Soviet annexation of territory of eastern Poland ceded to Ukrainian SSR , 1940. Romanian Cern?u?i in dark green

Latvia

Adelaide United FC is a professional soccer club based in Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. The club participates in the A-League under license from Football Federation Australia. Adelaide United is the sole team from the state of South Australia. The club's home ground is Hindmarsh Stadium. The club was founded in 2003 to fill the place vacated by Adelaide City in the former National Soccer League (NSL).

BG19bot

An album by Screaming Mechanical Brain.

Iaroslavvs

Valfontis

Tassedethe

Following the deterring effect of Operation Vantage 1961; Kuwait finally gained its recognition by Iraq in 1963, even though rightly gaining its independence in 1961. Despite the independence of Kuwait; both countries had ongoing border disputes and clashes throughout most of the sixties until witnessing an escalating tempo that breached the state of war in March 20th, 1973. Despite a very intense border clash that claimed the lives of two military personnel of the Kuwaiti Ministry of Interior and the readying of the majority of the Military of Kuwait to face the anticipated Iraqi invasion; the Military of Kuwait and its leadership were quick to side with the Iraqi Armed Forces during the 1973 October War Egyptian & Syrian Fronts from the principle of Arab solidarity. }}

Clivemacd

A non-rhyming song by SteveSongs.

Cool Math

Seryo93

{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||$N=Refimprove |date=__DATE__ |$B= {{#invoke:Message box|ambox}} }} {{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}} Dorchester Collection is a luxury hotel operator owned by the Brunei Investment Agency (BIA), an arm of the Ministry of Finance of Brunei. Dorchester Collection owns and manages 10 luxury five star hotels, The Dorchester, The Beverly Hills Hotel, Plaza Athénée, Hotel Meurice, Principe di Savoia, Hotel Bel-Air, Coworth Park, 45 Park Lane, Le Richemond and Hotel Eden.The Sultan of Brunei's ownership of the Dorchester Collection hotels sparked controversy in April 2014 after he approved imposing the death penalty by stoning for those convicted of homosexual acts in Brunei. In protest, a United States national LGBT advocacy organization, the Gill Action Fund, canceled its reservation at The Beverly Hills Hotel to hold a conference of major donors at the hotel and demanded a refund of its deposit. The hotel management responded by issuing a statement asserting that it does not discriminate on the basis of sexual orientation, but made no mention of the Sultan's share of the hotel's profits.[11][12] Fashion designers Brian Atwood and Peter Som have called for wider protests, urging the fashion industry to boycott all of the hotels owned by the Dorchester Collection.[13]

{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||$N=Cleanup-bare URLs |date=__DATE__ |$B= {{#invoke:Message box|ambox}} }}Seethaiyya is a Telugu movie released in 2002. It stars Nandamuri Harikrishna son of late Nandamuri Taraka Ramarao as lead actor and Soundarya, Simran as co-stars. It is directed by YVS Chowdary.^ http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-seetayya.html{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||$N=Uncategorized stub |date=__DATE__ |$B= {{#invoke:Message box|ambox}} }}

The Palace of Fine Arts in the Marina District of San Francisco, California, is a monumental structure originally constructed for the 1915 Panama-Pacific Exposition in order to exhibit works of art presented there. One of only a few surviving structures from the Exposition, it is the only one still situated on its original site.

Template:Infobox settlementGudluru/Gudlur is a village in the Kandukur taluk of Prakasham district of Andhra Pradesh, India and used to be called Netrapuri. It is easily accessible via bus from Kandukur.

Nyttend

Bliss 182

Jonesey95

Ijon

Materialscientist

Debresser

Tezero

Michael represents the owner of a nudist colony whose new celebrity centerfold member is causing a frenzy amongst agitated neighbors. Benny falls for Arnie's latest girlfriend, who in turn is falling for Victor. Joyce Hyser begins a reoccurring role as Allison Gottlieb.

Aymdaman777

Barnaby Borstein Douglas
Henrietta Borstein Douglas

James David Bourchier (18 December 1850 Bruff, County Limerick - 30 December 1920 Sofia, Bulgaria) (his last name is frequently misspelled as Boucher, Baucher or Bauchar) was an Irish journalist and political activist. He worked for The Times as the newspaper's Balkan correspondent. He lived in Sofia from 1892 to 1915. Bourchier was an honourable member of the Sofia Journalists' Society and a trusted advisor of Tzar Ferdinand of Bulgaria. He acted as an intermediary between the Balkan states at the conclusion of the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913.

*Operation Vantage 1961 part of Iraq-Kuwait relations
*Six Day War 1967
*War of Attrition (1967-1970)
*Kuwait-Iraq 1973 Sanita border skirmish part of Iraq-Kuwait relations
*1973 October War Egyptian & Syrian Front

Dr.K.

Americus55

The Russia national football team (Russian: ????????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????) represents Russia in association football and is controlled by the Russian Football Union (Russian: ?????????? ?????????? ????, Rossiyskiy Futbo?nyy Soyuz), the governing body for football in Russia. Russia's home grounds are Luzhniki Stadium, Lokomotiv Stadium (both in Moscow), and Petrovsky Stadium in St.Petersburg.

Template:Infobox Chinese/KoreanThat Winter, the Wind Blows (Hangul: ? ??, ??? ??; RR: Geu Gyeo-ul, Baram-i Bunda) is a 2013 South Korean romantic melodrama television series starring Zo In-sung, Song Hye-kyo, Kim Bum and Jung Eun-ji. A gambler and con man (played by Zo) pretends to be the long-lost brother of a blind heiress (played by Song), but these two damaged people come to find the true meaning of love after meeting each other.The series is based on the Japanese drama I Don't Need Love, Summer (???????????, Ai Nante Irane Yo, Natsu?) that aired on TBS in 2002, and was previously adapted into the 2006 Korean film Love Me Not. This 2013 Korean drama adaptation was written by Noh Hee-kyung and directed by Kim Kyu-tae.It premiered on SBS with 2 back-to-back episodes on February 13, 2013. The series continued airing on Wednesdays and Thursdays at 21:55 for 16 episodes, ending on April 3, 2013.

Koimala Soba

Moon of Desire is a 2014 Philippine daytime television drama starring Meg Imperial and JC de Vera, together with Ellen Adarna, Dominic Roque and Miko Raval. The series premiered on ABS-CBN's Kapamilya Gold afternoon block and worldwide on The Filipino Channel on March 31, 2014, replacing Galema: Anak ni Zuma. The timeslot was initially 4:15pm, but was later changed to 2:45pm due to the request of Koreanovela fans.

Rjwilmsi

MiG29VN

IronGargoyle

The Russia national football team (Russian: ????????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????) represents Russia in association football and is controlled by the Russian Football Union (Russian: ?????????? ?????????? ????, Rossiyskiy Futbo?nyy Soyuz), the governing body for football in Russia. Russia's home grounds are Luzhniki Stadium, Lokomotiv Stadium (both in Moscow), and Petrovsky Stadium in St.Petersburg. Russia qualified for three World Cups (1994, 2002, 2014), will host one in 2018 and four European Championships (1996, 2004, 2008, 2012). Euro 2008 marks the first time they have passed the group stages of a major tournament, these advances are not counting the Soviet Union national team.

NSH002

combatant

Jasonbenz2

{{#invoke:Message box|mbox}}{{#invoke:Category handler|main}} A website at http://www.coolmath.com

Lokomotiv Cove Football Club is an Australian amateur football (soccer) club based in Alexandria, a suburb of Sydney. They currently play in the Eastern Suburbs Football Association.

Template:Multiple issues Abdulla Yameen Abdul Gayoom (Dhivehi: ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????) is the 6th and current President of the Republic of Maldives. He had been the Minority Leader of the People's Majlis, the legislature of the Maldives as an elected Member of Parliament for four successive terms from 1993 onwards. He has represented constituencies in Meemu and Noonu atolls.Yameen is the younger brother of "'Maumoon Abdul Gayoom"' who ruled Maldives with and iron-fist from 1978-2008.

Widr

Oldengaerde

Joseph "Joe" Bastianich (born September 17, 1968) is an American celebrity chef, restaurateur, winemaker, and food writer. He is a judge on the competitive cooking shows MasterChef, MasterChef Italia, and MasterChef Junior. He also dubbed himself in the Italian dub of MasterChef.

Contactless smart cards are being progressively introduced to replace paper ticketing on the National Rail system of Britain. The first large scale adoption for transport in Britain is the Transport for London Oystercard. This uses a proprietary encoding developed by Cubic Transportation Systems. Initially it was only available on the London Underground, but it has been progressively rolled out to National Rail services in and around Greater London.The ITSO standard has been developed as a national standard to cover all types of public transport. It has been included as a requirement by the Department for Transport for all new rail franchises in the last few years. It is also the format that ENCTS concessionary passes are required to be issued in.Regions of England that have had bodies created to implement smart ticketing include North East England (NESTI), South West England (SWSAL) and Yorkshire and the Humber (Yorcard). Much of the East of England and South East England will be covered by the South East Flexible Ticketing project.The Scottish Government also has plans to introduce a national transport smartcard called the Saltire Card.The Welsh Assembly is also trialling a multi-modal smartcard, called the "GoCymru" card.The Oystercard system is not compatible with ITSO at present. However, there is a project underway to make the Oystercard system compatible with ITSO.Template:As of, the position is:¶ Only valid in combination with a paper single or return ticket (as provided for at point 19c in the National Rail Conditions of Carriage.)

A hospital ship is a ship designated for primary function as a floating medical treatment facility or hospital. Most are operated by the military forces (mostly navies) of various countries, as they are intended to be used in or near war zones.Attacking a hospital ship is a war crime, however belligerent navies are entitled the right to board such ships for inspections. }}

Gabon (/???b?n/; French pronunciation: ?[?ab??]), officially the Gabonese Republic (French: République Gabonaise), is a sovereign state on the west coast of Central Africa. Located on the equator, Gabon is bordered by Equatorial Guinea to the northwest, Cameroon to the north, the Republic of the Congo on the east and south, and the Gulf of Guinea to the west. It has an area of nearly 270,000 square kilometres (100,000 sq mi) and its population is estimated at 1.5 million people. Its capital and largest city is Libreville.Since its independence from France on August 17, 1960, Gabon has had three presidents. In the early 1990s, Gabon introduced a multi-party system and a new democratic constitution that allowed for a more transparent electoral process and reformed many governmental institutions. Gabon was also a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council for the 2010–2011 term.Low population density, abundant petroleum, and foreign private investment have helped make Gabon one of the most prosperous countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, with the highest HDI and the third highest GDP per capita (PPP) (after Equatorial Guinea and Botswana) in the region.

W. P. Uzer

Colours- South African gameThe game colours originated in the Western Cape, South Africa. The game arose between 2000 and 2001 in the poorer communities of Cape Town, where children did not have access to the latest gaming and had to make do with what they had. As a spin-off of dodge ball, Colours rose to popularity very quickly and was reported as one of the most frequently played recess games during 2007 and 2008 but Colours' affinity soon diminished and by June of 2009 Colours' was reported as a very rarely played game during recess and pre-and post-school. Colours has deep roots within games such as Tag, locally know as on-on, dodgeball and stingers, a game similar to dodgeball.Game Play: Colours is predominantly played by four players,but three may also suffice, and a ball. Before the game commences each member chooses a specific colour and tells it to the group. One group member then takes the ball tosses it into the air and shouts one of the colours mentioned. The person whose colour was said then has to catch the ball and throw "out" the other team members. Basically the person who has become "it" must chase after the other team members and has to get them out of the game by throwing a ball at them until only one remains. The remaining team member then is awarded with the ability to choose who becomes "it" in the next round.Alternative methods to playing Colours: The remaining team member can be exempted from being it in the next round.

