Ádám Vezér 5
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Cold War II
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Yom Kippur War/October War
result: A decision now had to be made—whether to stop at the post-1967 border or to continue advancing into Syrian territory. The Israeli High Command spent all of October 10 debating this well into the night. Some favored disengagement, which would allow soldiers to be redeployed to the Sinai (Shmuel Gonen's defeat at Hizayon in the Sinai had taken place two days earlier). Others favored continuing the attack into Syria, towardsDamascus, which would knock Syria out of the war; it would also restore Israel's image as the supreme military power in the Middle East and would give Israel a valuable bargaining chip once the war ended.
result: Reservists were directed to the Golan as quickly as possible. They were assigned to tanks and sent to the front as soon as they arrived at army depots, without waiting for the crews they trained with to arrive, machine guns to be installed on the tanks, or taking the time to calibrate the tank guns (a time-consuming process known asbore-sighting). The Syrians had expected it to take at least 24 hours for Israeli reserves to reach the front lines; in fact, reserve units began reaching the battle lines only 15 hours after the war began. Israeli reserve forces approaching the Golan Heights were subjected to Syrian artillery fire directed from Mount Hermon.
result: The Iraqi divisions were a strategic surprise for the IDF, which expected 24-hour-plus advance intelligence of such moves. This turned into an operational surprise, as the Iraqis attacked the exposed southern flank of the advancing Israeli armor, forcing its advance units to retreat a few kilometres in order to prevent encirclement. Combined Syrian, Iraqi and Jordanian counterattacks prevented any further Israeli gains. However, they were also unable to push the Israelis back from the Bashan salient, and suffered heavy losses in their engagements with the Israelis. The most effective attack took place on October 20, though Arab forces lost 120 tanks in that engagement.
result: Nasser's policy following the 1967 defeat conflicted with that of the Soviet Union. The Soviets sought to avoid a new conflagration between the Arabs and Israelis so as not to be drawn into a confrontation with the United States. The reality of the situation became apparent when the superpowers met inOsloand agreed to maintain the status quo. This was unacceptable to Egyptian leaders, and when it was discovered that the Egyptian preparations for crossing the canal were being leaked, it became imperative to expel the Soviets from Egypt. In July 1972, Sadat expelled almost all of the 20,000 Soviet military advisers in the country and reoriented the country's foreign policy to be more favorable to the United States. The Syrians remained close to the Soviet Union.
result: TheBattle of Baltim, which took place on October 8–9 off the coast ofBaltimandDamietta, ended in a decisive Israeli victory. Six Israeli missile boats heading towardsPort Saidencountered four Egyptian missile boats coming fromAlexandria. In an engagement lasting about forty minutes, the Israelis evaded EgyptianStyx missilesusing electronic countermeasures and sank three of the Egyptian missile boats withGabriel missilesand gunfire. The Battles of Latakia and Baltim "drastically changed the operational situation at sea to Israeli advantage".
result: The attack by the Egyptian and Syrian forces caught the United States by surprise. According to the futureCIA Directorand Defense SecretaryRobert Gates, he was briefing a U.S. arms negotiator on the improbability of armed conflict in the region when he heard the news of the outbreak of war on the radio. On the other hand, theKGBlearned about the attack in advance, probably from its intelligence sources in Egypt.
result: During the night of October 8–9, an alarmed Dayan told Meir that "this is the end of the third temple." He was warning of Israel's impending total defeat, but "Temple" was also the code word fornuclear weapons. Dayan again raised the nuclear topic in a cabinet meeting, warning that the country was approaching a point of "last resort". That night Meir authorized the assembly of thirteentactical atomic weapons forJericho missiles atSdot Micha Airbase, andF-4aircraft atTel Nof Airbase, for use against Syrian and Egyptian targets. They would be used if absolutely necessary to prevent total defeat, but the preparation was done in an easily detectable way, likely as a signal to the United States. Kissinger learned of the nuclear alert on the morning of October 9. That day, President Nixon ordered the commencement ofOperation Nickel Grass, an American airlift to replace all of Israel's material losses. Anecdotal evidence suggests that Kissinger told Sadat that the reason for the U.S. airlift was that the Israelis were close to "going nuclear". However, subsequent interviews with Kissinger, Schlesinger, andWilliam Quandtsuggested that the nuclear aspect was not a major factor in the decision to re-supply. These officials cited the ongoing Soviet re-supply effort and Sadat's early rejection of a ceasefire as the primary motivators. European countries refused to allow U.S. airplanes carrying supplies for Israel to refuel at their bases, fearing an Arab oil embargo, with the exception ofPortugaland theNetherlands. Portugal permitted the United States to use a leased base inAzores, and the defence minister of the Netherlands, apparently acting without consulting his cabinet colleagues, secretly authorised the use of Dutch airfields.
result: Egyptian and Syrian military exercises
