The shadow rate is a interest rate in some financial models. It is used to measure the economy when nominal interest rates come close to the zero lower bound. It was created by Fischer Black in his final paper, "Interest Rates as Options". The shadow rate derives from Fischer Black's insight that currency is an option. If someone has money, they can either (1) spend it today or (2) not spend it and have money tomorrow. Thus, when loans would return less money than was borrowed, investors will choose to "exercise the option" and not loan out their money. In Black's model, the shadow rate represents the real interest rate and the nominal short-term interest rate is equal to shadow short-term rate plus inflation or zero, whichever is greater. When the shadow short-term rate plus inflation is positive, the nominal short-term rate is equal to the shadow rate plus inflation. But when the shadow short-term rate plus inflation is negative --- such as during deflation or a bad recession with low inflation --- the nominal short-term rate will diverge and stay above zero. When the short-term nominal interest rates stay close to zero, the long-term nominal interest rates can be well above zero because nominal interest rates behave like options and there is some chance that the shadow short-term rate plus inflation rate becomes positive in the future. Fischer Black wrote in 1995 and mentioned that the most recent time that the USA had experienced the zero lower bound was the Great Depression. Shadow rate models got renewed interest with the Financial Crisis of 2007–2008 when interest rates plunged to near zero and, even, below zero in some instances.

Tiger Roll is an Irish-bred Thoroughbred racehorse who competes in National Hunt racing and won the Grand National in 2018 and 2019. He has also won five times at the Cheltenham Festival: the Triumph Hurdle in 2014, the National Hunt Chase Challenge Cup in 2017 and the Glenfarclas Cross Country Chase in 2018, 2019 and 2021.

Bishops appointed by Pope Pius II

Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921. A member of the Democratic Party, Wilson served as the president of Princeton University and as the 34th governor of New Jersey before winning the 1912 presidential election. As President, Wilson led the United States into World War I in 1917. He was the leading architect of the League of Nations, and his progressive stance on foreign policy came to be known as Wilsonianism. Scholars have generally ranked Wilson in the upper tier of U.S presidents, although he has been criticized for supporting racial segregation and white supremacy. Wilson grew up in the American South, mainly in Augusta, Georgia, during the Civil War and Reconstruction. After earning a Ph.D. in political science from Johns Hopkins University, Wilson taught at various schools before becoming the president of Princeton University. As governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913, Wilson broke with party bosses and won the passage of several progressive reforms. His success in New Jersey gave him a reputation as a progressive reformer, and he won the presidential nomination at the 1912 Democratic National Convention. Wilson defeated incumbent Republican President William Howard Taft and Progressive Party nominee former president Theodore Roosevelt to win the 1912 United States presidential election, becoming the first Southerner to do so since 1848. Upon taking office, Wilson authorized the imposition of Jim Crow within the federal bureaucracy. His first term was largely devoted to pursuing passage of his progressive New Freedom domestic agenda. His first major priority was the passage of the Revenue Act of 1913, which lowered tariffs and implemented a federal income tax. Wilson also presided over the passage of the Federal Reserve Act, which created the Federal Reserve System. Two major laws, the Federal Trade Commission Act and the Clayton Antitrust Act, were passed to regulate large business interests known as trusts. At the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Wilson maintained a policy of neutrality between the Allied and Central Powers. He narrowly won re-election in the 1916 United States presidential election, defeating Republican nominee Charles Evans Hughes. In April 1917, Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war against the German Empire in response to it's policy of unrestricted submarine warfare, Congress complied. Wilson presided over war-time mobilization but devoted much of his efforts to foreign affairs, developing the Fourteen Points as a basis for post-war peace. After the Allied victory in November 1918, Wilson and other Allied leaders took part in the Paris Peace Conference, where Wilson advocated for the establishment of a multinational organization. The resulting League of Nations was incorporated into the Treaty of Versailles. However, Wilson was unable to convince the U.S. Senate to ratify the treaty or allow the United States to join the League. Wilson had intended to seek a third term in office but suffered a severe stroke in October 1919 that left him incapacitated for most of what was left of his presidency. He retired from public office in 1921 and died in 1924 at the age of 67.

The Space Race was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), to achieve superior spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the ballistic missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations following World War II. The technological advantage required to rapidly achieve spaceflight milestones was seen as necessary for national security, and mixed with the symbolism and ideology of the time. The Space Race led to pioneering efforts to launch artificial satellites, uncrewed space probes to the Moon, Venus, and Mars, and human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and ultimately to the Moon.