Boji?

native name lang

Felix Zenga

MidConJets82

Mushh94

Coordinates: 45.466667°N 9.166667°E? / 45.466667; 9.166667 The Battle of Mediolanum took place in 259, between the Alamannic Germans and the Roman legions under the command of Emperor Gallienus.

OAlexander

Template:Infobox settlement Reading (/?r?d??/ RED-ing) is a large town and unitary authority area in the ceremonial county of Berkshire, England. It is located in the Thames Valley at the confluence of the River Thames and River Kennet, and on both the Great Western Main Line railway and the M4 motorway. Reading is located 36 miles (58 km) east from Swindon, 24 miles (39 km) south from Oxford, 36 miles (58 km) west of central London, and 14 miles (23 km) north from Basingstoke.The Borough of Reading has a population of 145,700 (2008 estimate) and the town formed the largest part of the Reading/Wokingham Urban Area which had a population of 318,014 (2011 census). The town is currently represented in the UK parliament by two members, and has been continuously represented there since 1295. For ceremonial purposes the town is in the county of Berkshire and has served as its county town since 1867, previously sharing this status with Abingdon-on-Thames.The first evidence for Reading as a settlement dates from the 8th century. Reading was an important centre in the medieval period, as the site of Reading Abbey, a monastery with strong royal connections. The town was seriously impacted by the English Civil War, with a major siege and loss of trade, and played a pivotal role in the Revolution of 1688, with that revolution's only significant military action fought on the streets of the town. The 19th century saw the coming of the Great Western Railway and the development of the town's brewing, baking and seed growing businesses.Today Reading is a commercial centre, with involvement in information technology and insurance, and, despite its proximity to London, has a net inward commuter flow. The town is also a retail centre serving a large area of the Thames Valley, and is home to the University of Reading. Every year it hosts the Reading Festival, one of England's biggest music festivals. Sporting teams based in Reading include Reading Football Club and the London Irish rugby union team, and over 15,000 runners annually compete in the Reading Half Marathon.

{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||$N=Technical |date=__DATE__ |$B= {{#invoke:Message box|ambox}} }} In the study of colour perception, the CIE 1931 RGB and CIE 1931 XYZ colour spaces are the first mathematically defined colour spaces. They were created by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) in 1931.The CIE XYZ colour space was derived from a series of experiments done in the late 1920s by William David Wright and John Guild. Their experimental results were combined into the specification of the CIE RGB colour space, from which the CIE XYZ colour space was derived. }}

Aaron-Tripel

current season

Philip Cross

Colin Christopher Paget Tennant, 3rd Baron Glenconner (1 December 1926 – 27 August 2010) was a Scottish noble. He was the son of Christopher Grey Tennant, 2nd Baron Glenconner, and Pamela Winefred Paget. He was also the nephew of Edward Wyndham Tennant and Stephen Tennant, and the brother of novelist Emma Tennant.Before succeeding to the peerage, he had travelled widely, especially in India and the West Indies.

commander

DemocraticLuntz

The Baltic Germans (German: Deutsch-Balten, or Baltendeutsche) were mostly ethnically German inhabitants of the southeastern shores of the Baltic Sea, which today form the countries of Estonia and Latvia. The Baltic German population never made up more than 10% of the total. They formed the social, commercial, political and cultural elite in that region for several centuries.

The New South Wales Super League is the second-highest state level men's soccer division in New South Wales, Australia behind the National Premier Leagues NSW. The competition is conducted by Football NSW, the state's governing body.In 2007, Penrith Nepean United left the Winter competition for the then NSW Premier League and PCYC Parramatta Eagles moved into the Super League from Premier League.

{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||$N=Use British English |date=__DATE__ |$B= }} {{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||$N=Use dmy dates |date=__DATE__ |$B= }}Albert Malam (born 20 January 1913 in Liverpool - February 1992 ) is a former professional footballer, who played for Everton, Colwyn Bay, Chesterfield, Huddersfield Town, Wrexham and Doncaster Rovers.During the Second World War he played for Manchester City, Crewe and New Brighton.

Rucka Rucka Ali (born January 27, 1987) is an American rapper, radio personality, singer, comedian, and satirist most noted for his song parodies on YouTube. He has been labeled one of the most successful artists to come out of YouTube, where he has received over 100 million hits with parodies such as "Ching Chang Chong", "Ima Korean" and "Justin's Beaver". He has released six independent studio albums, three of which charted in the Billboard Top Comedy Albums.

Vintagent

Her Majesty's Armed Forces, commonly known as the British Armed Forces, and occasionally the Armed Forces of the Crown, are the armed forces of the United Kingdom. The Armed Forces consists of three professional uniformed services: the Royal Navy and Royal Marine Corps, forming the Naval Service, the British Army and the Royal Air Force.The Commander-in-Chief of Her Majesty's Armed Forces is the British monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, to whom members of the forces swear allegiance.

Niteshnema

El Bubi

Speedy deletion in fiction

Kerry Raymond

Complainer

Magioladitis

G? Gy?ul, Barami Punda

Michaeltv79

Maurice Larry Lawrence (August 16, 1926 – January 10, 1996) was a United States Ambassador to Switzerland and real estate developer. In 1991, Forbes magazine named Lawrence among the 400 richest Americans and estimated his fortune at $315 million. }}

Samw

Colours- South African gameThe game colours originated in the Western Cape, South Africa. The game arose between 2000 and 2001 in the poorer communities of Cape Town, where children did not have access to the latest gaming and had to make do with what they had.

David Biddulph

Gabon (/???b?n/; French pronunciation: ?[?ab??]), officially the Gabonese Republic (French: République Gabonaise), is a sovereign state on the west coast of Central Africa. Located on the equator, Gabon is bordered by Equatorial Guinea to the northwest, Cameroon to the north, the Republic of the Congo on the east and south, and the Gulf of Guinea to the west. It has an area of nearly 270,000 square kilometres (100,000 sq mi) and its population is estimated at 1.5 million people.

The Anomebot2

Jbribeiro1

Getdownbe

Niceley

area code type

Hebrew ????? Yô??nn?n

The Tom

Billy Hathorn

Oglesruins

This is not my last name

Bistropha

Galekovi?

Rahzberri

Template:Infobox settlement Reading (/?r?d??/ RED-ing) is a large town and unitary authority area in the ceremonial county of Berkshire, England. It is located in the Thames Valley at the confluence of the River Thames and River Kennet, and on both the Great Western Main Line railway and the M4 motorway.

BlueMoonset

Rgvis

Duncan.Hull

Template:Infobox Chinese/KoreanThat Winter, the Wind Blows (Hangul: ? ??, ??? ??; RR: Geu Gyeo-ul, Baram-i Bunda) is a 2013 South Korean romantic melodrama television series starring Zo In-sung, Song Hye-kyo, Kim Bum and Jung Eun-ji.

Smalljim

Epicgenius

Maias

Lín X?nrú

OJOM

Joe12Hawk

Sh?nen

Filedelinkerbot

Elassint

The Baltic Germans (German: Deutsch-Balten, or Baltendeutsche) were mostly ethnically German inhabitants of the southeastern shores of the Baltic Sea, which today form the countries of Estonia and Latvia. The Baltic German population never made up more than 10% of the total. They formed the social, commercial, political and cultural elite in that region for several centuries. Some of them also took high positions in the military and civilian life of the Russian Empire, particularly in Saint Petersburg.

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No longer public after Novartis acquisition.
Historically, Public

The Civil Rights Act of 1968, (Pub.L. 90–284, 82 Stat. 73, enacted April 11, 1968) is a landmark part of legislation in the United States that provided for equal housing opportunities regardless of race, creed, or national origin and made it a federal crime to “by force or by threat of force, injure, intimidate, or interfere with anyone … by reason of their race, color, religion, or national origin.” The Act was signed into law during the King assassination riots by President Lyndon B. Johnson, who had previously signed the Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act into law.Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 is commonly known as the Fair Housing Act and was meant as a follow?up to the Civil Rights Act of 1964. While the Civil Rights Act of 1866 prohibited discrimination in housing, there were no federal enforcement provisions. The 1968 act expanded on previous acts and prohibited discrimination concerning the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, and since 1974, gender; since 1988, the act protects people with disabilities and families with children.Victims of discrimination may use both the 1968 act and the 1866 act via section 1983 to seek redress. The 1968 act provides for federal solutions while the 1866 act provides for private solutions (i.e., civil suits). A rider attached to the bill makes it a felony to "travel in interstate commerce...with the intent to incite, promote, encourage, participate in and carry on a riot". This provision has been criticized for "equating organized political protest with organized violence".

Feel Alive

languages type

Onemoreguyaddinginfo

Hhhippo

The Palace of Fine Arts in the Marina District of San Francisco, California, is a monumental structure originally constructed for the 1915 Panama-Pacific Exposition in order to exhibit works of art presented there. One of only a few surviving structures from the Exposition, it is the only one still situated on its original site. It was rebuilt in 1965, and renovation of the lagoon, walkways, and a seismic retrofit were completed in early 2009.In addition to hosting art exhibitions, it remains a popular attraction for tourists and locals, and is a favorite location for weddings and wedding party photographs for couples throughout the San Francisco Bay Area, and such an icon that a miniature replica of it was built in Disney's California Adventure in Anaheim.

Jared Drake Bell (born June 27, 1986), better known as Drake Bell, is an American actor, musician, singer-songwriter, comedian, television personality, voice actor, record producer, and occasional television director. He began his career as an actor in the early 1990s, with an appearance on Home Improvement. Bell also appeared in several commercials. He appeared on The Amanda Show and became well-known among young audiences for his role on the series Drake & Josh while playing Drake Parker. Recently, Bell starred in A Fairly Odd Christmas on Nickelodeon. He is also starring in a third movie in the Fairly Odd Movie series: A Fairly Odd Summer. Bell is the voice of Peter Parker / Spider-Man in the animated series Ultimate Spider-Man on Disney XD. Bell appeared on ABC's new reality TV series Splash.In addition to acting, Bell had a growing career as a musician, and co-wrote and performed the theme song to Drake & Josh, entitled "Found a Way". In 2005 he independently released his debut album, Telegraph. His second album, It's Only Time, was released in 2006 after signing with Universal Motown Records and debuted at #81 on the Billboard 200, selling over 7,500 copies its first week of release. Bell released an EP in 2011 called A Reminder. Bell's third album, Ready, Steady, Go! is to be released on April 22, 2014 and will be his first album release under the record label Surfdog Records.

{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||$N=Technical |date=__DATE__ |$B= {{#invoke:Message box|ambox}} }} In the study of colour perception, the CIE 1931 RGB and CIE 1931 XYZ colour spaces are the first mathematically defined colour spaces. They were created by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) in 1931.The CIE XYZ colour space was derived from a series of experiments done in the late 1920s by William David Wright and John Guild.