result: The Yom Kippur War, Ramadan War, or October War (', or';' or מלחמת יום כיפור '), also known as the 1973 Arab–Israeli War, was a war fought by the coalition of Arab states led byEgyptandSyriaagainstIsraelfrom October 6 to 25, 1973. With the exception of isolated attacks on Israeli territory on 6 and 9 October, the military combat actions during the war took place on Arab territory, mostly in the Sinai and the Golan Heights. Egypt and Syria wanted to regain the Sinai and the Golan Height respectively. Sadat wanted also to reopen the Suez Canal. Both did not plan to destroy Israel, Although the Israeli leaders could not be sure of it.
result: *Algeriasent a squadron each of MiG-21s andSu-7s to Egypt, which arrived at the front between October 9 and October 11. It also sent an armored brigade of 150 tanks, the advance elements of which began to arrive on October 17, but reached the front only on October 24, too late to participate in the fighting. After the war, during the first days of November, Algeria deposited around US$200 million with the Soviet Union to finance arms purchases for Egypt and Syria. Algerian fighter jets however did participate in attacks together with Egyptians and Iraqis.
result: thumb|250x|Israeli soldiers during the Battle of Ismailia. One of them has a captured Egyptian RPG-7.
result: On October 7, David Elazar visitedShmuel Gonen, commander of the Israeli Southern front—who had only taken the position three months before at the retirement ofAriel Sharon—and met with Israeli commanders. The Israelis planned a cautious counterattack for the following day byAbraham Adan's162nd Armored Division. The same day, theIsraeli Air Forcecarried outOperation Tagar, aiming to neutralizeEgyptian Air Forcebases and its missile defense shield.
result: The Agranat Commission published its preliminary findings on April 2, 1974. Six people were held particularly responsible for Israel's failings:
result: west of the Bitter Lake, Colonel Natke Nir's brigade overran an Egyptian artillery brigade that had been participating in the shelling of the Israeli bridgehead. Scores of Egyptian artillerymen were killed and many more taken prisoner. Two Israeli soldiers were also killed, including the son of GeneralMoshe Gidron. Meanwhile, Magen's division moved west and then south, covering Adan's flank and eventually moving south of Suez City to theGulf of Suez. The Israeli advance southward reachedPort Suez, on the southern boundary of theSuez Canal.
result: Casualties
result: thumb|upright=1.3|Diagram of the Battle of Baltim
result: The IDF acknowledged the loss of 14 soldiers during this postwar period. Egyptian losses were higher, especially in the sector controlled by GeneralAriel Sharon, who ordered his troops to respond with massive firepower to any Egyptian provocation. Some aerial battles took place, and the Israelis also shot down several helicopters attempting to resupply the Third Army.
result: For the week leading up to Yom Kippur, the Egyptian army staged a week-long training exercise adjacent to the Suez Canal. Israeli intelligence, detecting large troop movements towards the canal, dismissed these movements as mere training exercises. Movements of Syrian troops towards the border were also detected, as were cancellation of leaves and a call-up of reserves in the Syrian army. These activities were considered puzzling, but not a threat because, Aman believed, they would not attack without Egypt and Egypt would not attack until the weaponry they wanted arrived. Despite this belief, Israel sent reinforcements to the Golan Heights. These forces were to prove critical during the early days of the war.
result: Prime Minister Golda Meir, Minister of DefenseMoshe Dayan, and Chief of General StaffDavid Elazarmet at 8:05 am the morning of Yom Kippur, six hours before the war began. Dayan opened the meeting by arguing that war was not a certainty. Elazar then presented his argument in favor of a pre-emptive attack against Syrian airfields at noon, Syrian missiles at 3:00 pm, and Syrian ground forces at 5:00 pm "When the presentations were done, the prime minister hemmed uncertainly for a few moments but then came to a clear decision. There would be no preemptive strike. Israel might be needing American assistance soon and it was imperative that it would not be blamed for starting the war. 'If we strike first, we won't get help from anybody', she said." Prior to the war, Kissinger and Nixon consistently warned Meir that she must not be responsible for initiating a Middle east war. On October 6, 1973, the war opening date,Kissingertold Israel not to go for a preemptive strike, and Meir confirmed to him that Israel would not.
result: The peace discussion at the end of the war was the first time that Arab and Israeli officials met for direct public discussions since the aftermath of the1948 war.
result: thumb|upright=1.2|When the ceasefire came into effect, Israel had lost territory on the east side of the Suez Canal to Egypt – , but gained territory west of the canal and in the Golan Heights – .
result: Non-state participants:
result: By mid-1973, Aman was almost completely aware of the Arab war plans. It knew that the Egyptian Second and Third Armies would attempt to cross the Suez Canal and advance ten kilometres into the Sinai, followed by armored divisions that would advance towards theMitlaandGidipasses, and that naval units and paratroopers would then attempt to captureSharm el-Sheikh. Aman was also aware of many details of the Syrian war plan. However, Israeli analysts, following "the concept", did not believe the Arabs were serious about going to war.
result: On the Syrian front, skirmishes and artillery exchanges continued taking place.Shuttle diplomacyby Henry Kissinger eventually produced adisengagement agreementon May 31, 1974, based on exchange of prisoners-of-war, Israeli withdrawal to thePurple Lineand the establishment of a UN buffer zone. The agreement ended the skirmishes and exchanges of artillery fire that had occurred frequently along the Israeli-Syrian ceasefire line. TheUN Disengagement and Observer Force(UNDOF) was established as a peacekeeping force in the Golan.