Surrealism was a cultural movement which developed in Europe in the aftermath of World War I and was largely influenced by Dada. The movement is best known for its visual artworks and writings and the juxtaposition of distant realities to activate the subconscious mind through the imagery. Artists painted unnerving, illogical scenes, sometimes with photographic precision, creating strange creatures from everyday objects, and developing painting techniques that allowed the unconscious to express itself. Its aim was, according to leader André Breton, to "resolve the previously contradictory conditions of dream and reality into an absolute reality, a super-reality", or surreality.

Jonathan Samuel Carroll (born January 26, 1949) is an American fiction writer primarily known for novels that may be labelled magic realism, slipstream or contemporary fantasy. He has lived in Austria since 1974.

Moti Nagar is a neighbourhood located in the North East region of the city of New Delhi, India. The Ring Road is also nearby, as well as Punjabi Bagh (which is half a kilometre from Moti Nagar) and the Moti Nagar market. This locality has 100 acres of the green park known as DDA district park Swatantra Bharat Mills, positioned adjacent to the DLF Capital Greens.

The University of Warwick ( WORR-ik; abbreviated as Warw. in post-nominal letters) is a public research university on the outskirts of Coventry between the West Midlands and Warwickshire, England. It was founded in 1965 as part of a government initiative to expand higher education. Within the University, Warwick Business School was established in 1967, Warwick Law School was established in 1968, Warwick Manufacturing Group (now WMG) in 1980, and Warwick Medical School opened in 2000. Warwick incorporated Coventry College of Education in 1979 and Horticulture Research International in 2004. Warwick is primarily based on a 290 ha (720 acres) campus on the outskirts of Coventry, with a satellite campus in Wellesbourne and a central London base at the Shard. It is organised into three faculties — Arts, Science Engineering and Medicine, and Social Sciences — within which there are 32 departments. As of 2019, Warwick has around 26,531 full-time students and 2,492 academic and research staff. It had a consolidated income of £688.6 million in 2017/18, of which £126.5 million was from research grants and contracts. Warwick Arts Centre, a multi-venue arts complex in the university's main campus, is the largest venue of its kind in the UK outside London. Its politics department is also included in the Political Studies Associations’ UK ‘big five’ politics departments. Warwick has an average intake of 4,950 undergraduates out of 38,071 applicants (7.7 applicants per place). Warwick is a member of AACSB, the Association of Commonwealth Universities, the Association of MBAs, EQUIS, the European University Association, the Midlands Innovation group, the Russell Group, Sutton 13 and Universities UK. It is the only European member of the Center for Urban Science and Progress, a collaboration with New York University. The university has extensive commercial activities, including the University of Warwick Science Park and Warwick Manufacturing Group. Warwick's alumni and staff include winners of the Nobel Prize, Turing Award, Fields Medal, Richard W. Hamming Medal, Emmy Award, Grammy, and the Padma Vibhushan; fellows to the British Academy, the Royal Society of Literature, the Royal Academy of Engineering, and the Royal Society. Alumni also include heads of state, government officials, leaders in intergovernmental organisations, and the current chief economist at the Bank of England. Researchers at Warwick have also made significant contributions such as the development of penicillin, music therapy, Washington Consensus, Second-wave feminism, computing standards, including ISO and ECMA, complexity theory, contract theory, and the International Political Economy as a field of study.

Sonoma Botanical Garden Sonoma Botanical Garden (formerly Quarryhill Botanical Garden) is an education and research botanical garden home to one of the largest collections of scientifically documented, wild-source Asian plants in North America and Europe, many of which represent ancestors of horticultural favorites found throughout the western world. The 67-acre garden aims to inspire an appreciation and understanding of the beauty and value of Asian and California native plants, and to promote their conservation in natural habitats and gardens.