Gongshow

{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||$N=New unreviewed article |date=__DATE__ |$B= {{#invoke:Message box|ambox}} }} John Bell Young (b.New York City, 1953) is an American concert pianist, music critic and author best known for his performances and recordings of the music of the Russian composer, Alexander Scriabin (1871-1915). Endorsed by Scriabin's daughters, Marina and Elena, he performed frequently throughout Russia and the Baltic states, and was a consultant to the first Scriabin International Piano Competition in Moscow in 1995, where a special prize was awarded in his name. Young first came to prominence in 1990 with his critically acclaimed recordings, on the Newport Classic label, of the little known of musical compositions of the controversial 19th century German philosopher, Friedrich Nietzsche, which were the first commercially issued discs of his piano and chamber music. In 1992 he performed Nietzsche's music in the Soviet Union, thus ending a nearly 75 year ban of the philosopher's work. He is widely regarded as a champion of rarely performed repertoire by neglected if worthwhile composers, several of whom were amateurs who became famous in professions outside of music. }}

Hmainsbot1

Itbeso

WilliamThweatt

Cydebot

Aloneinthewild

AugPi

Dthomsen8

Restaurateur, winemaker, author, celebrity chef

Khazar2

Tpbradbury

Fun with Poop

The Civil Rights Act of 1968, (Pub.L. 90–284, 82 Stat. 73, enacted April 11, 1968) is a landmark part of legislation in the United States that provided for equal housing opportunities regardless of race, creed, or national origin and made it a federal crime to “by force or by threat of force, injure, intimidate, or interfere with anyone … by reason of their race, color, religion, or national origin.” The Act was signed into law during the King assassination riots by President Lyndon B.

Liger42

Seth1066

Akiwumi

Bender235

MiPe

Moswento

EmausBot

Bjenks

{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||$N=Use dmy dates |date=__DATE__ |$B= }} {{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Saint George's Day is the feast day of Saint George and the National Day for England. St. George's Day is not an official national holiday in England or the UK. It is celebrated by various Christian churches and by the several nations, kingdoms, countries, and cities of which Saint George is the patron saint.

The New South Wales Super League is the second-highest state level men's soccer division in New South Wales, Australia behind the National Premier Leagues NSW. The competition is conducted by Football NSW, the state's governing body.In 2007, Penrith Nepean United left the Winter competition for the then NSW Premier League and PCYC Parramatta Eagles moved into the Super League from Premier League. Sydney Wanderers, Canterbury Bankstown Berries and Dulwich Hill were demoted out of the competition to State League Division 1 and Mt Druitt Town Rangers were promoted from State League Division 1 to the Super League.In 2008, there was a shake-up of the whole New South Wales Mens, Women's and Youth competitions. This included a restructuring of the youth teams (under 20s) to align them with their senior clubs, and a restructuring of the men's senior competitions including new teams added to the NSW Premier League and a new promotion/relegation system. Other clubs have also been promoted and relegated since.

Bmag32

Prince1438

Recycling is a process to change (waste) materials into new products to prevent waste of potentially useful materials, reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, reduce energy usage, reduce air pollution (from incineration) and water pollution (from landfilling) by reducing the need for "conventional" waste disposal, and lower greenhouse gas emissions as compared to plastic production. Recycling is a key component of modern waste reduction and is the third component of the "Reduce, Reuse and Recycle" waste hierarchy.There are some ISO standards related to recycling such as ISO 15270:2008 for plastics waste and ISO 14001:2004 for environmental management control of recycling practice.Recyclable materials include many kinds of glass, paper, metal, plastic, textiles, and electronics. Although similar in effect, the composting or other reuse of biodegradable waste—such as food or garden waste—is considered recycling. Materials to be recycled are either brought to a collection center or picked up from the curbside, then sorted, cleaned, and reprocessed into new materials bound for manufacturing.In the strictest sense, recycling of a material would produce a fresh supply of the same material—for example, used office paper would be converted into new office paper, or used foamed polystyrene into new polystyrene. However, this is often difficult or too expensive (compared with producing the same product from raw materials or other sources), so "recycling" of many products or materials involves their reuse in producing different materials (e.g., paperboard) instead. Another form of recycling is the salvage of certain materials from complex products, either due to their intrinsic value (e.g., lead from car batteries, or gold from computer components), or due to their hazardous nature (e.g., removal and reuse of mercury from various items). Critics dispute the net economic and environmental benefits of recycling over its costs, and suggest that proponents of recycling often make matters worse and suffer from confirmation bias. Specifically, critics argue that the costs and energy used in collection and transportation detract from (and outweigh) the costs and energy saved in the production process; also that the jobs produced by the recycling industry can be a poor trade for the jobs lost in logging, mining, and other industries associated with virgin production; and that materials such as paper pulp can only be recycled a few times before material degradation prevents further recycling. Proponents of recycling dispute each of these claims, and the validity of arguments from both sides has led to enduring controversy.

LittleWink

Kahtar

casualties

MelbourneStar

Gareth

Somchai Sun

Katieh5584

?? sung by Ivy Lee

Ohconfucius

strength

James Joseph "Jim" Norton, Jr. (born July 19, 1968) is an American comedian, radio personality, author, and actor. He is an on-air personality, often dubbed the "side-kick" on The Opie & Anthony Show, which airs on Sirius XM Radio. Norton has appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, the Late Show with David Letterman, and Jimmy Kimmel Live.

RjwilmsiBot

SMS Sperber ("His Majesty's Ship Sperber—Sparrowhawk") was an unprotected cruiser built for the German Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial Navy), the second member of the Schwalbe class. She had one sister ship, Schwalbe. Sperber was built at the Kaiserliche Werft (Imperial Dockyard) in Danzig; her keel was laid down in September 1887 and her completed hull was launched in August 1888. She was commissioned for service in April 1889. Designed for colonial service, Sperber was armed with a main battery of eight {{safesubst:#invoke:convert|convert}} guns and had a cruising radius of over {{safesubst:#invoke:convert|convert}}; she also had an auxiliary sailing rig to supplement her steam engines.Sperber spent the majority of her career overseas. She briefly served in German East Africa in late 1889 and early 1890, before being transferred to the South Seas Station in German New Guinea. She remained there for three years before being transferred to German Southwest Africa from early 1894 to late 1896. She was decommissioned in Germany in December 1896 and overhauled before recommissioning for another tour abroad in December 1902. She briefly spent time in the East-American Station off Venezuela in early 1903 and East Africa from July to October of that year, before being assigned to the East Asia Squadron by the end of the year. After spending 1904 in Chinese waters, Sperber was reassigned to Southwest Africa, where she remained until 1911. She returned to Germany at the end of the year and was decommissioned a second time, but was thereafter used as a target ship until 1918. She was later sold for scrap in 1920 and broken up in Hamburg. }}

Auntof6

Cnwilliams

{{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}} Dennis Miller (born November 3, 1953) is an American stand-up comedian, talk show host, political commentator, sports commentator, actor, television personality, and radio personality. He is known for his critical assessments laced with pop culture references. He rose to fame as a cast member of Saturday Night Live in 1985, and subsequently hosted a string of his own talk shows on HBO, CNBC and in syndication. He currently hosts a daily, three-hour, self-titled talk radio program, nationally syndicated by Dial Global.Although in his early years of fame he was perceived to be liberal and anti-Republican, in recent years, Miller has become known for his conservative political opinions. He is a regular political commentator on Fox News Channel's The O'Reilly Factor in a segment called "Miller Time", and previously appeared on the network's Hannity & Colmes in a segment called "Real Free Speech." During the Presidential election of 2012, Miller appeared on Fox News Channel and said that under Barack Obama, the US is on the road to the "European model." He is listed as 21st on Comedy Central's 100 greatest stand up comedians of all time. }}

SMS Sperber ("His Majesty's Ship Sperber—Sparrowhawk") was an unprotected cruiser built for the German Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial Navy), the second member of the Schwalbe class. She had one sister ship, Schwalbe. Sperber was built at the Kaiserliche Werft (Imperial Dockyard) in Danzig; her keel was laid down in September 1887 and her completed hull was launched in August 1888. She was commissioned for service in April 1889.

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Markussep

Contactless smart cards are being progressively introduced to replace paper ticketing on the National Rail system of Britain. The first large scale adoption for transport in Britain is the Transport for London Oystercard. This uses a proprietary encoding developed by Cubic Transportation Systems.

Song without a Rhyme

Dustin V. S.

population urban

Gilliam

Hwy43

EkoGraf

FolkDanceGirl

Joe Schmedley

Eugen Simion 14

Drama, Sci-fi, Romance

Rathfelder

Her Majesty's Armed Forces, commonly known as the British Armed Forces, and occasionally the Armed Forces of the Crown, are the armed forces of the United Kingdom. The Armed Forces consists of three professional uniformed services: the Royal Navy and Royal Marine Corps, forming the Naval Service, the British Army and the Royal Air Force.The Commander-in-Chief of Her Majesty's Armed Forces is the British monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, to whom members of the forces swear allegiance. Under British constitutional law, the armed forces are subordinate to the Crown.However under the 1689 Bill of Rights no standing army may be maintained during time of peace without the consent of Parliament; Parliament gives this consent every five years by passing an Armed Forces Act. The armed forces are managed by the Defence Council of the Ministry of Defence, headed by the Secretary of State for Defence.The British Armed Forces are charged with protecting the United Kingdom, its overseas territories and Crown Dependencies, as well as promoting Britain's wider security interests, and supporting international peacekeeping efforts. They are active and regular participants in NATO and other coalition operations. Britain is also party to the Five Power Defence Arrangements. Recent operations have included wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, the 2000 intervention in Sierra Leone, peacekeeping responsibilities in the Balkans and Cyprus, and participation in the UN-mandated no-fly zone over Libya. Overseas garrisons and facilities are maintained at Ascension Island, Belize, Brunei, Canada, Diego Garcia, the Falkland Islands, Germany, Gibraltar, Kenya, Qatar and the Sovereign Base Areas (Cyprus).The United Kingdom tested its first nuclear weapon under Operation Hurricane in 1952, becoming the third nation in the world to achieve the status of a nuclear power. Template:As of, Britain remains one of five recognised nuclear powers, with a total of 225 nuclear warheads. Of those, no more than 160 are deployed and active. Its nuclear deterrence system is based on Trident missiles onboard nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines.

I'll Fuck It

Recycling is a process to change (waste) materials into new products to prevent waste of potentially useful materials, reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, reduce energy usage, reduce air pollution (from incineration) and water pollution (from landfilling) by reducing the need for "conventional" waste disposal, and lower greenhouse gas emissions as compared to plastic production.

Tadi?

"Phineas and Ferb: Summer Belongs To You!" is a special episode of the animated television series Phineas and Ferb. and is part of the second season. It was aired on Disney XD on August 2, 2010 and Disney Channel on August 6, 2010. It is the first one hour special, beating Phineas and Ferb's Christmas Vacation which is 45 minutes long with commercials. This episode was first seen at Comic-Con on July 25 from 3pm to 4pm in San Diego, California.

Gabriel Yuji

Ozan Ahmeto?lu

Wester

Following the deterring effect of Operation Vantage 1961; Kuwait finally gained its recognition by Iraq in 1963, even though rightly gaining its independence in 1961. Despite the independence of Kuwait; both countries had ongoing border disputes and clashes throughout most of the sixties until witnessing an escalating tempo that breached the state of war in March 20th, 1973.

John of Reading

Sound Surgery

education

Santa Ana, California, U.S.