result: * Lt. Colonel Bandman, head of the Aman desk for Egypt, and Lt. Colonel Gedelia, chief of intelligence for the Southern Command, were recommended for transfer away from intelligence duties.
result: Though the war reinforced Israel's military deterrence, it had a stunning effect on the population in Israel. Following their victory in the Six-Day War, the Israeli military had become complacent. The shock and sudden reversals that occurred at the beginning of the war inflicted a terrible psychological blow to the Israelis, who had hitherto experienced no serious military challenges.
result: TheSinaiwas once again the arena of conflict between the Israelis and the Egyptians, the fifthsuch occasion. The Egyptians had prepared for an assault across the canal and deployed five divisions totaling 100,000 soldiers, 1,350 tanks and 2,000 guns and heavy mortars for the onslaught. Facing them were 450 soldiers of theJerusalem Brigade, spread out in 16 forts along the length of the Canal. There were 290 Israeli tanks in all of Sinai divided into three armored brigades, and only one of these was deployed near the Canal when hostilities commenced.
result: Egyptian atrocities
result: Egypt's trapped Third Army
result: The other Arab states showed much more reluctance to fully commit to a new war.King HusseinofJordanfeared another major loss of territory as had occurred in the Six-Day War, in which Jordan lost all of the West Bank, territory it had conquered and annexed in 1948–49, which had doubled its population. Sadat was also backing the claim of thePalestine Liberation Organization(PLO) to the West Bank and Gaza and in the event of a victory promisedYasser Arafatthat he would be given control of them. Hussein still saw the West Bank as part of Jordan and wanted it restored to his kingdom. Moreover, during theBlack September crisisof 1970, a near civil war had broken out between the PLO and the Jordanian government. In that war, Syria had intervened militarily on the side of the PLO, estranging Hussein.
result: Though most heavy fighting ended on October 28, the fighting never stopped until January 18, 1974. Israeli Defense Minister Moshe Dayan stated that "The cease-fire existed on paper, but the continued firing along the front was not the only characteristic of the situation between October 24, 1973 and January 18, 1974. This intermediate period also held the ever-present possibility of a renewal of full-scale war. There were three variations on how it might break out, two Egyptian and one Israeli. One Egyptian plan was to attack Israeli units west of the canal from the direction of Cairo. The other was to cut off the Israeli canal bridgehead by a link-up of the Second and Third Armies on the east bank. Both plans were based on massive artillery pounding of Israeli forces, who were not well fortified and who would suffer heavy casualties. It was therefore thought that Israel would withdraw from the west bank, since she was most sensitive on the subject of soldier's lives. Egypt, at the time had a total of 1,700 first-line tanks on both sides of the canal front, 700 on the east bank and 1,000 on the west bank. Also on the west bank, in the second line, were an additional 600 tanks for the defense of Cairo. She had some 2,000 artillery pieces, about 500 operational aircraft, and at least 130 SAM missile batteries positioned around our forces so as to deny us air support."
result: thumb|An Israeli Centurion tank operating in the Sinai.
result: The war began when the Arab coalition launched a joint surprise attack on Israeli positions in theIsraeli-occupied territoriesonYom Kippur, the holiest day in Judaism, which also occurred that year during the Muslim holy month ofRamadan. Egyptian and Syrian forces crossed ceasefire lines to enter theSinai PeninsulaandGolan Heightsrespectively, which had been captured by Israel in the 1967Six-Day War. Both the United States and theSoviet Unioninitiated massive resupply efforts to their respective allies during the war, and this led to a near-confrontation between the two nuclear superpowers.
result: The tide in the Golan began to turn as the arriving Israeli reserve forces were able to contain the Syrian advance. Beginning on October 8, the Israelis began pushing the Syrians back towards the pre-war ceasefire lines, inflicting heavy tank losses. Another Syrian attack north ofQuneitrawas repulsed. The tiny Golan Heights were too small to act as an effective territorial buffer, unlike the Sinai Peninsula in the south, but it proved to be a strategic geographical stronghold and was a crucial key in preventing the Syrians from bombarding the cities below. The Israelis, who had suffered heavy casualties during the first three days of fighting, also began relying more heavily on artillery to dislodge the Syrians at long-range.
result: About noon on October 25, Kissinger appeared before the press at the State Department. He described the various stages of the crisis and the evolution of U.S. policy. He reviewed the first two weeks of the crisis and the nuclear alert, reiterated opposition to U.S. and Soviet troops in the area and more strongly opposed unilateral Soviet moves. He then reviewed the prospects for a peace agreement, which he termed "quite promising", and had conciliatory words for Israel, Egypt and even the USSR. Kissinger concluded his remarks by spelling out the principles of a new U.S. policy toward the Arab–Israeli conflict saying:
result: After intense fighting, the IDF progressed towards Cairo and advanced southwards on the east bank of the Great Bitter Lake and in the southern extent of the canal right up toPort Suez. It was important for the Americans that the fighting should be ended, when all parties could still emerge from the conflict with their vital interests and self-esteem intact. Hence they indicated an acceptance of Israeli advance while violating the ceasefire, but the U.S. did not permit the destruction of the Egyptian 3rd army corps. Israeli progress towards Cairo was brought to a halt when the ceasefire was declared on October 24.