The Space Race was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), to achieve superior spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the ballistic missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations following World War II. The technological advantage required to rapidly achieve spaceflight milestones was seen as necessary for national security, and mixed with the symbolism and ideology of the time. The Space Race led to pioneering efforts to launch artificial satellites, uncrewed space probes to the Moon, Venus, and Mars, and human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and ultimately to the Moon. The competition began in earnest on August 2, 1955, when the Soviet Union responded to the US announcement four days earlier of intent to launch artificial satellites for the International Geophysical Year, by declaring they would also launch a satellite "in the near future". The Soviet Union achieved the first successful launch with the October 4, 1957, orbiting of Sputnik 1, and sent the first human to space with the orbital flight of Yuri Gagarin on April 12, 1961. The USSR also sent the first woman, Valentina Tereshkova, to space on June 16, 1963, with numerous other firsts taking place over the next few years with regards to flight duration, spacewalks and related activities. According to Russian sources, these achievements led to the conclusion that the USSR had an advantage in space technology in the early 1960s. According to US sources, the "race" peaked with the July 20, 1969, US landing of the first humans on the Moon with Apollo 11. Most US sources will point to the Apollo 11 lunar landing as a singular achievement far outweighing any combination of Soviet achievements. The USSR attempted several crewed lunar missions, but eventually canceled them and concentrated on Earth orbital space stations, while the US landed several more times on the Moon. A period of détente followed with the April 1972 agreement on a co-operative Apollo–Soyuz, resulting in the July 1975 rendezvous in Earth orbit of a US astronaut crew with a Soviet cosmonaut crew and co-developing the enabling docking standard APAS-75. Though cooperation had been pursued since the very beginning of the Space Age, Apollo–Soyuz eased the competition to enable later cooperation. The end of the Space Race and competition is not clear cut, since the Apollo 11 Moon landing and the ASTP have been identified as such, but with the December 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union it was ultimately replaced through increased spaceflight cooperation with the APAS enabled Shuttle–Mir and International Space Station programs between the US and the newly founded Russian Federation. The Space Race has left a technology legacy of increased space related development and advances. It sparked increases in spending on education and research and development, which led to many spin-off effects such as the NASA Technology Transfer Program.

Tiger Roll is an Irish-bred Thoroughbred racehorse who competes in National Hunt racing and won the Grand National in 2018 and 2019. He has also won five times at the Cheltenham Festival: the Triumph Hurdle in 2014, the National Hunt Chase Challenge Cup in 2017 and the Glenfarclas Cross Country Chase in 2018, 2019 and 2021. Although bred for the flat, his first race was as a three-year-old gelding over hurdles. After winning this race he was sold to Michael O'Leary's Gigginstown House Stud and put into training at Gordon Elliott's Cullentra House Stables in County Meath, Ireland, where he has remained ever since. After success as a four-year-old in the Triumph Hurdle, he had a chequered career over hurdles with just two wins in his next eleven starts, which included one entry in a flat race. His chasing career began when he was six, and, after winning or being placed in several novice chases, he won a handicap at Limerick and then the Grade 2 National Hunt Challenge Cup at Cheltenham in 2017. He achieved fame with victories at Cheltenham and Aintree in 2018 and then again in 2019, when he became the first horse since Red Rum in 1973 and 1974 to win back-to-back Grand Nationals. He was ridden to victory in both Grand Nationals and the Triumph Hurdle by Davy Russell. Lisa O'Neill and Keith Donoghue rode him in his other Cheltenham victories. Bryan Cooper was his regular jockey until 2016 and he has also been ridden in several races by Jack Kennedy and Donagh Meyler, with Jamie Codd, Davy Condon, Mark Quinlan and R. P. Cleary each having ridden him once. Grooms Louise Magee and Louise Dunn usually lead him in.

