consumer behavior and consumption. It states the relationship between income and consumption pattern, such as the changes in the aggregate income of the economy and the expenditures on consumption by the household sector. The law is thus, a macro framework of the operation of the economy as it applies more to the aggregate economy than to the individuals. Therefore, in Keynesian macroeconomics, the fundamental psychological law underlying the consumption function states that marginal propensity to consume (MPC) and marginal propensity to save (MPS) are greater than zero (0) but less than one (1): MPC + MPS = 1; e.g., whenever national income rises by $1 part of this will be consumed and part of this will be saved

Fundamental analysis, in accounting and finance, is the analysis of a business's financial statements (usually to analyze the business's assets, liabilities, and earnings); health; and its competitors and markets. When applied to futures and forex, it focuses on the overall state of the economy, and considers factors including interest rates, production, earnings, employment, GDP, housing, manufacturing and management. When analyzing a stock, futures contract, or currency using fundamental analysis there are two basic approaches one can use: bottom up analysis and top down analysis. The terms are used to distinguish such analysis from other types of investment analysis, such as quantitative and technical.Fundamental analysis is performed on historical and present data, but with the goal of making financial forecasts. There are several possible objectives:to conduct a company stock valuation and predict its probable price evolution;to make a projection on its business performance;to evaluate its management and make internal business decisions;and/or to calculate its credit risk.to find out the intrinsic value of the share.

The Fundamental Law of Education (教育基本法, kyōiku kihonhō) is a Japanese law which sets the standards for the Japanese education system.

The Fundamental Methodist Conference, Inc. is a body of independent Methodist congregations organized in 1942.This group was instituted at Ash Grove, Missouri in 1942 under the name Independent Fundamental Methodist Church. In 1944 the title was changed to Fundamental Methodist Church, Inc., when the first annual conference was held.The Fundamental Methodist Church traces its origins through the Methodist Protestant Church to the Anglican reformation of the Wesley brothers, John and Charles. The three major Methodist conferences in the United States - the Methodist Episcopal, Methodist Episcopal South, and Methodist Protestant churches - united under the name The Methodist Church in 1939. The union was attended with dissatisfaction among people in all three groups. The John's Chapel Church (formerly part of the Methodist Protestant Church) of Lawrence County, Missouri withdrew from The Methodist Church on August 27, 1942 and elected a committee to draw up a constitution and by-laws for Fundamental Methodists. On August 23, 1944 the first annual conference was held in Greene County, Missouri with 3 churches representing. The church was chartered on February 27, 1948.Unlike most Methodists, the churches of the Fundamental Methodist Conference do not baptize infants, though dedication of children is retained. They also only observe immersion for baptism. Since they do not regard baptism as the door to the church, they will receive members from other churches who have been baptized by sprinkling or pouring. Government is more congregational and less connectional than generally practiced by Methodists. Each congregation owns its property and calls its pastors. The church has no bishops; the annual conference elects a District Superintendent and a Secretary-Treasurer.In 2001 there were 814 members in 13 congregations, all of which are located in southwestern Missouri. The church maintains headquarters in Springfield, Missouri and holds its annual conference at the Fundamental Methodist Conference Grounds near Ash Grove in Lawrence County, Missouri. This body is a member of the American Council of Christian Churches.

Fundamental Methodist Church

A fundamental ephemeris of the Solar System is a model of the objects of the system in space, with all of their positions and motions accurately represented. It is intended to be a high-precision primary reference for prediction and observation of those positions and motions, and which provides a basis for further refinement of the model.

Fundamental theology

Fundamental law of education

Fundamental regime

Fundamental Normality Test

Fundamental mode

The fundamental plane in a spherical coordinate system is a plane which divides the sphere into two hemispheres. The latitude of a point is then the angle between the fundamental plane and the line joining the point to the centre of the sphere.For a geographic coordinate system of the Earth, the fundamental plane is the equator. Celestial coordinate systems have varying fundamental planes:the equatorial coordinate system uses the celestial equator;the ecliptic coordinate system uses the ecliptic;the galactic coordinate system uses the Milky Way;the horizontal coordinate system uses the observer's horizon; andthe Besselian coordinate system uses the Terminator (day/night boundary). This system is a rectangular (x,y,z) system (Cartesian coordinates)