result: thumb|An Israeli Centurion tank. It was considered in many respects superior to the Soviet T-54/55.
result: *According to Chengappa, severalPakistan Air Forcepilots flew combat missions in Syrian aircraft, and shot down one Israeli fighter.
result: On the northern front, the Israelis also attackedPort Said, facing Egyptian troops and a 900-strongTunisian unit, who fought a defensive battle. The Egyptian government claimed that the city was repeatedly bombed by Israeli jets, and that hundreds of civilians were killed or wounded.
result: thumb|left|An Israeli M48 Patton captured by Egyptian forces
result: thumb |left|alt=Two damaged armored personnel carriers. An Israeli flag is next to them. | A Syrian BMP-1 captured by Israeli forces
result: A Syrian tank brigade passing through the Rafid Gap turned northwest up a little-used route known as theTapline Road, which cut diagonally across the Golan. This roadway would prove one of the main strategic hinges of the battle. It led straight from the main Syrian breakthrough points toNafah, which was not only the location of Israeli divisional headquarters but the most important crossroads on the Heights.
result: Rather than quieting public discontent, the report—which "had stressed that it was judging the ministers' responsibility for security failings, not their parliamentary responsibility, which fell outside its mandate"—inflamed it. Although it had absolved Meir and Dayan of all responsibility, public calls for their resignations (especially Dayan's) intensified. In the December 1973legislative election, Meir'sAlignmentparty lost fiveKnessetseats.
result: The war created a state of emergency in the countries involved in fighting. Upon the outbreak of war,air raid sirenssounded throughout Israel. During the war, blackouts were enforced in major cities. The Egyptian government began to evacuate foreign tourists, and on October 11, 1973, the Egyptian ship Syria leftAlexandriatoPiraeuswith a load of tourists wishing to exit Egypt. The U.S. Interest Section in Cairo also requested U.S. government assistance in removing U.S. tourists to Greece. On October 12, Kissinger ordered the U.S. Interest Section in Cairo to speed up preparations for the departure of U.S. tourists staying in Egypt, while notifying such actions to the IDF in order to avoid accidental military operations against them.
conflict: Yom Kippur War/October War
result: References
result: According toChaim Herzog:
result: Some Israeli POWs reported having their fingernails ripped out while others were described as being turned into human ashtrays as their Syrian guards burned them with lit cigarettes. A report submitted by the chief medical officer of the Israeli army notes that, "the vast majority of (Israeli) prisoners were exposed during their imprisonment to severe physical and mental torture. The usual methods of torture were beatings aimed at various parts of the body, electric shocks, wounds deliberately inflicted on the ears, burns on the legs, suspension in painful positions and other methods." Following the conclusion of hostilities, Syria would not release the names of prisoners it was holding to theInternational Committee of the Red Crossand in fact, did not even acknowledge holding any prisoners despite the fact they were publicly exhibited by the Syrians for television crews. The Syrians, having been thoroughly defeated by Israel, were attempting to use their captives as their sole bargaining chip in the post-war negotiations. One of the most famous Israeli POWs wasAvraham Lanir, an Israeli pilot who bailed out over Syria and was taken prisoner. Lanir died under Syrian interrogation. When his body was returned in 1974, it exhibited signs of torture.
result: CaptainZvika Greengold, who had just arrived unattached to any unit, fought running battles with Syrian armor for 20 hours, sometimes with his single tank and other times as part of a larger unit, changing tanks half a dozen times as they were knocked out. Greengold suffered burn injuries, but stayed in action and repeatedly showed up at critical moments from an unexpected direction to change the course of a skirmish. For his actions, he received Israel's highest decoration, theMedal of Valor.
result: In 1999, the issue was revisited by the Israeli political leadership to prevent similar shortcomings from being repeated. TheIsraeli National Security Councilwas created to improve coordination between the differentsecurityandintelligencebodies, and the political branch of government.
result: *Kuwaitdispatched 3,000 soldiers to Syria.These arrived with additional Jordanian and Iraqi reinforcements in time for a new Syrian offensive scheduled for October 23, which was later cancelled.Kuwaiti troopswere also sent to Egypt.Kuwait also provided financial aid.
result: On the second day of the war, the Israeli Air Force attempted to take out the Syrian anti-aircraft batteries. CodenamedDoogman 5, the attempt was a costly failure. The Israelis destroyed one Syrian missile battery and lost six aircraft.
result: U.S. aid to Israel
result: Egypt wished to end the war when they realized that theI.D.Fcanal crossing offensive could result in a catastrophe. The Egyptian's besieged third army could not hold on without supply. The Israeli Army advanced to a 100 km distance fromCairo, which worriedEgypt. The Israeli army had open terain and no opposition to advance further to Cairo; had they done so Sadat's rule might have ended.
result: In Egypt, many places were named after the date of October 6th andRamadan10th, which is the equivalent day in theIslamic calendar. Examples of these commemorations are6th October Bridgein Cairo and the cities of6th of Octoberand10th of Ramadan.
result: Final situation on the Syrian front