Sonoma Botanical Garden Sonoma Botanical Garden (formerly Quarryhill Botanical Garden) is an education and research botanical garden home to one of the largest collections of scientifically documented, wild-source Asian plants in North America and Europe, many of which represent ancestors of horticultural favorites found throughout the western world. The 67-acre garden aims to inspire an appreciation and understanding of the beauty and value of Asian and California native plants, and to promote their conservation in natural habitats and gardens. This is not your typical botanical garden. There are no expanses of lawn or neat hedges enclosing specimen plants, no sculpted shrubs. The Garden is a wild Asian woodland garden—not manicured, but rather is minimally pruned to create an intentional natural feeling. No fertilizing is done, and little shaping—just enough to keep the trails and paths clear. It's the closest that most people will come to visiting the wilds of Asia. The Garden is internationally recognized as home to one of the largest collections of scientifically documented, wild-sourced Asian plants in the Western World. Ancestors of garden favorites like roses, camellias and rhododendrons, magnolias, and lilies, create a living museum of temperate Asian plants, all the more remarkable given that the majority of plants were started from wild-collected seed and none were planted in the ground before 1990. The garden is devoted to plants from temperate China, Japan and the Himalayas, with more than 90 percent grown from wild-collected, scientifically documented seed. The collection includes rare varieties such as Acer pentaphyllum, Cornus capitata, Holboellia coriacea, Illicium simonsii, and Rosa chinensis var. spontanea, all native to Sichuan, as well as extensive collections of various wild Asian dogwoods, lilies, magnolias, maples, oaks, roses, and rhododendrons. Sonoma Botanical Garden can be traced back to 1968, when San Francisco resident Jane Davenport Jansen purchased 61 acres (247,000 m²) for a summer home and vineyards. In 1987, she started a garden on 25 acres (100,000 m2) of this property, among hillsides consisting of old rock quarries. In that year, the Garden representatives made their first seed collecting expedition to Asia. A nursery was established in 1988, and planting began in 1990. The garden was her personal sanctuary as well as the joy of her life. Jansen appointed William A. McNamara Director in 1994 and he became Executive Director in 2007. The efforts of McNamara and the Garden’s staff and volunteers, who help propagate, plant, and maintain the garden created a spectacular Asian Forest containing plants that are almost extinct in the wild. Preserving these threatened species was the foundation for the Garden's mission. Since its found in 1987 until 2017, staff of the Garden went on annual expeditions to collected seeds and herbarium specimens from the following Asian regions: China - Hubei, Sichuan, Taiwan, Tibet, Yunnan; India - Himachal Pradesh; Japan - Hokkaidō, Honshū, Kyūshū, Shikoku, Yakushima; and Nepal. Other expeditions have collected from North America. The Garden has also received wild collected seed courtesy of Index Seminum publications from Japan, Taiwan and South Korea, as well as Asian seed and plants from North American gardens. Sonoma Botanical Garden selects their plants based on their rarity and conservation value, and has developed a searchable scientific database that allows them to share their research with other leading institutions. The Garden's collection of approximately 25,000 wild origin plants, representing over 2,000 individual species, provides a repository for plant preservation, or, as McNamara describes it, “a Noah’s ark of rare and endangered species.” Quarryhill provides plants, seeds, and information to botanic gardens, arboretums, researchers, conservationists, students, and the public throughout Europe, North America, and Japan. From the remains of an abandoned quarry, Sonoma Botanical Garden evolved. The 25-acre wild woodland garden grew into a world-renowned botanical institution, providing other botanical gardens, arboreta, researchers, conservationists, students, and the visiting public with living examples of the beautiful and threatened temperate flora of East Asia. The Garden is not only a showcase for rare and beautiful plants, but also a place where education and conservation are at the heart of its mission and run as deep as the tranquil ponds and seasonal waterfalls that surround it. In 2021, Quarryhill Botanical Garden became Sonoma Botanical Garden. Rooted in a love for wild biodiversity and conservation, the Garden evolves again to turn its gaze closer to home and another biodiversity hotspot – California. With similar catastrophic habitat loss and fragmentation from urban sprawl, road construction, and introduced species, California’s native flora is facing some of the same biodiversity challenges. Added to the Garden in 1998, the Three Springs Ranch property vastly increased the potential for environmental education. Yet thus far this 22-acre parcel of native oak savannah and chaparral has been mostly concealed from public view. In this property the Garden sees an opportunity to celebrate and conserve both plant and animal species found closer to home, and to bring its horticultural skills to the cultivation of California native plants as well as Asian species. On top of a multitude of unique species, California is home to some of the same genera that are quintessential to East Asia (maples, roses, rhododendrons, oaks, and more). This complimentary direction is one that is expected to vastly enhance the Garden’s relevance in its community.

The shadow rate is a interest rate in some financial models. It is used to measure the economy when nominal interest rates come close to the zero lower bound. It was created by Fischer Black in his final paper, "Interest Rates as Options". Fischer Black wrote in 1995 and mentioned that the most recent time that the USA had experienced the zero lower bound was the Great Depression. Shadow rate models got renewed interest with the Financial Crisis of 2007–2008 when interest rates plunged to near zero and, even, below zero in some instances.

Surrealism was a cultural movement which developed in Europe in the aftermath of World War I and was largely influenced by Dada. The movement is best known for its visual artworks and writings and the juxtaposition of distant realities to activate the subconscious mind through the imagery. Artists painted unnerving, illogical scenes, sometimes with photographic precision, creating strange creatures from everyday objects, and developing painting techniques that allowed the unconscious to express itself. Its aim was, according to leader André Breton, to "resolve the previously contradictory conditions of dream and reality into an absolute reality, a super-reality", or surreality. Works of Surrealism feature the element of surprise, unexpected juxtapositions and non sequitur; however, many Surrealist artists and writers regard their work as an expression of the philosophical movement first and foremost, with the works themselves being an artifact. Leader Breton was explicit in his assertion that Surrealism was, above all, a revolutionary movement. At the time, the movement was associated with political causes such as communism and anarchism. The term "Surrealism" is said to have been coined by Guillaume Apollinaire as early as 1917. However, the Surrealist movement was not officially established until October 15, 1924, when the French poet and critic André Breton published the Surrealist Manifesto in Paris. The most important center of the movement was Paris, France. From the 1920s onward, the movement spread around the globe, impacting the visual arts, literature, film, and music of many countries and languages, as well as political thought and practice, philosophy, and social theory.