Diana Shelstad

Fundamental Theorem of Homomorphisms

The Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina were adopted in March 1, 1669 by the eight Lords Proprietors of the Province of Carolina, which included most of the land between what is now Virginia and Florida. It replaced the Charter of Carolina and the Concessions and Agreements of the Lords Proprietors of the Province of Carolina (1665). The date March 1, 1669 was the date that proprietors confirmed the Constitutions and sent them to the Colony, but later on two other versions were introduced in 1682 and in 1698. Moreover, the proprietors suspended the Constitutions in 1690. Despite the claims of proprietors on the valid version of the Constitution, the colonists officially recognized the July 21, 1669 version, claiming that six proprietors had sealed the Constitutions as “the unalterable form and rule of Government forever” on that date. The earliest draft of this version in manuscript is believed to be the one found at Columbia, South Carolina archives.The Colonists, settlers and the British Crown kept themselves at a distance to the Constitutions from the beginning. In fact, the provisions of the Fundamental Constitutions were neither fully employed nor recognized. The main concern over the document were its exaltation of proprietors as noblemen at the apex of the hierarchically designed society. Second, the Constitutions had rules that were hard to implement by settlers for practical reasons. Thus, the proprietors had to amend the rules five times, before finally repealing them forty years from the drafting.

Fundamental homomorphism theorem

The Fundamental Laws of the Realm (Spanish: Leyes Fundamentales del Reino), were a set of de facto constitutional laws organizing the powers of Spain during the dictatorship of General Francisco Franco. In 1977, during the transition, an eighth law with the same status as the others was brought into effect, altering the legislative framework, in order to bring to a head the process of political reform.

Fundamental frequencies

Fundamental Component

Fundamental lemma in calculus of variations

Fundamental Articles of 1871

Fundamental number

Fundamental Law of Fractions

Fundamental modeling concepts

Fundamental lexical hypothesis

Langlands

Fundamental Baptist Fellowship International

Fundamental parallelogram

Fundamental cycle

Fundamental French

Fundamental particles

Fundamental algebraic geometry

In the mathematical theory of automorphic forms, the fundamental lemma relates orbital integrals on a reductive group over a local field to stable orbital integrals on its endoscopic groups. It was conjectured by Langlands (1983) in the course of developing the Langlands program.

Fundamental human needs

The Fundamental Resolution Equation is an equation used in chromatography to help relate adjustable chomatographic parameters to resolution, and is as follows:Rs = [N1/2/4][(α-1)/α][k2'/(1+k2')], whereN = Number of theoretical platesα = Selectivity Term = k2'/k1'The [N1/2/4] term is the column factor, the [(α-1)/α] term is the thermodynamic factor, and the [k2'/(1+k2')] term is the retention factor.

Fundamental charge

Fundamental theorem

Lexington Park, Maryland
Henderson, North Carolina

Fundamental ephemeris

Fundamental pattern

Fundamental human rights

Fundamental increment lemma

In mathematics, a fundamental matrix of a system of n homogeneous linear ordinary differential equations x ˙ ( t ) = A ( t ) x ( t ) {\displaystyle {\dot {\mathbf {x} }}(t)=A(t)\mathbf {x} (t)} is a matrix-valued function Ψ ( t ) {\displaystyle \Psi (t)} whose columns are linearly independent solutions of the system. Then every solution to the system can be written as x = Ψ ( t ) c {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} =\Psi (t)\mathbf {c} } , for some constant vector c {\displaystyle \mathbf {c} } (written as a column vector of height n).One can show that a matrix-valued function Ψ {\displaystyle \Psi } is a fundamental matrix of x ˙ ( t ) = A ( t ) x ( t ) {\displaystyle {\dot {\mathbf {x} }}(t)=A(t)\mathbf {x} (t)} if and only if Ψ ˙ ( t ) = A ( t ) Ψ ( t ) {\displaystyle {\dot {\Psi }}(t)=A(t)\Psi (t)} and Ψ {\displaystyle \Psi } is a non-singular matrix for all t {\displaystyle t} .