result: Kissinger immediately passed the message toWhite House Chief of StaffAlexander Haig, who met with Nixon for 20 minutes around 10:30 pm, and reportedly empowered Kissinger to take any necessary action. Kissinger immediately called a meeting of senior officials, including Haig, Defense SecretaryJames Schlesinger, andCIA DirectorWilliam Colby. TheWatergate scandalhad reached its apex, and Nixon was so agitated and discomposed that they decided to handle the matter without him:
result: Several minutes before the ceasefire came into effect, threeScudmissiles were fired at Israeli targets by either Egyptian forces or Soviet personnel in Egypt. This was first combat use of Scud missiles. One Scud targeted the port ofArishand two targeted the Israeli bridgehead on the Suez Canal. One hit an Israeli supply convoy and killed seven soldiers. When the time for the ceasefire arrived, Sharon's division had failed to capture Ismailia and cut off the Second Army's supply lines, but Israeli forces were just a few hundred metres short of their southern goal—the last road linking Cairo andSuez.
result: The Israeli strategy was, for the most part, based on the precept that if war was imminent, Israel would launch apre-emptive strike. It was assumed that Israel's intelligence services would give, in the worst case, about 48 hours notice prior to an Arab attack.
result: thumb|upright=2|A map of the fighting on the Golan Heights.
result: * Though his performance and conduct during the war was lauded, IDFChief of StaffDavid Elazar was recommended for dismissal after the Commission found he bore "personal responsibility for the assessment of the situation and the preparedness of the IDF".
result: Israeli military intelligence reported that Soviet-pilotedMiG-25 Foxbatinterceptor/reconnaissance aircraft conducted flyovers over the Canal Zone.
result: At night, the Syrians made deadly use of infrared technology, while the Israelis responded by using illumination rounds and xenon light projectors on their tanks and carried out a series of small blocking actions. Brigade Commander Colonel Shoham was killed on the second day, along with his second-in-command and operations officer, as the Syrians desperately tried to advance towards theSea of Galileeand Nafah. At this point, the Barak Brigade stopped functioning as a cohesive force, although the surviving tanks and crewmen continued fighting independently. The Syrians were close to reaching the Israeli defenders at Nafah, yet stopped the advance on Nafah's fences at 1700; the pause lasted all night, allowing Israeli forces to form a defensive line. It is surmised that the Syrians had calculated estimated advances, and the commanders in the field did not want to diverge from the plan.
result: The Israeli Army advanced to a 40 km distance fromDamascusfrom where they were able to shell the outskirts of Damascus using M107 heavy artillery.
result: Atrocities against Israeli prisoners
result: At 2:00 pm on October 6,Operation Badrbegan with a large airstrike. More than 200 Egyptian aircraft conducted simultaneous strikes against three airbases,Hawkmissile batteries, three command centers, artillery positions, and several radar installations. Airfields atRefidimand Bir Tamada were temporarily put out of service, and damage was inflicted on a Hawk battery at Ophir. The aerial assault was coupled with a barrage from more than 2,000 artillery pieces for a period of 53 minutes against theBar Lev Lineand rear area command posts and concentration bases.
result: As the Syrian position deteriorated,Jordansent an expeditionary force into Syria.King Hussein, who had come under intense pressure to enter the war, told Israel of his intentions through U.S. intermediaries, in the hope that Israel would accept that this was not acasus bellijustifying an attack on Jordan. Israeli Defense MinisterMoshe Dayandeclined to offer any such assurance, but said that Israel had no intention of opening another front.Iraqalso sent an expeditionary force to Syria, consisting of the3rd Armoured Division,6th Armoured Division, some 30,000 men, 250–500 tanks, and 700APCs. Israeli jets attacked Iraqi forces as they arrived in Syria.
result: Sadat hoped that by inflicting even a limited defeat on the Israelis, the status quo could be altered.Hafez al-Assad, the leader of Syria, had a different view. He had little interest in negotiation and felt the retaking of the Golan Heights would be a purely military option. After the Six-Day War, Assad had launched a massive military buildup and hoped to make Syria the dominant military power of the Arab states. With the aid of Egypt, Assad felt that his new army could win convincingly against Israel and thus secure Syria's role in the region. Assad only saw negotiations beginning once the Golan Heights had been retaken by force, which would induce Israel to give up theWest Bankand Gaza, and make other concessions.
result: The Egyptian Navy managed to enforce a blockade atBab-el-Mandeb. Eighteen million tons of oil had been transported yearly fromIranto Israel through the straits of Bab-el-Mandeb. The blockade was enforced by two Egyptian destroyers and two submarines, supported by ancillary craft. Shipping destined for Israel through theGulf of Eilatwas halted by the Egyptians. The Israeli Navy had no means of lifting the blockade due to the long range involved, and the Israeli Air Force, apparently also incapable of lifting the blockade, did not challenge it. The blockade was lifted on November 1, after Israel used the surrounded Egyptian Third Army as a bargaining chip. The Egyptians unsuccessfully attempted to blockade the Israeli Mediterranean coastline, and mined theGulf of Suezto prevent the transportation of oil from the Bala'eem and Abu Rudeis oil fields in southwestern Sinai toEilatin southern Israel. Two oil tankers, of 48,000 ton and 2,000 ton capacity, sank after hitting mines in the Gulf. According to AdmiralZe'ev Almog, the Israeli Navy escorted tankers from the Gulf to Eilat throughout the war, and Israeli tankers sailing from Iran were directed to bypass the Red Sea. As a result of these actions and the failure of Egypt's Mediterranean blockade, the transport of oil, grains and weapons to Israeli ports was made possible throughout nearly the entire war. A post-war survey found that during the entire war period, Israel suffered no oil shortages, and even sold oil to third parties affected by the Arab oil embargo. This claim was disputed byEdgar O'Ballance, who claimed that no oil went to Israel during the blockade, and the Eilat-Ashdodpipeline was empty by the end of the war.