Dobystone

Coffee

OccultZone

My Husband's Lover is a Filipino drama television series created and developed by Suzette Doctolero and produced by GMA Network. It premiered on June 10, 2013 replacing Love & Lies on the network's coveted Primetime block, and June 11, 2013 worldwide via GMA Pinoy TV. The series concluded on October 18, 2013, comprising ninety-four episodes. The series stars Carla Abellana, Tom Rodriguez and Dennis Trillo as the main characters. Carolyn Galve serves as the executive producer of show and Dominic Zapata directed the series.It is credited as the very first gay-themed series in Philippine television due to the series' central subject of homosexual relationships and infidelity. The show has multiple continuing story lines that tackle sensitive yet relevant social issues like homosexual and bisexual relationships, homophobia and the society's discrimination against homosexuals, infidelity, pre-marital sex and the consequences of early or unplanned marriages. It also tackles the importance of family, friendship, integrity and love. The forty-five minute scripted drama chronicles the life of a woman, who belatedly discovers that her husband has been carrying on an affair, but not with another woman.

Wrecked

Gur?to T?ch? Onizuka

Hiddenstranger

Hotcop2

TodorBozhinov

Template:Multiple issues Abdulla Yameen Abdul Gayoom (Dhivehi: ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????) is the 6th and current President of the Republic of Maldives. He had been the Minority Leader of the People's Majlis, the legislature of the Maldives as an elected Member of Parliament for four successive terms from 1993 onwards. He has represented constituencies in Meemu and Noonu atolls.Yameen is the younger brother of "'Maumoon Abdul Gayoom"' who ruled Maldives with and iron-fist from 1978-2008. In 1993, Yameen was appointed as Minister of Trade and Industries and Chairman of State Trading Corporation, positions which he held until the summer of 2005, when in a major Cabinet shuffle, Yameen was appointed as Minister of Higher Education and Social Security. In April 2007, Yameen was sacked from the Cabinet amidst growing in-fighting within the Cabinet.Yameen was returned to the Cabinet in August 2008, as Minister for Tourism and Civil Aviation, a month ahead of the Maldives first ever democratic election, in which his brother Maumoon, dramatically lost, while seeking a record 7th term in office. Under the first ever democratic government in the Maldives led by "'Mohamed Nasheed"', Yameen was arrested on charges of bribing MPs but the charges were dismissed by the Supreme Court, which ordered State to pay damages to Yameen on grounds of false arrest. Yameen was also the subject of an international investigation on allegations of corruption during his time as Chairman of STO. The allegations included the sale of a tea estate in Sri Lanka at a loss to his brother-in-law, as well as embezzling funds through illegal trading with Myanmar through front companies established in Singapore and Malaysia. The first ever independent Auditor-General of Maldives reported in 2008 that STO had lent interest-free loans of several million dollars to Yameen's political allies. Following resignation of Mohamed Nasheed as president, his successor, reportedly paid US$10 million to the UK firm which had led conducted the international investigation.In addition to his political career, Yameen spent a large part of his life as a community organiser in Machchangolhi Ward an administrative district of Malé, Maldives) where he was raised. During his tenure as Machchangolhi Ward Chief, the district was recognised for hosting popular cultural events and for the high quality of education provided by community-based private school Ahmadiyya. After a few years in People's Alliance (PA), a political party he helped form, Yameen left to join the Progressive Party of Maldives (PPM) in 2010. He has served as the head of PPM's Parliamentary Group since the party's formation and currently occupies the post after being elected to it at PPM's first Congress held between 17 and 19 January 2013. Yameen won the Maldivian presidential election, 2013.

upper house

SovalValtos

Frontlines in the Qalamoun Mountains in March 2014'''

(For a war map of the current situation in Rif Dimashq, see here.)

??? by sung Tay Ping Hui and Phyllis Quek

PeeJay2K3

Adelaide United FC is a professional soccer club based in Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. The club participates in the A-League under license from Football Federation Australia. Adelaide United is the sole team from the state of South Australia. The club's home ground is Hindmarsh Stadium. The club was founded in 2003 to fill the place vacated by Adelaide City in the former National Soccer League (NSL). Adelaide United were premiers in the inaugural 2005–06 A-League season, finishing 7 points clear of the rest of the competition, before finishing 3rd in the finals, The Reds were also Grand Finalists in the 2006–07 and 2008–09 seasons, but failed to win either of the grand finals.The 2009–10 season proved to be a disaster as the club's poor form continued throughout the season with the club ending the season at the bottom of the premiership table for the first time since inception. As of 2012, Adelaide is the only A-League club to be present at the AFC Champions League on four occasions, and progressing past the group stage on three occasions, making them the most successful Australian club in Asia. Adelaide United hold the record for the largest win in an A-League game and the most goals scored in one game. Adelaide defeated North Queensland Fury eight goals to one at Hindmarsh Stadium on 21 January 2011 in front of 10,829 fans. The team was also the first in the league to host two hattricks – one to Marcos Flores and the other to Sergio van Dijk.

Deville

LilHelpa

conflict

MartinSFP

Shell petrol station on Winston Churchill Avenue in Gibraltar, where McCann and Farrell were shot