Fundamental Mode

Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression (1991)

The fundamental series is a set of spectra lines in a set caused by transition between d and f orbitals in atoms.Originally the series was discovered in the infrared by Fowler and independently by Arno Bergmann. This resulted in the name Bergmann series used for such a set of lines in a spectrum. However the name was changed as Bergmann also discovered other series of lines. And other discoverers also established other such series. They became known as the fundamental series. Bergmann observed lithium at 5347 cm−1, sodium at 5416 cm−1 potassium at 6592 cm−1. Bergmann observed that the lines in the series in the caesium spectrum were double. His discovery was announced in Contributions to the Knowledge of the Infra-Red Emission Spectra of the Alkalies, Jena 1907. Carl Runge called this series the "new series". He predicted that the lines of potassium and rubidium would be in pairs. He expressed the frequencies of the series lines by a formula and predicted a connection of the series limit to the other known series. In 1909 W. M. Hicks produced approximate formulas for the various series and noticed that this series had a simpler formula than the others and thus called it the "fundamental series" and used the letter F.The formula that more resembled the hydrogen spectrum calculations was because of a smaller quantum defect. There is no physical basis to call this fundamental. The fundamental series was described as badly-named. It is the last spectroscopic series to have a special designation. The next series involving transitions between F and G subshells is known as the FG series.Frequencies of the lines in the series are given by this formula: v = R [ 3 + d ] 2 − R [ m + f ] 2 w i t h m = 4 , 5 , 6 , . . . {\displaystyle v={\frac {R}{\left[3+d\right]^{2}}}-{\frac {R}{\left[m+f\right]^{2}}}with\ m=4,5,6,...} R is the Rydberg correction. T B S = R [ 3 + d ] 2 {\displaystyle T_{BS}={\frac {R}{\left[3+d\right]^{2}}}} is the series limit, represented by 3D. R [ m + f ] 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {R}{\left[m+f\right]^{2}}}} is represented by mF. A shortened formula is then given by v = 3 D − m F {\displaystyle v=3D-mF} with values of m being integers from 4 upwards. The two numbers separated by the "−" are called terms, that represent the energy level of an atom.The limit of the fundamental series is the same as the 3D level.<refnmae=candler/>The terms can have different designations, mF for single line systems, mΦ for doublets and mf for triplets.Lines in the fundamental series are split into compound doublets, due to the D and F subshells having different spin possibilities. The splitting of the D subshell is very small and that of the F subshell even less so, so the fine structure in the fundamental series is harder to resolve than that in the sharp or diffuse series.

Fundamental operation

Fundamental matrix (disambiguation)

Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic

Fundamental force

Fundamental Astronomy (1984–2007) is an astronomy textbook by Finnish author Hannu Karttunen of University of Turku; Pekka Kröger and Heikki Oja of University of Helsinki; Markku Poutanen of Finnish Geodetic Institute; and Karl Johan Donner of University of Helsinki. The first edition was published in Finnish by Ursa, Helsinki, 1984, and later published in English by Springer. The 5th edition was published in 2007. It is illustrated with more than 400 images, including 36 color plates. There are many pages on solar system, the Milky Way, galaxies, and cosmology.Aimed at the science student market, this textbook is both for undergraduates and for graduates just beginning their courses who are looking for an overview. It covers the whole field of modern astronomy. While emphasizing both the astronomical concepts and the underlying physical principles, the text provides a basis for more further studies in the astronomical sciences.

Fundamental Theorem of Poker

Release Tour

Fundamental discriminant

Fundamental constant (disambiguation)

Fundamental orders of connecticut

Fundamental Duties of India

Fundamental Christians

The Fundamental Statute of the Kingdom of Albania was the constitution used in the Albanian Kingdom. It was introduced by King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy after the Italian invasion of Albania. It replaced the previous constitution of the same name. It was signed by Victor Emmanuel III on 3 June 1939 and then presented to Shefqet Vërlaci in Rome, and went into effect the following day.The 1939 constitution proclaimed Victor Emmanuel III the King of Albania and made Albania a constitutional monarchy. It also created a "Supreme Fascist Corporation Council" to serve as the legislature of Albania, structured after Italy's Chamber of Fasci and Corporations.The 1939 constitution was replaced on 15 March 1946, after Enver Hoxha promulgated a constitution for the newly formed People's Republic of Albania.