result: Passive support:
result: The Egyptians did much to further this misconception. Both the Israelis and the Americans felt that the expulsion of the Soviet military observers had severely reduced the effectiveness of the Egyptian army. The Egyptians ensured that there was a continual stream offalse informationon maintenance problems and a lack of personnel to operate the most advanced equipment. The Egyptians made repeated misleading reports about lack of spare parts that also made their way to the Israelis. Sadat had so long engaged inbrinkmanshipthat his frequent war threats were being ignored by the world.
result: The next morning, October 23, a flurry of diplomatic activity occurred. Sovietreconnaissance flightshad confirmed that Israeli forces were moving south, and the Soviets accused the Israelis of treachery. Kissinger called Meir in an effort to persuade her to withdraw a few hundred metres and she indicated that Israel's tactical position on the ground had improved.
result: During the cease-fire, Henry Kissinger mediated a series of exchanges with the Egyptians, Israelis and the Soviets. On October 24, Sadat publicly appealed for American and Soviet contingents to oversee the ceasefire; it was quickly rejected in a White House statement. Kissinger also met with Soviet Ambassador Dobrynin to discuss convening a peace conference with Geneva as the venue. Later in the evening (9:35 pm) of October 24–25, Brezhnev sent Nixon a "very urgent" letter. In that letter, Brezhnev began by noting that Israel was continuing to violate the ceasefire and it posed a challenge to both the U.S. and USSR. He stressed the need to "implement" the ceasefire resolution and "invited" the U.S. to join the Soviets "to compel observance of the cease-fire without delay". He then threatened "I will say it straight that if you find it impossible to act jointly with us in this matter, we should be faced with the necessity urgently to consider taking appropriate stepsunilaterally. We cannot allow arbitrariness on the part of Israel." The Soviets were threatening to militarily intervene in the war on Egypt's side if they could not work together to enforce the ceasefire.
result: On the night of September 25, Hussein secretly flew toTel Avivto warn Israeli Prime MinisterGolda Meirof an impending Syrian attack. "Are they going to war without the Egyptians, asked Mrs. Meir. The king said he didn't think so. 'I think they[Egypt]would cooperate.'" This warning was ignored, and Aman concluded that the king had not told anything that was not already known. Throughout September, Israel received eleven warnings of war from well-placed sources. However, Mossad Director-General Zvi Zamir continued to insist that war was not an Arab option, even after Hussein's warning. Zamir would later remark that "We simply didn't feel them capable[of War]."
result: On the morning of October 26, the Egyptian Third Army violated the ceasefire by attempting to break through surrounding Israeli forces. The attack was repulsed by Israeli air and ground forces. The Egyptians also made minor gains in attacks against Sharon's forces in the Ismailia area. The Israelis reacted by bombing and shelling priority targets in Egypt, including command posts and water reserves. The front was quieter in the Second Army's sector in the northern canal area, where both sides generally respected the ceasefire.
result: The Yom Kippur War upset the status quo in the Middle East, and the war served as a direct antecedent of the 1979 Camp David
result: The Egyptian 1st Mechanized Brigade launched a failed attack southward along theGulf of Suezin the direction ofRas Sudar. Leaving the safety of the SAM umbrella, the force was attacked by Israeli aircraft and suffered heavy losses. Shazly cited this experience as a basis to resist pressure by Minister of War, GeneralAhmad Ismail Alito attack eastward toward theMitlaandGidi Passes.
result: On October 8, after Elazar had left, Gonen changed the plans on the basis of over-optimistic field reports. Adan's division was composed of three brigades totaling 183 tanks. One of the brigades was still en route to the area, and would participate in the attack by noon, along with a supporting mechanized infantry brigade with an additional 44 tanks. The Israeli counterattack was in the direction of the Bar Lev strongpoints opposite the city ofIsmailia, against entrenched Egyptian infantry. In a series of ill-coordinated attacks, which were met by stiff resistance, the Israelis suffered heavy losses.
result: In theGolan Heights, the Syrians attacked two Israeli brigades and eleven artillery batteries with fivedivisions(the7th, 9th and5th, with the1stand3rdin reserve) and 188 batteries. They began their attack with an airstrike by about 100 aircraft and a 50-minute artillery barrage. The forward brigades of three divisions then penetrated the cease-fire lines and bypassed United Nations observer posts, followed by the main assault force, which was covered by mobile anti-aircraft batteries, bulldozers to penetrate anti-tank ditches, bridge-layers to overcome obstacles and mine-clearance vehicles. The engineering vehicles were priority targets for Israeli gunners and took heavy losses, but Syrian infantrymen, braving intense fire, advanced forward and used their entrenching tools to build up earthen causeways for the tanks, enabling them to overcome anti-tank ditches.
result: Israeli advance