Waacstats

Wikisethy

RA0808

Bgwhite

Chris the speller

Mrs B Langley-Bliss, Mrs K Moles, Mr T Bailey

{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||$N=POV |date=__DATE__ |$B= {{#invoke:Message box|ambox}} }}{{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Peru was once a stereotypical victim of multiple Latin American diseases. Poorly performing state industries ran up huge losses, driving the state to over-borrow and further weaken an already shaky currency. What economic vigor there was spread wealth among a small share of the population, leaving more than half the country mired in poverty. The country suffered from constant low-grade civil unrest and birthed occasionally-murderous revolutionary movements.In just 20 years however, the country has turned its back on the past, and its tendency to lurch from left-wing to right-wing macroeconomic policies based on the party in power. The guerilla movements have been suppressed. The poverty rate is falling. The currency is stable, inflation low, and investment is pouring in from the United States, United Kingdom, the European Union, Japan and new industrial giants like China, India and Brazil as well as peru´s neighbours such as Chile and Ecuador.Remarkably, since FY 1991, the economy of Peru has experienced more than twenty straight years of growth, the exceptions being FY 1997 and FY 1999, and continuing its strong performance even during the global meltdown of 2007-2009. The country now exports a variety of products: fishmeal, agricultural products, clothes, textiles, machinery i.e. auto parts, electronics i.e. computer parts and softwares, gold, silver, copper, molybdenum, uranium and natural gas. Because of this exponential financial growth the international media catalogues current peruvian economic model and both its macro and micro economics as The Peruvian Miracle. Peru is classified as upper middle income by the World Bank and is the 40th largest in the world by total GDP. Peru is one of the world's fastest-growing economies with a 2012 GDP growth rate of 6.3%. It currently has a high human development index of 0.741 and per capita GDP above $12,000 by PPP.The core of the current sound economic performance of the country is a combination of:Macroeconomic stabilityPrudent fiscal spendingHigh international reserve accumulationExternal debt reductionAchievement of investment grade statusFiscal surplusesAll of these factors have enabled Peru to make great strides in development, with improvement in government finances, poverty reduction and progress in social sectors. Poverty has decreased dramatically in the past decade, from nearly 60% in 2004 to 25.8% in 2012.Peru is an emerging, market-oriented economy characterized by a high level of foreign trade. The inequality of opportunities has declined: between 1991 and 2012 Peru's rating on The World Bank's Human Opportunity Index improved substantially as increased public investment in water, sanitation and electric power has sustained the downward trend in inequality of opportunities. Its economy is diversified, although commodity exports still make up a significant proportion of economic activity and thus subject the economy to the risks of price volatility in the international markets. Trade and industry are centralized in Lima but agricultural exports have led to development in all the regions.Historically, for years, countries have zealously guarded their monopoly over transactions inside the country, requiring that business be done in one currency only: their own.Peru’s free-market minded don’t prevent prices denominated in dollars, and don’t chase money-changing into the black market. Instead, men carrying enormous wads of cash and wearing vests with big gold dollar-signs on the back ply their trade openly on the streets, negotiating rates and changing money with any and all comers. The state sees no need to force people to do business only in the Peruvian sol. But these days the sol is so stable strict currency controls are no longer necessary.Like many other countries in Latin America, Peru looked to the United States for inward investment and a security umbrella. Uncle Sam praised governments that followed capitalist orthodoxy and frowned on any moves toward socialism during the long decades of the Cold War. Peru’s giant neighbor to the east, Brazil, was a boom-bust underperformer cut off from western South America and the Pacific Ocean by the dense Amazon rain forest and the north-south spine of the continent, the Andes Mountains.Since 2010, the Trans-Oceanic Highway links all of Brazil one of the BRICS countries to Peru. Brazil´s economic capital Sao Paulo, Brazil´s main tourist attraction Rio de Janeiro as well as western Brazil are connected by land to Peruvian Madre de Dios, Cusco, Arequipa, Ica, and Lima regions. Now Brazil via Peru is better connected to Pacific commerce with Asia. Peruvian agricultural products and manufactured goods also now heads east to new Brazilian 200 + millon consumers market, while Brazil’s massive soybean crop no longers faces a trip through the Panama Canal or around Cape Horn thousands of miles to the south to head to APEC and Pacific Rim markets.Peruvian economic performance has been tied to exports, which provide hard currency to finance imports and external debt payments. Peru's main exports are copper, gold, zinc, textiles, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, manufactures, machinery, services and fish meal; its major trade partners are the United States, China, Brazil, European Union and Chile. Although exports have provided substantial revenue, self-sustained growth and a more egalitarian distribution of income have proven elusive.Services account for 43% of Peruvian gross domestic product, followed by manufacturing (32.3%), extractive industries (15%), and taxes (9.7%). Recent economic growth has been fueled by macroeconomic stability, improved terms of trade, and rising investment and consumption. China has become Peru's largest trading partner following a free trade agreement with the People´s Republic of China signed on April 28, 2009 additional free trade agreements have being signed with the United States of America (2006) free trade agreement with the United States signed on April 12, 2006, the European Union June 26, 2012.[ http://www.larepublica.pe/26-06-2012/peru-suscribio-tlc-con-la-union-europeaThe EU and Peru Sign Trade Promotion Agreement], with Japan free trade agreement with the constitutional monarchy of Japan signed on May 31, 2011 Inflation in 2012 was the lowest in Latin America at only 1.8%, but increased in 2013 as oil and commodity prices rose; as of 2014 it stands at 2.5%. The unemployment rate has fallen steadily in recent years, and as of 2012 stands at 3.4%.Peruvian economic policy has varied widely over the past decades. The military junta government of Juan Velasco Alvarado introduced radical soviet inspired reforms, which included agrarian reform, the expropriation of foreign companies, the introduction of an economic planning system, and the creation of a large state-owned sector.The Velasco Military Junta Government 1968 - 1980The economic strategy of the Velasco government was shaped by a conception frequently advocated in Latin America but rarely put into practice. The idea was to find a "third way" between capitalism and socialism, with a corporatist society much more inclusionary than that possible under capitalism but without rejecting private ownership or adopting any of the compulsory methods identified with communism. Under this strategy, land reform was designed to override existing property interests in order to establish cooperative ownership, rejecting both individual private farming and state farms. Promoting worker participation in ownership and management was intended to reshape labor relations. Foreign influences were reduced through tight restrictions on foreign investment and nationalization of some of the largest foreign firms. On a more fundamental plane, the Velasco government saw its mission as one of eliminating class conflict and reconciling differences among interest groups within its own vision of a cooperative society.Land ReformThe most striking and thorough reform imposed by the Velasco government was to eliminate all large private landholdings, converting most of them into cooperatives owned by prior workers on the estates. The reform was intended to destroy the basis of power of Peru's traditional elite and to foster a more cooperative society as an alternative to capitalism. Such socialpolitical purposes apparently dominated questions of agricultural production or any planned changes in patterns of land use. It was as if the questions of ownership were what mattered, not the consequences for output or rural incomes. In fact, the government soon created a system of price controls and monopoly food buying by state firms designed to hold down prices to urban consumers, no matter what the cost to rural producers.As mentioned earlier, the cooperatives had very mixed success; and the majority were converted into individual private holdings during the 1980s. The conversions were authorized in 1980 by changes in the basic land reform legislation and were put into effect after majority votes of the cooperative members in each case. The preferences of the people involved at that point clearly went contrary to the intent of the original reform. But the whole set of changes was not a reversion to the pre-reform agrarian structure. In fact, the conversions left Peru with a far less unequal pattern of landownership than it had prior to the reform and with a much greater role for family farming than ever before in its history.Labor and Capital in the Industrial SectorIn line with its basic conception of social order, the military government also created a complex system of "industrial communities." Under this system, firms in the modern sector were required to distribute part of their profits to workers in the form of dividends constituting ownership shares. The intent was to convert workers into property owners and property ownership into a form of sharing for the sake of class reconciliation. But in practice, the system never functioned well. The firms did all they could to avoid reporting profits in order to postpone sharing ownership, sometimes by setting up companies outside the system to which they channeled profits, sometimes by adjusting the books, and in general by keeping one step ahead of intended regulations. A small fraction of the industrial workers gained shares in firms, but as a rule workers were not so much interested in long-term claims of ownership as they were in immediate working conditions and earnings. For organized labor, the whole approach seemed an attempt to subvert any role for union action and to make organization irrelevant. The system was not popular with either side. It was quickly abandoned when the more conservative wing of the military took power away from General Velasco in 1975.Attempted reform of labor relations in the mid-1970s also included severe restrictions on rights to discharge workers once they passed a brief trial period of employment. A review process set up to examine disputes was implemented in a way that made discharges practically impossible. Businesspeople circumvented the restrictions to some degree by hiring workers on a temporary basis up to the point at which they would have to be kept and then letting them go before the restrictions applied. Businesspeople remained unremittingly hostile to this type of regulation, primarily on the grounds that it took away their main means of exercising discipline over their workers. This form of regulation was also eliminated shortly after Velasco lost power.Protection and Promotion of IndustryAlong with the intention of resolving internal class conflict, the Velasco government determined to lessen Peru's dependency on the outside world. The two most important components of the strategy were a drive to promote rapid industrialization and an attack on the role of foreign firms. In contrast to the industrialization strategies of most other Latin American countries, the intention of the Velasco regime was to industrialize without welcoming foreign investment.The preceding Belaúnde administration had started Peru on the path of protection to promote industry, and in this respect the Velasco government reinforced rather than reversed the existing strategy. Beyond the usual recourse to high tariffs, Velasco's government adopted the Industrial Community Law of 1970 that gave any industrialist on the register of manufacturers the right to demand prohibition of any imports competing with his products. No questions of exceptionally high costs of production, poor product quality, or monopolistic positions fostered by excluding import competition were allowed to get in the way. Before the succeeding government of General Francisco Morales Bermúdez Cerrutti (1975- 80) began to clean up the battery of protective exclusions in 1978, the average tariff rate reached 66 percent, accompanied by quantitative restrictions on 2,890 specific tariff positions.In addition to the protective measures, the Velasco government promoted industrial investment by granting major tax exemptions, as well as tariff exemptions on imports used by manufacturers in production. The fiscal benefits given industrialists through these measures equaled 92 percent of total internal financing of industrial investment in the years 1971 through 1975.Investment rose strongly in response to these measures, as well as to the concurrent rise in aggregate demand. But the tax exemptions also contributed to a rising public-sector deficit and thereby to the beginning of serious inflationary pressure. In addition, the exemptions from tariffs given to industrialists on their own imports of equipment and supplies led to a strong rise in the ratio of imports to production for the industrial sector.Nationalizations and State FirmsThe industrialization drive was meant to be primarily a Peruvian process not totally excluding foreign investors but definitely not welcoming them warmly. In that spirit, the Velasco regime immediately nationalized IPC in October 1968 and, not long after that, the largest copper mining company, while taking over other foreign firms more peacefully through buy-outs. The government put into place new restrictions on foreign investment in Peru and led the way to a regional agreement, the Andean Pact, that featured some of the most extensive controls on foreign investment yet attempted in the developing world.The decision to nationalize the foreign oil firm was immensely popular in Peru. It was seen as a legitimate response to many years of close collaboration between the company, which performed political favors, and a series of possibly selfinterested Peruvian presidents, who, in exchange, preserved the company's exclusive drilling rights. Nationalization was perhaps less a matter of an economic program than a reaction to a public grievance, a reaction bound to increase public support for the new government.Subsequent nationalizations and purchases of foreign firms were more explicitly manifestations of the goals of building up state ownership and reducing foreign influence in Peru. The leaders of the military government subscribed firmly to the ideas of dependency analysis, placing much of the blame for problems of development on external influences through trade and foreign investment. Foreign ownership of natural resources in particular was seen as a way of taking away the country's basic wealth on terms that allowed most of the gains to go abroad. Ownership of the resources was expected to bring in revenue to the government, and to the country, that would otherwise have been lost.In contrast to its abrupt nationalization of the IPC and then of the largest copper mining company, the government turned mainly to purchases through negotiation to acquire the property of the International Telephone and Telegraph Company (ITT) and foreign banks. Partly in response to United States reactions to the earlier nationalizations, and perhaps also partly in response to the realization that foreign investment might play a positive role in the industrialization drive, the government began to take a milder position toward foreign firms. But at the same time, it pursued a policy of creating new state-owned firms, in a sense competing for position against domestic private ownership, as well as against foreign ownership.State ownership of firms was, of course, consistent with the nationalizations but reflected a different kind of policy objective. Whereas the nationalizations were intended to gain greater Peruvian control over the country's resources and to reduce the scope of foreign influence, the proliferation of state-owned firms was meant to increase direct control by the government over the economy. State firms were seen as a means to implement government economic policies more directly than possible when working through private firms, whether domestic or foreign-owned. The goal was not to eliminate the private sector-- it was encouraged at the same time by tax favors and protection-- but to create a strong public sector to lead the way toward the kind of economy favored by the state.The new state firms created in this period established a significant share of public ownership in the modern sector of the economy. By 1975 they accounted for over half of mining output and a fifth of industrial output. One set of estimates indicates that enterprises under state ownership came to account for a higher share of value added than domestic private capital: 26 percent of GDP for the state firms, compared with 22 percent for domestic private firms. The share produced by foreign-owned firms dropped to 8 percent from 21 percent prior to the Velasco government's reforms.Contrary to the expectation that the earnings of the state firms would provide an important source of public financing for development, these companies became almost immediately a collective drain. In some measure, the drain was a result of decisions by the government to hold down their prices in order to lessen inflation or to subsidize consumers. In addition, deficits of the state-owned firms were aggravated by the spending tendencies of the military officers placed in charge of company management and by inadequate attention to costs of production. The collective deficits of the state enterprises plus the subsidies paid directly to them by the government reached 3 percent of GDP by 1975. State enterprises were not able to finance more than about one-fourth of their investment spending. The government attempted to answer the investment requirements of the state firms by allowing them to borrow abroad for imported equipment and supplies. They did so on a large scale. The external debt rose swiftly, for this and for other reasons discussed below.Nationalizations and the creation of new state firms stopped abruptly after Velasco lost power. In 1980 the Belaúnde government announced a program to privatize most of the state firms, but it proved difficult to find private buyers, and few of the firms were actually sold. In the opposite direction, the subsequent García government, in addition to nationalizing in 1985 the offshore oil production of the Belco Corporation, a United States company, tried in 1987 to extend state ownership over banks remaining in private hands. The attempted banking nationalization