Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the National Transportation Safety Board

Letter frequency is simply the number of times letters of the alphabet appear on average in written language. Letter frequency analysis dates back to the Arab mathematician Al-Kindi (c. 801–873 AD), who formally developed the method to break ciphers. Letter frequency analysis gained importance in Europe with the development of movable type in 1450 AD, where one must estimate the amount of type required for each letterform. Linguists use letter frequency analysis as a rudimentary technique for language identification, where it is particularly effective as an indication of whether an unknown writing system is alphabetic, syllabic, or ideographic.

Choiaella is an extinct genus of sea sponge ranging from the Chengjiang lagerstatten until the Lower Silurian. It is closely related to the genera Choia and , which the Chengjiang fauna species C. radiata coexisted sympatrically with. The species C. scotica is known from the Caradoc-aged fine sandstone of Wallace's Cast, Southern Uplands of Scotland. The Silurian species has not been formally named.

Rafael Pires Monteiro (born 23 June 1989 in Coronel Fabriciano), known simply as Rafael, is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Atlético Mineiro.

Choiaella

Rafael Pires

Short description is different from Wikidata

The 9th edition of the annual Holland Ladies Tour was held from August 28 to September 2, 2006. The women's stage race with an UCI rating of 2.1 started in Sint-Willebrord, and ended in Heerlen.

Cladospongia is an extinct genus of sponges in the family from the Silurian period. The species C. alaskensis is from the Heceta Limestone Formation, on Prince of Wales Island, Southeastern Alaska.

Letter frequency is simply the number of times letters of the alphabet appear on average in written language. Letter frequency analysis dates back to the Arab mathematician Al-Kindi (c. 801–873 AD), who formally developed the method to break ciphers. Letter frequency analysis gained importance in Europe with the development of movable type in 1450 AD, where one must estimate the amount of type required for each letterform. Linguists use letter frequency analysis as a rudimentary technique for language identification, where it is particularly effective as an indication of whether an unknown writing system is alphabetic, syllabic, or ideographic. The use of letter frequencies and frequency analysis plays a fundamental role in cryptograms and several word puzzle games, including Hangman, Scrabble and the television game show Wheel of Fortune. One of the earliest descriptions in classical literature of applying the knowledge of English letter frequency to solving a cryptogram is found in Edgar Allan Poe's famous story The Gold-Bug, where the method is successfully applied to decipher a message instructing on the whereabouts of a treasure hidden by Captain Kidd. Letter frequencies also have a strong effect on the design of some keyboard layouts. The most frequent letters are on the bottom row of the Blickensderfer typewriter, and the home row of the Dvorak keyboard layout.

Allan J. McDonald

2006 Holland Ladies Tour

Squidtastic Voyage

Allan J. McDonald (d. March 6, 2021) was an engineer, aerospace consultant, author and the director of the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Motor Project for Morton-Thiokol, a NASA subcontractor. He refused to sign off on the launch of the Space Shuttle Challenger which broke apart 73 seconds into flight in the Challenger disaster in January 1986. He co-authored Truth, Lies, and O-Rings: Inside the Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster.

Letter frequency

Cladospongia (sponge)