Fundamental matrix (linear differential equation)

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Given a topological space and a group acting on it, the images of a single point under the group action form an orbit of the action. A fundamental domain is a subset of the space which contains exactly one point from each of these orbits. It serves as a geometric realization for the abstract set of representatives of the orbits.There are many ways to choose a fundamental domain.

Fundamental Error of attribution

The fundamental theorem of a field of mathematics is the theorem considered central to that field. The naming of such a theorem is not necessarily based on how often it is used or the difficulty of its proofs.For example, the fundamental theorem of calculus gives the relationship between differential calculus and integral calculus, which are two distinct branches that are not obviously related. Being "fundamental" does not necessarily mean that it is the most basic result. For example, the proof of the fundamental theorem of arithmetic requires Euclid's lemma, which in turn requires Bézout's identity.The names are mostly traditional, so that for example the fundamental theorem of arithmetic is basic to what would now be called number theory.The mathematical literature sometimes refers to the fundamental lemma of a field. The term lemma is conventionally used to denote a proven proposition which is used as a stepping stone to a larger result rather than as a useful statement in-and-of itself. The fundamental lemma of a field is often, but not always, the same as the fundamental theorem of that field.

Fundamental particle

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One of the most exciting moments of my life was when, after computing several of these series, I went down to our mathematical library and found some of them in Jacobi's "Fundamenta nova theoriae..."[3], with the same coefficients down to the last decimal digit!

In Schenkerian analysis, the fundamental structure (German: Ursatz) describes the structure of a tonal work as it occurs at the most remote (or "background") level and in the most abstract form. A basic elaboration of the tonic triad, it consists of the fundamental line accompanied by the bass arpeggiation. Hence the fundamental structure, like the fundamental line itself, takes one of three forms, according to which tonic triad pitch is the primary tone. The example hereby shows a fundamental structure in C major, with the fundamental line descending from scale degree :The Urlinie offers the unfurling (Auswicklung) of a basic triad, it presents tonality on horizontal paths. The tonal system, too, flow into these as well, a system intended to bring purposeful order into the world of chords through its selection of the harmonic degrees. The mediator between the horizontal formulation of tonality presented by the Urlinie and the vertical formulation presented by the harmonic degrees is voice leading.The upper voice of a fundamental structure, which is the fundamental line, utilizes the descending direction; the lower voice, which is the bass arpeggiation through the fifth, takes the ascending direction (fig. 1). [...] The combination of fundamental line and bass arpeggiation constitutes a unity. [...] Neither the fundamental line nor the bass arpeggiation can stand alone. Only when acting together, when unified in a contrapuntal structure, do they produce art.

Fundamental pair of periods

The fundamental theorem of a field of mathematics is the theorem considered central to that field. The naming of such a theorem is not necessarily based on how often it is used or the difficulty of its proofs.For example, the fundamental theorem of calculus gives the relationship between differential calculus and integral calculus, which are two distinct branches that are not obviously related. Being "fundamental" does not necessarily mean that it is the most basic result.

In the mathematical field of algebraic topology, the fundamental group is a mathematical group associated to any given pointed topological space that provides a way to determine when two paths, starting and ending at a fixed base point, can be continuously deformed into each other. It records information about the basic shape, or holes, of the topological space. The fundamental group is the first and simplest homotopy group. The fundamental group is a topological invariant: homeomorphic topological spaces have the same fundamental group.Fundamental groups can be studied using the theory of covering spaces, since a fundamental group coincides with the group of deck transformations of the associated universal covering space. The abelianization of the fundamental group can be identified with the first homology group of the space. When the topological space is homeomorphic to a simplicial complex, its fundamental group can be described explicitly in terms of generators and relations.Henri Poincaré defined the fundamental group in 1895 in his paper "Analysis situs". The concept emerged in the theory of Riemann surfaces, in the work of Bernhard Riemann, Poincaré, and Felix Klein. It describes the monodromy properties of complex-valued functions, as well as providing a complete topological classification of closed surfaces.

Fundamental constants

In mathematics, a fundamental pair of periods is an ordered pair of complex numbers that define a lattice in the complex plane. This type of lattice is the underlying object with which elliptic functions and modular forms are defined.Although the concept of a two-dimensional lattice is quite simple, there is a considerable amount of specialized notation and language concerning the lattice that occurs in mathematical literature. This article attempts to review this notation, as well as to present some theorems that are specific to the two-dimensional case.