created a storm of protest and was eventually ruled to be illegal. The failures under both Belaúnde and García to change the balance left the state-enterprise sector basically intact until Fujimori implemented major changes.Macroeconomic Imbalance: Domestic and ExternalWhatever the promises and the costs of the many kinds of reform attempted by the Velasco government, the ship sank because of inadequate attention to balances between spending and productive capacity, and between export incentives and import demand. The Velasco government inherited recessionary conditions in 1968, with a positive external balance and productive capacity readily available for expansion. It maintained effective restraint on spending and deficits for several years but then let things get out of control. The central government's deficit was no more than 1 percent of gross national product (GNP) in 1970, but its own deficit plus that of the greatly expanded group of state firms reached 10 percent of GNP by 1975. Correspondingly, the external current-account balance was positive in the period 1968-70 but showed a deficit equal to 10 percent of GNP by 1975.The external deficit was driven up primarily by high rates of growth of domestic demand and production through 1974. But in addition, the government's policy of holding to a fixed nominal exchange rate, in an increasingly inflationary context, allowed the real exchange rate to fall steadily from 1969 to 1975. The government refused to consider devaluation for fear it would worsen inflation and managed to avoid it by borrowing abroad to finance the continuing deficit. By 1975 external creditors had lost confidence in Peru's ability to repay its debts and began to put on the brakes. Whether because of such external pressure or because of growing internal opposition to the increasingly arbitrary decisions of the government, the Peruvian military decided to replace Velasco in 1975. The experiment ended on a note of defeat, not so much of its objectives as of its methods.The Second Fernando Belaúnde Government 1980 - 1985The return to democracy allowed Peruvians to choose among strongly left, strongly conservative, or middle-of-the-road parties. They chose Belaúnde and his party as the middle road, but it led nowhere. The Belaúnde government tried to return the economy to a more open system by reducing barriers to imports, implementing financial reforms intended to foster private markets, and reversing the statist orientation of the Velasco system. But the new approach never had a chance to get very far because of a series of macroeconomic problems. On one side, the government was rightly concerned about continuing inflation but made the mistake of focusing the explanation on monetary growth arising from the export surplus it inherited at the start. That position made it seem undesirable to continue trying to promote exports and desirable to raise domestic spending and imports. On the other side, President Belaúnde's personal and political objectives included using public investment actively to develop the interior of the country and to answer evident needs for improved infrastructure. Seeing the export surplus as the key macroeconomic source of imbalance, the government decided to eliminate it by removing import restrictions, slowing nominal devaluation to allow the real exchange rate to appreciate, and increasing government investment spending.The real exchange rate appreciated through 1981 and 1982, public sector investment rose 54 percent in real terms from 1979 to 1982, and public sector consumption rose 25 percent during the same three-year period. The combination effectively turned the current-account surplus into a large deficit, as increased spending plus import liberalization practically doubled imports of goods and services between 1979 and 1981. The appreciation also turned manufacturing exports back downward, and a plunge in external prices of primary exports brought them down too. And then the mistake of focusing on the earlier export surplus as the main cause of inflation became clear: the increases in spending led to a leap of inflation despite the return to an external deficit. The rate of inflation went from 59 percent in 1980 to 111 percent by 1983.Nothing improved when the government then tried to go into reverse with contractionary macroeconomic policies and renewed depreciation. Output plunged, but inflation once more went up instead of down, to 163 percent by 1985. By this time, pessimism about the government's capacity to solve anything, inflationary expectations turning into understandable convictions, and the price-increasing effect of devaluation all combined to give Peru a seemingly unstoppable inflation despite the elimination of anything that might be considered excess demand. The government apparently lost its sense of direction, retreated from its attempt to reopen the economy by returning to higher tariff levels, and otherwise did little except wait for its own end in 1985.The First Alan García Government 1985 - 1990With the market-oriented choice of economic strategy discredited by results under Belaúnde, Peruvians voted for the dynamic populist-reformist promise of García and responded enthusiastically to his sweeping changes. García's program worked wonders for two years, but then everything began to go wrong.The main elements of the economic strategy proposed by the García government were full of promise. They recognized the prior neglect of the agricultural sector and called for redirecting public programs toward promotion of agricultural growth and reduction of rural poverty. Correspondingly, economic activity was to be decentralized to break down its high concentration in Lima, and within the cities resources were to be redirected away from the capital-intensive and import-intensive modern sector to the labor-intensive informal sector. A strategy of concertación (national understanding) with private business leaders on economic issues was to be used systematically to avoid disruptive conflict. Problems of external balance were to be answered both by restructuring production to lessen dependence on imports and by reorienting toward higher exports over the long-term.These goals for structural change could have improved the efficiency of resource allocation while doing a great deal to lessen poverty. But the goals clearly required both time and the ability to restore expansion without worsening inflation and external deficits. The government initially emphasized such macroeconomic objectives as necessary conditions for the structural changes. The first step was to stop the built-in inflationary process, but to do it without adopting orthodox measures of monetary and fiscal restraint.To stop inflation, the government opted for heterodox policies of control within an expansionary program. Prices and wages in the modern sector were to be fixed, after an initial one-shot increase in wage rates. The increase in wages was intended to raise living standards of workers and stimulate production by raising sales to consumers. To offset the effects of higher wages on costs of production, financial costs of the business sector were cut by intervention in order to reduce and control interest rates. After making one adjustment of the exchange rate to minimize negative effects on exports, the government stopped the process of continuing devaluation in order to help hold down inflation. Imports were rightly expected to go up as the economy revived; to help finance them, García made his controversial decision to stop paying external debt service beyond 10 percent of the value of exports. Unorthodox as they were, all the pieces seemed to fit. At least, they went together well at the start under conditions of widespread idle capacity, with an initially strong balance of payments position.The macroeconomic measures worked wonders for production. GDP shot up 9.5 percent in 1986 and a further 7.7 percent in 1987. Manufacturing output and construction both increased by more than one-fourth in these two years. An even greater surprise was that agricultural production per capita went up, running counter to its long downward trend. And the rate of inflation came down from 163 percent in 1985 to 78 percent in 1986, although it edged back up to 86 percent in 1987. In response to stronger market conditions and perhaps also to growing confidence that Peru's economic problems were at last being attacked successfully, private fixed investment went up by 24 percent in 1986, and capital flight went down.The government avoided any spending spree of its own: central government spending was actually reduced in real terms each year. But because the government also reduced indirect taxes in order to encourage higher private consumption and to reduce costs for private business, its originally small deficit grew each year. The economic deficit of the nonfinancial public sector as a whole (excluding interest payments) went up from 2.4 percent of GDP in 1985 to 6.5 percent by 1987.Although the government reduced its total spending, it managed to support a new public works program to provide temporary employment and to direct more resources to rural producers as intended in its program for structural change. Three lines of policy helped especially to raise rural incomes. The first was to use generous guaranteed prices for key food products. The second was to provide greatly increased agricultural credit, financed essentially by credit from the Central Bank. The third was to exempt most of the non-guaranteed agricultural prices from controls, allowing their prices to rise sharply relative to those of industrial products from the modern sector. From July 1985 to December 1986, prices of goods and services not under control increased more than three times as much as those under control. Wholesale prices in manufacturing increased 26 percent, but those for agricultural products increased 142 percent.Besides higher employment and living standards, the first two years of economic revival seemed to offer a break in the cycle of rising rural violence. The flow of displaced peasants from the Sierra eased, and a good many peasants began to return to the countryside. That reverse might be explained by García's initial efforts to reduce reliance on military force to combat the guerrillas and thereby to lessen the degree of two-way violence driving people out of their villages. But the trend may also have been a response to the reality of better economic conditions and earning possibilities in the agricultural sector.The first two years of the García government gave new hope to the people of Peru, with rising employment, production, and wages suggesting a clear turn for the better after so many years of increasing difficulties. It was hence doubly tragic to see the whole process unravel so quickly, once things started going wrong again. The first sign of trouble came, as it often had, from the balance of payments. The economic boom naturally raised imports swiftly, by 76 percent between 1985 and 1987. But the real exchange rate was allowed to fall by 10 percent in 1986 and by a further 9 percent in 1987. The boom pulled potential export supply into the domestic market, and the fall in the real exchange rate reduced incentives to earn foreign exchange. Exports fell slightly in 1985 and remained below that level through 1987. The external current account went from a surplus of US$127 million in 1985 to deficits of nearly US$1.1 billion in 1986 and nearly US$1.5 billion in 1987.The García government reacted to the growing external deficit in exactly the same way as had the governments of Velasco and of Belaúnde--by postponing corrective action while the problem continued to worsen. As ever, a major fear was that devaluation would worsen inflation. Inflationary pressures were, in fact, beginning to worsen behind the façade of control. To some degree, they were growing in response to the high rate of growth of demand and output, reducing margins of previously underutilized productive capacity. But the more explosive pressures were being built up by relying on price controls that required a dramatic expansion of credit to keep the system in place. Prices of public sector services--gasoline above all, oil products in general, electricity, telephones, and postal services--were frozen at levels that soon became almost ridiculous in real terms. The restrictions on prices charged by state firms drove them ever deeper into deficits that had to be financed by borrowing. The borrowing came from wherever it could, but principally from the Central Bank. At the same time, Central Bank credit rose steadily to keep financing agricultural expansion. Still another direction of Central Bank credit creation was the financing used to handle the government's new structure of multiple exchange rates. Differential rates were used to hold down the cost of foreign exchange for most imports, again with the dominant goal of holding down inflation, while higher prices of foreign exchange were paid to exporters to protect their incentives to export. The Central Bank thus paid more for the foreign exchange it bought than it received for the exchange it sold.The term used for these leakages--for extensions of Central Bank credit that did not count in the government's budget deficit--is the "quasi-fiscal deficit." Its total increased from about 2 percent of GDP in 1985 to about 4 percent in 1987. Meanwhile, the government's tax revenue fell steadily in real terms, partly because of tax reductions implemented to hold down business costs and partly because of the effect of inflation in cutting down the real value of tax payments. Added together, the fiscal deficit plus the quasi-fiscal deficit increased from 5 percent of GDP in 1985 to 11 percent by 1987.The two horsemen of this particular apocalypse--the external deficit and the swift rise of Central Bank credit--would have made 1988 a bad year no matter what else happened. But President García guaranteed financial disaster by his totally unexpected decision in July 1987 to nationalize the banks not already under government ownership. No one has yet been able to explain why he decided to do so. It would not seem to have been a move necessary for any component of his program, or needed for government control in a banking sector in which it already had a dominant position. In any case, the action underlined the unilateral character of economic policy action under Peru's presidential system and wrecked any possibilities of further cooperation with private sector leadership. Private investment began to fall, and the whole economy followed it down shortly thereafter.The García government tried a series of major and minor new policy packages from early 1988 into 1990 to no avail. The new policies never succeeded in shutting off the rapid infusion of Central Bank credit that was feeding inflation, even when they did succeed in driving production down significantly in 1989. Manufacturing production fell 18 percent in that year, agricultural output 3 percent, and total GDP 11 percent. Simultaneously, inflation increased from a record 666 percent in 1988 to a new record of 3,399 percent for 1989. The one positive change was the external current-account deficit: the fall in domestic production and income was so steep that the current account went from a deep deficit to a substantial surplus. The internal cost was perhaps clearest in terms of real wages: the minimum wage in real terms for urban labor fell 61 percent between 1987 and 1989, and average real wages in manufacturing fell 59 percent.However by 1990 the neoliberal government of Alberto Fujimori ended abruptly the soviet minded economic policies with the so called ´fuji shock´of August 1990.The Fujimori Government 1990 - 2000Its main immediate target was to stop the runaway course of inflation. Beyond that, the goals included repudiating protection and import substitution, returning to full participation in the world trading and financial systems, eliminating domestic price controls and subsidies, raising public revenue and holding government spending strictly to the levels of current revenue, initiating a social emergency program to reduce the shock of adjustment for the poor, and devoting a higher share of the country's resources to rural investment and correction of the causes of rural poverty. In practice, new measures came out in bits and pieces, dominated by immediate concern to stop inflation; actions taken in the first year did not complete the program. Reforms have permitted an economic growth since 1993, except for a slump after the 1997 Asian financial crisis.In just one day, August 7, 1990 the Fujimori administration began with yet another reversal of practically all the economic policies of the previous 20 years by preceding governments, from Velasco´s soviet socialism to Alan Garcia´s yugoslav inspired socialism in conditions that clearly required drastic corrective action. Its main immediate target was to stop the runaway course of inflation. Beyond that, the goals included repudiating protection and import substitution, returning to full participation in the world trading and financial systems, eliminating domestic price controls and subsidies, raising public revenue and holding government spending strictly to the levels of current revenue, initiating a social emergency program to reduce the shock of adjustment for the poor, and devoting a higher share of the country's resources to rural investment and correction of the causes of rural poverty. In practice, new measures came out in bits and pieces, dominated by immediate concern to stop inflation; actions taken in the first year did not complete the program.Preoccupation with inflation was natural enough, after the steep rise of 1989 and the months immediately preceding the change of government. The monthly rate of inflation ranged between 25 percent and 32 percent in the second half of 1989, exceeded 40 percent in June 1990, and amounted to 78 percent by July. The deficit of the central government increased from 4 percent of GDP in January 1990 to 9 percent by May. The money supply of the country increased six times over from January to the end of July. The new government had to act quickly, and did.The most dramatic immediate action was to eliminate price controls for private-sector products and to raise prices of public-sector products to restore financial balance for public firms. The price of gasoline, previously driven down to the equivalent of twelve United States cents a gallon, was multiplied by thirty times. For the consumer price index (CPI), the shocks caused an increase of 136 percent in one day.Eliminating price controls in the private sector and raising prices charged by state firms had three objectives. First, the price increases for the public-sector firms and government services were meant to restore revenue to a level that would allow the government to stop borrowing from the Central Bank. Second, the rise in prices was intended to reduce aggregate demand by cutting the liquidity of business and the purchasing power of the public. Third, with everything priced far higher relative to public purchasing power, it was expected that market forces would begin to operate to drive some prices back down, reversing the long trend of increases in order to help break the grip of inflationary expectations.To back up the impact of the price shocks, the government declared that it would