Visviva
contributor ID: 123395

Ádám Vezér 3
type: Q215627
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type: Agent
team: Beitar Avraham Be'er Sheva F.C.
type: Q5
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Adamstom.97
contributor ID: 15257791

Intellectual property organization
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List of victims of the Camorra
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wiki page out degree: 31
wiki page modified: 2013-03-20T14:56:10Z
wiki page revision link: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_victims_of_the_Camorra&oldid=545698632
wiki page extracted: 2015-05-19T09:06:33Z

Sweden national under-21 football team
pos: GK
stadium: Norðurálsvöllurinn
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name: Mathias Andersson
name: Modou Barrow GAM
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regional cup best: Runners-up: 1992
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m: W
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clubnat: Denmark
clubnat: Scotland
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nickname: Blågult
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goals: Lewicki
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round: Final
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name: Alexander Milošević
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referee: Jens Maae
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goals: Moënza
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referee: Michael Tykgaard
name: Dardan Rexhepi KOS
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goals: Mrabti
goals: Manns
name: Jesper Johansson
goals: Moberg Karlsson
goals: Ünal
goals: Peterson
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round: Semi-finals
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socks: FCEF03
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clubnat: England
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pattern ra: _sweden1415a
goals: Milošević
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penalties: Islamović
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clubnat: Germany
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Young Jeezy
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name: Young Jeezy
alias: Lil J, Jeezy
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wiki page revision link: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Young_Jeezy&oldid=665840036
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given name: Jay Wayne Jenkins
caption: Young Jeezy in 2005
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origin: Hawkinsville, Georgia, United States
wiki page extracted: 2015-06-07T03:44:57Z
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Ádám Vezér 7
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Mapla Singam
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wiki page extracted: 2015-06-07T14:27:49Z
wiki page revision link: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mapla_Singam&oldid=665894303
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Jann George
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Ádám Vezér 10
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Ádám Vezér
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name: Vezer, Adam
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short description: footballer

Telecommunications in Russia
wiki page modified: 2015-04-11T14:57:38Z
wiki page revision link: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Russia&oldid=655978907
wiki page out degree: 188
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Horrorcore
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wiki page revision ID: 665102161
wiki page revision link: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horrorcore&oldid=665102161
wiki page extracted: 2015-06-03T13:42:53Z

The Almightey Drill
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Lee County, Virginia
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wiki page length: 14038
wiki page revision link: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lee_County,_Virginia&oldid=659259448
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wiki page modified: 2015-04-26T07:44:43Z
wiki page extracted: 2015-05-26T08:10:37Z

Gauhar Khan
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wiki page extracted: 2015-06-07T13:52:27Z
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wiki page out degree: 101
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Eng66
contributor ID: 15968149

Ádám Vezér 1
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type: Person
type: Q5
type: NaturalPerson
number of goals: -
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Ádám Vezér 6
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Ismail Merchant
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wiki page extracted: 2015-05-03T22:27:27Z
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wiki page revision link: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ismail_Merchant&oldid=660663803

Diario de Navarra
wiki page modified: 2015-04-24T05:36:34Z
wiki page extracted: 2015-05-24T05:49:29Z
wiki page revision link: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diario_de_Navarra&oldid=658947310
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wiki page revision ID: 658947310

République Togolaise
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footnote d: Estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected.
footnote e: Rankings based on 2005 figures
utc offset: +0
leader: Kwesi Ahoomey-Zunu
image map: Location Togo AU Africa.svg
leader title: President
latns: N
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footnote a: Such as Ewe, Mina and Aja.
name: Togo
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longew: E
wiki page revision link: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Togo&oldid=665362202
languages: Gbe languagesa Kotocoli Kabiyé
leader name: Kwesi Ahoomey-Zunu
languages type: Vernacularlanguages
image flag: Flag of Togo.svg
conventional long name: Togolese Republic
wiki page extracted: 2015-06-03T18:57:31Z
national anthem: File:National Anthem of Togo.ogg
title: Geographic locale and languages
footnote c: Mostly European and Syrian-Lebanese.
leader title: Prime Minister
title: International membership
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hdi change: increase
footnote b: Largest are the Ewe, Mina, Kotokoli Tem and Kabre.
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Sanremo Music Festival 1978
next: Sanremo Music Festival 1979
wiki page revision link: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanremo_Music_Festival_1978&oldid=665894310
big artist winning song: E dirsi ciao
wiki page extracted: 2015-06-07T14:27:49Z
artistic director: Vittorio Salvetti
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venue: Sanremo Casino
presenters: Stefania Casini, Beppe Grillo, Maria Giovanna Elmi, Vittorio Salvetti
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overall section: true

Steve Bing
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wiki page revision ID: 665894447
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AnomieBOT
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Irish passport
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wiki page revision link: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irish_passport&oldid=664269806
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Ádám Vezér 9
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Franklin & Marshall College
wiki page revision ID: 662950296
wiki page modified: 2015-05-18T15:50:12Z
wiki page extracted: 2015-05-18T19:07:00Z
wiki page revision link: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franklin_&_Marshall_College&oldid=662950296
wiki page length: 49220
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Jesús Vázquez (soccer)
wiki page modified: 2015-03-09T16:07:52Z
wiki page revision link: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jesús_Vázquez_(soccer)&oldid=650623655
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wiki page extracted: 2015-05-25T14:52:18Z

United States War Department Forms
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wiki page revision ID: 663585029
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wiki page extracted: 2015-05-22T20:26:43Z
wiki page revision link: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_War_Department_Forms&oldid=663585029

Agent Carter (TV series)
wiki page extracted: 2015-06-07T14:04:35Z
wiki page revision ID: 665890145
wiki page length: 49156
wiki page revision link: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agent_Carter_(TV_series)&oldid=665890145
wiki page modified: 2015-06-07T13:47:33Z

Fair Trade Commission
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wiki page out degree: 3
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wiki page revision link: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fair_Trade_Commission&oldid=101703784

Ádám Vezér 4
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David McGoldrick
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wiki page revision ID: 665894168
wiki page revision link: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_McGoldrick&oldid=665894168

Thomas Christopher Ince
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wiki page extracted: 2015-05-25T22:46:09Z
name: Tom Ince
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wiki page modified: 2015-04-25T22:44:25Z
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fullname: Thomas Christopher Ince
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wiki page revision ID: 659209161
alternative names: Ince, Thomas Christopher
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caption: Ince playing for Hull City in 2014
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Tom Ince 4
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Your Face Sounds Familiar (Philippines season 1)
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wiki page revision link: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Your_Face_Sounds_Familiar_(Philippines_season_1)&oldid=665894356
wiki page length: 44092
wiki page extracted: 2015-06-07T14:28:25Z

Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor
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Gillette
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Syed Ali Nawab
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Jhapa District
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Ádám Vezér 8
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Gifted education
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Barbara Hewson
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wiki page revision link: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barbara_Hewson&oldid=665893973
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Jiiva
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Arab–Israeli conflict
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Dow Chemical Company
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Corjan de Wit
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Tom Ince 8
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Addbot
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JIK1975
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Allium
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Absimj
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New South Wales AD60 class locomotive
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Ádám Vezér 2
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2014–15 Russian Premier League
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List of Superbike World Championship race winners
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KasparBot
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Autarch
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Gethin Jones (footballer, born 1995)
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Indonesia national rugby union team
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Andew Anglin
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1880 Republican National Convention
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Republic of Ireland national football team
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Didier Casnati
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Ladder match
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Jomarabanes23
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Jizya
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College World Series
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1002MB
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Alan Liefting
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Bodragon
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Güney Marmara Kalkınma Ajansı
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Fuddle
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Averysoda
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Josve05a
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Ally (name)
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Gadget850
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Gucabdullah
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