keep its own expenditure within the limit of current revenue and stop the other two large streams of Central Bank credit creation: Central Bank financing for agricultural credit and for the system of subsidies supporting differential exchange rates. The multiple exchange rates in effect under García were to be unified, and the unified rate was to be determined by market forces. Further, competition from imports to restrain inflation and access to imported supplies for production would both be improved by taking away quantitative restrictions and reducing tariff rates.The new policies helped greatly to bring down the rate of inflation, although they fell short of accomplishing full stabilization. Against an inflation rate that had reached approximately 2,300 percent for the twelve months to June 1990, the rate of 139 percent for the twelve months to December 1991 can be seen as a dramatic improvement. But the latter was still more than double the government's intended ceiling for 1991 and still extremely high relative to outside world rates of inflation. The last quarter of 1991 looked more promising, with the monthly rate down to 4 percent, but it had risen to 7 percent by March 1992. Inflationary dangers clearly remained troublesome, especially in view of two factors that should have stopped inflation more decisively: a deeply depressed level of domestic demand and an unintended increase in the real exchange rate, making dollars cheaper.Domestic demand has been held down by the combination of the price shock at the start of the stabilization program, steeply falling real wages, reduced government deficits, and much tighter restraint of credit. All these were deliberate measures to stop inflation, accepting the likely costs of higher unemployment and restraint of production as necessary to that end. In 1990 GNP fell 3.9 percent, aggravating the plunge of 19 percent between 1988 and 1990. In 1991 production turned up slightly, with a gain of 2.9 percent in GNP. That situation left output per capita essentially unchanged from 1990 and at 29 percent below its level a decade earlier.The incomplete success in stopping inflation created an extremely difficult policy conflict. Recovery could in principle be stimulated by more expansionary credit policies and lower interest rates, which would favor increased investment, depreciation of the currency to help producers compete against imports, and improved exports. But continuing inflation and the fear of accelerating its rate of increase argued instead for keeping a very tight rein on credit and thereby blocked the actions needed for recovery. This conflict became particularly acute over the question of what to do about the exchange note: the real exchange rate went in exactly the wrong direction for recovery by appreciating when depreciation was both expected and needed.The decision to remove controls on the exchange rate had been expected to lead to a much higher foreign-exchange price, to encourage exports, and to permit import liberalization without a surging external deficit. But when the rate was set free, the price of dollars went down instead of going up. That initial effect could be explained by the tight restraints imposed on liquidity, which drove firms and individuals who held dollar balances to convert them to domestic currency in order to keep operating. This movement should presumably have gone into reverse when holdings of dollars ran out, but fully eighteen months later no reversal had occurred. Dollars remained too cheap to make exports profitable and too cheap for many producers to compete against imports for several reasons, including the continuing influx of dollars from the drug trade into street markets and then into the banking system. A second reason has involved the continuing low level of domestic income and production, and corresponding restraint of demand for imports as compared with what they would be in an expanding economy. But perhaps the most fundamental reasons have been the continuing squeeze on liquidity in terms of domestic currency and the resulting high rates of interest for borrowing domestic currency, which strongly favor borrowing dollars instead or repatriating them from abroad. All this means that the economy has had no foreign-exchange problem, but also that incentives to produce for export have been held down severely, when both near-term recovery and longer-term growth badly need the stimulus of rising exports.The government was more successful in the part of its program aimed at trade liberalization. As has been noted, the average tariff rate was cut greatly in two steps, in September 1990 and March 1991. Quantitative restrictions were eliminated, and the tariff structure was greatly simplified. Effective protection was brought down to a lower level than at any point since the mid1960s , with a more coherent structure that left much less room for distorted incentives.Although stabilization and structural reform measures have thus shown some success, the government's program has not taken adequate action to prevent worsening poverty. Its announced programs of short-term aid in providing food and longer-term redirection of resources to get people out of poverty by programs designed to help them raise their productivity have not yet been implemented in any meaningful way. Private charitable agencies, the United Nations (UN), and the United States Agency for International Development (AID) have helped considerably through food grants to stave off starvation. But the government itself has done little, either to alleviate current strains on the poor or to open up new directions that promise gains for them in the future. In 2007, the Peruvian economy experienced a growth rate of 9%, the largest in Latin America, and this repeated in 2008 with a 9.8% rate; in 2006 and 2007, the Lima Stock Exchange grew by 185.24% and 168.3%, respectively. However, in the wake of the 2008 global crisis, growth for 2009 was only 0.9 percent, but rebounded to 8.8 percent the following year. The pro-market policies enacted by Fujimori, were continued by presidents Alejandro Toledo and Alan Garcia, {{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||$N=Citation needed |date=__DATE__ |$B= {{#invoke:Category handler|main}}{{#invoke:Category handler|main}}[citation needed] }}While poverty of Lima is 8.5%, the national average is 25.8%, while the unemployment rate is 6.5% and 74% are employed formally.Former Peruvian President Alejandro Toledo shined shoes and sold lottery tickets as a boy in the Andes. A half century later, he had ascended to that nation’s highest office, serving as president from 2001 to 2006. “I’m part of the margin of error. To come from extreme, extreme poverty, to have gone to the University of San Francisco, to Stanford, to teach at Harvard, to be part of the World Bank and the United Nations and be a president. Let me tell you, I’m the result of a statistical error. But I have millions of people who come from my own roots, millions of Amazonians, Afro-Peruvians, who don’t have the chance to have access to potable water and sanitation, to quality health care, and sanitation. No access to energy. And that’s a population that’s very discontented, and today getting together. We need to construct a society that is much more inclusive.” He is not a European-style social democrat. Far from it. He is a market-oriented politician who continued to globalize Peru’s economy and is rumored to be getting ready for another run for president. Toledo says bluntly that unless the poorest in the country are better educated, better paid, housed, and fed, the Peruvian economic miracle will stall.The Alejandro Toledo Administration 2001 - 2006Toledo was born into an impoverished family of indigenous campesinos (peasants) of Quechua heritage. He was the eighth oldest of sixteen brothers and sisters, seven of whom died in childhood. He was born in the village of Ferrer, Bolognesi, but registered in the nearby town of Cabana, Pallasca Province, Ancash Department.As a child he worked shining shoes and selling newspapers and lottery tickets.{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||$N=Citation needed |date=__DATE__ |$B= {{#invoke:Category handler|main}}{{#invoke:Category handler|main}}[citation needed] }} When, at age 11, he finished grade school, his father expected him to leave school and get a job to support the family. With his teacher's encouragement, Toledo was able to continue his schooling by working nights and weekends, becoming the first person in his family to attend high school. Toledo eventually found employment as a news correspondent for La Prensa in Chimbote, where he interviewed several high-ranking politicians.Toledo's prospects improved when two Peace Corps volunteers, Joel Meister and Nancy Deeds, arrived in Chimbote looking for lodging and arrived at his family's door. The two Americans were drawn to Toledo by his "industriousness and charm," and his long conversations with them during the year that followed introduced Toledo to a world outside his small fishing village and inspired him to apply for a local civic group's scholarship to study in the United States. He was chosen to receive a one-year grant, and while in the United States, Deeds and Meister helped him get into the University of San Francisco's special program for non-English speakers.Toledo entered politics as an independent candidate for the presidency (winning 3% of the vote) in the 1995 election in which Alberto Fujimori was ultimately re-elected. Despite his loss, the party he founded in 1994, Perú Posible, gained popularity and influence over the next few years. Toledo declared his intent to run again in the 2000 election and despite a constitutional controversy about his eligibility to serve a third term, Fujimori also announced his candidacy.Despite being a relatively low-profile politician, Toledo suddenly found himself the leader of the opposition to Fujimori's presidency. Toledo promised to uphold and strengthen the market program that had been put in place, while also mitigating inequality issues attributed to it. He promised to pursue democratic reforms and reinvigorate Peru's social infrastructure. During the campaign, he promised to raise the wages of civil servants, which had been stagnant under Fujimori, and to create 400,000 jobs a year through programs designed to encourage agriculture, tourism, and small business. Toledo repeatedly called for the expansion of investigations into government, including investigations into allegations that the Fujimori administration had stolen billions from government coffers.Racial-ethnic themes also echoed throughout the campaign. Toledo was running to become Peru's first indigenous president. He referred to himself as "the cholo" throughout his campaign, and many indigenous Peruvians hoped that as president he would bring greater attention to issues of importance to them. Toledo's background, engaging manner, and informal attitude made him an attractive candidate to both indigenous and non-indigenous Peruvians.Just minutes after the polls closed at 4:00 pm on April 9, 2000, major news networks rushed to announce that Toledo had garnered more votes than Fujimori. These announcements were based on projections from Peru's top polling firms, which base their numbers on exit polls. The prominent pollsters quickly modified projections based on samples of actual vote counts from selected polling places, better known as the "quick count". Shortly after receiving news of Toledo's encouraging performance in the initial stage of the vote count, supporters gathered in the streets around Toledo's hotel room. An enthusiastic Toledo walked out onto the balcony of his room wearing a red headband, reminiscent of ancient Inca warriors. He optimistically speculated that a first round victory might be within his grasp but still urged his supporters to wait for the results of the quick count. The second wave of quick count results reversed earlier projections, projecting a round one Fujimori plurality and possible majority. Fujimori had a projected lead of 48.73% to 41.03% later that evening. Fujimori was closing in on the 50% mark which would give him a victory in the first round, with no runoff necessary.Allegations of fraud were made, and were not far-fetched. On the day preceding the election, Tranparencia, the national election observation organization, reported that it had received information concerning a website with capabilities to hack into the ONPE (Oficina Nacional de Procesos Electorales) computer system. Eduardo Stein also claimed that ONPE had made no provisions for OAS technicians to monitor the vote count system in real time. Toledo claimed that a fraud had been perpetrated; other opposition candidates agreed and joined protests led by Toledo. Though "the U.S. State Department had supported Fujimori and his economic policies, it described the results of the 2000 elections as "invalid". Since no candidate had received a majority of the vote, a runoff was required, but Toledo refused to participate in a second round against Fujimori. He unsuccessfully petitioned to have the election annulled, and lobbied international organizations and foreign government to deny recognition to Fujimori's government.On July 28, 2000, Peruvian Independence Day, Fujimori began his third term as president. Toledo led a group of protesters towards Congress. The massive demonstration was peaceful at first, but violence broke out and a powerful explosion led to the death of six people. It was later discovered by the Peruvian judiciary that the explosion had been planned and carried out by the National Intelligence Service, run by Vladimiro Montesinos, who had already been indicted on corruption and bribery charges. Montesinos fled to Venezuela, where he hid for several months before being captured and brought back to Peru. The charges against Montesinos ranged from bribery to drug trafficking to arranging death squads. But it was the release of the "Vladi-videos" that prompted retreat by Fujimori. The first of these incriminating videos showed Montesinos bribing a congressman with US$15,000 to switch to Fujimori's camp.In November 2000, amid growing allegations of fraud and corruption within his administration, Fujimori agreed to hold new elections in 2001, and not to stand as a candidate. While he was attending the APEC forum in Brunei, Fujimori's party lost control of the Congress. Fujimori then flew to Japan, where he submitted his resignation and claimed Japanese citizenship.After the fall of Fujimori, the newly elected president of the Peruvian Congress, Valentín Paniagua, became interim president and oversaw the already planned new elections on May 29, 2001. Toledo won after a close run-off election against former President Alan García of the APRA party, with 52.23% of the vote, to Garcia’s 47.77%. Toledo thereby became the first South American president of indigenous descent to be democratically elected in five hundred years.During his campaign, Toledo promised Peruvians higher wages, a fight against poverty, anti-corruption measures, higher pensions, more employment, military reform, development of tourism, and industrialization. As Pedro Pablo Kuczynski noted “Toledo comes after almost 30 years of either dictatorships or governments that weren't so democratic. People expect Toledo to solve all the problems of the last 30 years, which included an enormous increase in relative poverty." Toledo's inability to fulfill many of these promises created widespread dissatisfaction. His approval ratings were consistently low throughout his presidency, sometimes sinking into single digits.Toledo also promised open market free trade reforms, which reflected Peru's business interests while also promising to review Fujimori's privatization programs. Specifically, Toledo promised not to privatize any of Peru's public utilities. This promise, combined with lofty promises of reduced unemployment and poverty, caused Peru's rank and file to set the bar very high for his administration. Shortly after coming to office Toledo met with IMF officials and promised that he would raise $700 million in 2002, and almost one billion dollars in 2003, by selling state assets.To compound his problems, President Toledo faced a devastating earthquake in his first year in office. This natural disaster left much of Peru morally and fiscally devastated. With many homes and businesses destroyed, economic ills were exacerbated.Toledo’s economic policies can be described as neoliberal or strongly pro free-trade. He inherited a national economy which in the previous decade had experienced an unstable GDP with periods of growth and shrinkage, as well as fiscal deficits frequently amounting to over 2% of GDP. Inflation had not dropped below 23% until 1995 and was still feared by many. In response, Toledo developed policies which focused on fighting poverty, generating employment, decentralizing government, and modernizing the state.Among Toledo’s initiatives designed to generate revenue and transform the economy were plans to privatize national industries. The first major effort of this kind was the $167 million sale of two state-owned electric companies. Protests in the city of Arequipa turned violent as Peruvians reacted with anger to the prospect of layoffs and higher priced electricity. They also recalled that billions of dollars earned from privatization under the Fujimori administration had ended up filling the president’s personal bank accounts. Toledo decided not to carry out the sale of electric companies, but promised to continue privatization efforts, which were a key provision of a deal struck with the International Monetary Fund. Toledo had promised to bring in US$700 million through privatization in 2001 and US$1 billion in 2002. Although he failed to meet these goals, the IMF approved a $154 million disbursement to Peru in December 2002 and allowed the country to raise the fiscal deficit target in its agreement.Although Toledo originally promised tax cuts, violent protests by civil servants prompted the increase in social sector spending that Toledo had also promised, which necessitated tax increases. To tackle tax reform in June 2003, he brought in Peru’s first female prime minister, Beatriz Merino who quickly submitted proposals to the congress. Among the suggestions were pay cuts for higher-paid public-sector officials, including a 30% salary reduction for Toledo himself, a 5% across-the-board cut for all agencies and ministries, tax increases on beer, cigarettes and fuel, and an extension of the 18% sales and value-added tax to, among other things, long-distance bus journeys and live entertainment. The final package also included the elimination of tax breaks, the introduction of a minimum corporate tax, the closing of tax loopholes for the rich, and the strengthening of local government realestate tax regimes.During Toledo's five years as president, Peru's economy experienced 47 consecutive months of growth and grew at an average rate of 6% per year while inflation averaged 1.5% and the deficit sank as low as 0.2% of GDP. Between 2004 and 2006, employment grew at an average rate of 6%, the percentage of people living in poverty fell, and food consumption by the poorest segments of the population rose dramatically. Much of this growth has been credited to the free trade agreements signed with the United States, China, Thailand, Chile, Mexico, and Singapore. }}

Phil Boswell

Monkbot

partof

AnomieBOT

My Husband's Lover is a Filipino drama television series created and developed by Suzette Doctolero and produced by GMA Network. It premiered on June 10, 2013 replacing Love & Lies on the network's coveted Primetime block, and June 11, 2013 worldwide via GMA Pinoy TV. The series concluded on October 18, 2013, comprising ninety-four episodes. The series stars Carla Abellana, Tom Rodriguez and Dennis Trillo as the main characters.

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Jared Drake Bell (born June 27, 1986), better known as Drake Bell, is an American actor, musician, singer-songwriter, comedian, television personality, voice actor, record producer, and occasional television director. He began his career as an actor in the early 1990s, with an appearance on Home Improvement. Bell also appeared in several commercials. He appeared on The Amanda Show and became well-known among young audiences for his role on the series Drake & Josh while playing Drake Parker.

{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||$N=Use dmy dates |date=__DATE__ |$B= }} An emerging power is a term used by academics as recognition of the rising, primarily economic, influence of a nation - or union of nations - which has steadily increased their presence in global affairs. Such a power aspires to have a more powerful position or role in international relations, either regionally or globally, and possess sufficient resources and levels of development that such goals are potentially achievable.

{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||$N=Use dmy dates |date=__DATE__ |$B= }} {{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Saint George's Day is the feast day of Saint George and the National Day for England. St. George's Day is not an official national holiday in England or the UK. It is celebrated by various Christian churches and by the several nations, kingdoms, countries, and cities of which Saint George is the patron saint. Saint George's Day is celebrated on 23 April, the traditionally accepted date of Saint George's death in AD 303. For Eastern Orthodox Churches, which use the Julian calendar, 23 April currently falls on 6 May for the Gregorian calendar.Since Easter often falls close to Saint George's Day, the church celebration of the feast may be moved from 23 April. In England, where it is the National Saint's Day, for 2011 and 2014 the Anglican and Catholic calendars celebrate Saint George's Day on the first Monday after Easter Week (2 May 2011 and 28 April 2014, respectively). Similarly, the Eastern Orthodox celebration of the feast moves accordingly to the first Monday after Easter or, as it is sometimes called, to the Monday of Bright Week. }}

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HJ Mitchell

Western Ukraine or West Ukraine (Ukrainian: ??????? ???????) is a geographical and historical relative term used in reference to the western territories of Ukraine. Important cities are Chernivtsi, Halych (hence - Halychyna), Ivano-Frankivsk, Khotyn, Lutsk, Lviv, Rivne, Ternopil, Uzhhorod and others.Western Ukraine is not an administrative category within Ukraine. It is defined mainly in the context of European history pertaining to the 20th century wars and the ensuing period of annexations. The current oblast administration borders are almost perfectly aligned with the administrative divisions of the Second Polish Republic from before the 1939 invasion of Poland by the Soviet Union. At the onset of World War II the region was incorporated into the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (????), following mock elections which manufactured public consent for the transfer of land from occupied Poland to the Soviet Union as of October 22, 1939. Its historical background makes Western Ukraine uniquely different from the rest of the country, and contributes to its distinctive character of today.

Ex nihil

Love of the Loved

Donner60

Macofe

Kristian Smidt, OBE (born 20 November 1916) is a Norwegian literary historian.He was born in Sandefjord, a son of bishop Johannes Smidt. His doctor thesis from 1949 was a treatment of the work of T. S. Eliot. He was appointed professor of English literature at the University of Oslo from 1955 to 1985. Among his publications are works on James Joyce and on the composition of Shakespeare's plays.

Yobot

Jan 10, 1996

Russell Norman Morris (born 31 July 1948) is an Australian singer-songwriter who had five Australian Top 10 singles during the late 1960s and early 1970s. On 1 July 2008, the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) recognised Morris' iconic status when he was inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame.The Real Thing was added to the National Film and Sound Archive's Sounds of Australia registry in 2013.

ArmbrustBot

Addbot

TpmKranz

Ezhiki

Colin Christopher Paget Tennant, 3rd Baron Glenconner (1 December 1926 – 27 August 2010) was a Scottish noble. He was the son of Christopher Grey Tennant, 2nd Baron Glenconner, and Pamela Winefred Paget. He was also the nephew of Edward Wyndham Tennant and Stephen Tennant, and the brother of novelist Emma Tennant.Before succeeding to the peerage, he had travelled widely, especially in India and the West Indies. He was a close friend of Princess Margaret, to whom his wife was a lady-in-waiting, and an avid socialite. In 1958, he bought the island of Mustique in The Grenadines for £45,000.

Rytyho usa

{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||$N=Use British English |date=__DATE__ |$B= }} {{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||$N=Use dmy dates |date=__DATE__ |$B= }}Albert Malam (born 20 January 1913 in Liverpool - February 1992 ) is a former professional footballer, who played for Everton, Colwyn Bay, Chesterfield, Huddersfield Town, Wrexham and Doncaster Rovers.During the Second World War he played for Manchester City, Crewe and New Brighton. Became player-manager of Runcorn in the Cheshire League after leaving Wrexham. Father of Colin Malam, former Football Correspondent of the Sunday Telegraph.==Honours== }} Doncaster RoversThird Division NorthRunner up 1937–38 }}

{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||$N=Use dmy dates |date=__DATE__ |$B= }} An emerging power is a term used by academics as recognition of the rising, primarily economic, influence of a nation - or union of nations - which has steadily increased their presence in global affairs. Such a power aspires to have a more powerful position or role in international relations, either regionally or globally, and possess sufficient resources and levels of development that such goals are potentially achievable. A more commonly used term is "rising power". }}

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A particle accelerator is a device that uses electromagnetic fields to propel charged particles to high speeds and to contain them in well-defined beams. Large accelerators are best known for their use in particle physics as colliders (e.g. the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, RHIC, and Tevatron). Other kinds of particle accelerators are used in a large variety of applications, including particle therapy for oncological purposes, and as synchrotron light sources for the study of condensed matter physics. There are currently more than 30,000 accelerators in operation around the world.There are two basic classes of accelerators: electrostatic and oscillating field accelerators. Electrostatic accelerators use static electric fields to accelerate particles. A small-scale example of this class is the cathode ray tube in an ordinary old television set. Other examples are the Cockcroft–Walton generator and the Van de Graaff generator. The achievable kinetic energy for particles in these devices is limited by electrical breakdown. Oscillating field accelerators, on the other hand, use radio frequency electromagnetic fields to accelerate particles, and circumvent the breakdown problem. This class, which was first developed in the 1920s, is the basis for all modern accelerator concepts and large-scale facilities.Rolf Widerøe, Gustav Ising, Leó Szilárd, Donald Kerst, and Ernest Lawrence are considered pioneers of this field, conceiving and building the first operational linear particle accelerator, the betatron, and the cyclotron.Because colliders can give evidence of the structure of the subatomic world, accelerators were commonly referred to as atom smashers in the 20th century. Despite the fact that most accelerators (but not ion facilities) actually propel subatomic particles, the term persists in popular usage when referring to particle accelerators in general.

Kristian Smidt, OBE (born 20 November 1916) is a Norwegian literary historian.He was born in Sandefjord, a son of bishop Johannes Smidt. His doctor thesis from 1949 was a treatment of the work of T. S. Eliot. He was appointed professor of English literature at the University of Oslo from 1955 to 1985. Among his publications are works on James Joyce and on the composition of Shakespeare's plays. He was decorated with the Order of the British Empire in 1985.Smidt also researched on text problems in Shakespeare, with special focus on Richard III. He has authored several books analyzing the works of several famous writers. His works included The Diverse Shakespeare (2000), Ibsen Translated (2000), which examines the English translation of A Doll's House and Silent Creditors (2004). Smidt published a collection of essays on poetry and criticism in 1972.

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James Joseph "Jim" Norton, Jr. (born July 19, 1968) is an American comedian, radio personality, author, and actor. He is an on-air personality, often dubbed the "side-kick" on The Opie & Anthony Show, which airs on Sirius XM Radio. Norton has appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, the Late Show with David Letterman, and Jimmy Kimmel Live. He has filmed a HBO stand-up special for the series One Night Stand as well as his special "Monster Rain", co-starred in the short-lived HBO sitcom Lucky Louie, and had cameos in the films Spider-Man, Zack and Miri Make a Porno, and Courting Condi.Norton hosted a four-episode stand-up showcase for HBO titled Down and Dirty with Jim Norton and appeared on The Comedy Central Roast of Bob Saget. He was also in Jerry Seinfeld's 2002 documentary Comedian. Norton was a regular guest on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno.

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Western Ukraine or West Ukraine (Ukrainian: ??????? ???????) is a geographical and historical relative term used in reference to the western territories of Ukraine. Important cities are Chernivtsi, Halych (hence - Halychyna), Ivano-Frankivsk, Khotyn, Lutsk, Lviv, Rivne, Ternopil, Uzhhorod and others.Western Ukraine is not an administrative category within Ukraine. It is defined mainly in the context of European history pertaining to the 20th century wars and the ensuing period of annexations.