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The Rashidun Caliphate (Arabic: اَلْخِلَافَةُ ٱلرَّاشِدَةُ‎, al-Khilāfah ar-Rāšidah) was the first of the four major caliphates established after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It was ruled by the first four successive caliphs (successors) of Muhammad after his death in 632 CE (AH 11). These caliphs are collectively known in Sunni Islam as the Rashidun, or "Rightly Guided" caliphs (اَلْخُلَفَاءُ ٱلرَّاشِدُونَ al-Khulafāʾ ar-Rāšidūn). This term is not widely used in Shia Islam as Shia Muslims do not consider the rule of the first three caliphs as legitimate. The Rashidun Caliphate is characterized by a twenty-five year period of rapid military expansion, followed by a five-year period of internal strife. The Rashidun Army at its peak numbered more than 100,000 men. By the 650s, the caliphate in addition to the Arabian Peninsula had subjugated the Levant, to the Transcaucasus in the north; North Africa from Egypt to present-day Tunisia in the west; and the Iranian plateau to parts of Central Asia and South Asia in the east. The caliphate arose out of the death of Muhammad in 632 CE and the subsequent debate over the succession to his leadership. Abu Bakr, a close companion of Muhammad from the Banu Taym clan, was elected the first Rashidun leader and began the conquest of the Arabian Peninsula. He ruled from 632 to his death in 634. Abu Bakr was succeeded by Umar, his appointed successor from the Banu Adi clan, who continued the conquest of Persia, eventually leading to the fall of the Sasanian Empire in 651. Umar was assassinated in 644 and was succeeded by Uthman, who was elected by a six-person committee arranged by Umar. Under Uthman began the conquest of Armenia, Fars and Khorasan. Uthman was assassinated in 656 and succeeded by Ali, who presided over the civil war known as the First Fitna (656–661). The war was primarily between those who supported Uthman's cousin and governor of the Levant, Muawiyah, and those who supported the caliph Ali. The civil war permanently consolidated the divide between Sunni and Shia Muslims, with Shia Muslims believing Ali to be the first rightful caliph and Imam after Muhammad. A third faction in the war supported the governor of Egypt, Amr ibn al-As. The war was decided in favour of the faction of Muawiyah, who established the Umayyad Caliphate in 661.

President

Brian Stauffer (born May 20, 1966 in Prescott, Arizona) is an American artist, and illustrator. Stauffer is recognized for the concept-driven approach to the topics he illustrates. The artist begins works with hand drawn sketches, then incorporates painted elements and scanned found objects. The final works are digital, but often the hand drawn elements remain as part of the finished works.

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Teen Missions International (TMI) is an interdenominational Christian mission organization specializing in running short-term mission trips for youth, teenager, and adult participation. The organization was started in 1970 in Ohio and was later moved to Florida.

Şahan Arzruni () (Armenian: Շահան Արծրունի; born 8 June 1943) is an Armenian classical pianist, ethnomusicologist, lecturer, composer, writer and producer, residing in New York City.

Faruk Kabir (born as Faruk Kabir on 18 March 1983) is an Indian film director, writer and producer who is mainly known for his work in Hindi films. Kabir started his career as an assistant director in films like Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani and Asoka. He made his directorial debut in 2006 with The Awakening, a short film, starring Ajay Devgn. He then rose to fame with Allah Ke Banday, which he directed and acted in as well.

Automatically assessed biography articles

Glory, formerly Glory World Series, is an international kickboxing promotion company founded in 2012 by Glory Sports International Pte Ltd. partners Pierre Andurand, , and Total Sports Asia. The company has its headquarters in Singapore and international offices in Denver, United States, and Amsterdam, Netherlands.

Jahanpanah

Jolene Marie Cholock-Rotinsulu

Nephon II of Constantinople

Şahan Arzruni

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Bryophyllum

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The death of Belly Mujinga, a 47-year-old Congolese-born woman who worked in the ticket office for Govia Thameslink Railway at London Victoria station, occurred in Barnet, North London, United Kingdom on 5 April 2020 from complications due to COVID-19. Mujinga and a coworker, neither of whom had PPE, were allegedly spat and coughed on by a man who claimed to have the virus on 22 March 2020. Both caught it and Mujinga was taken to Barnet Hospital and put on a ventilator and later died. According to a worker at the station, Mujinga had requested that she work in the enclosure due to her respiratory issues, but all were forced to work on the concourse without even a mask. Mujinga's death has inspired a number of protests after her case was closed in May 2020 in the United Kingdom demanding justice and charging the man with crime, as well as better treatment of frontline workers, particularly black and minority workers. A petition garnered over 2 million signatures. These protests overlapped with the George Floyd protests and were joined by Mujinga's husband, Lusamba Katalay. Mujinga is considered by many to be a face of the Black Lives Matter movement in the UK.

Jolene Marie Cholock-Rotinsulu (Indonesian: [rotinˈsulu]; born May 15, 1996) is a beauty pageant titleholder who won the title of Puteri Indonesia Lingkungan 2019. She represented Indonesia at the Miss International 2019 pageant at the Tokyo Dome City Hall in Tokyo, Japan where she finished as Top 8, continuing the ongoing 4th year placement streaks of Indonesia, consecutively since Felicia Hwang Yi Xin in 2016, Kevin Lilliana in 2017 and Vania Fitryanti in 2018.

French people of Guinean descent

*TheSyrian Armylaunches a newoffensiveon 5 March 2017 to expand a buffer-zone aroundPalmyra
The Palmyra offensive in 2017 was launched by the Syrian Arab Army against the armed forces of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) in the Eastern Homs Governorate in January 2017, with the goal of recapturing Palmyra and its surrounding countryside. ISIL forces had retaken the city of Palmyra in a sudden offensive from 8 to 11 December, after previously being expelled from it by Syrian government and Russian forces in March 2016. On 2 March 2017, the Syrian Army alongside Russian reinforcement, succeeded again in recapturing the beleaguered city of Palmyra.

French footballers

Richard Owain Roberts

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Puteri Indonesia Lingkungan 2019

Jahanpanah was the fourth medieval city of Delhi established in 1326–1327 by Muhammad bin Tughlaq (1325–51), of the Delhi Sultanate. To address the constant threat of the Mongols, Tughlaq built the fortified city of Jahanpanah (meaning in Persian: "Refuge of the World") subsuming the Adilabad fort that had been built in the 14th century and also all the establishments lying between Qila Rai Pithora and Siri Fort. Neither the city nor the fort has survived. Many reasons have been offered for such a situation. One of which is stated as the idiosyncratic rule of Mohammed bin Tughlaq when inexplicably he shifted the capital to Daulatabad in the Deccan and came back to Delhi soon after.

Elected

A Confederacy of Dunces

Wichita State Shockers football seasons

Love for Sale is the unreleased second studio album by the American singer-songwriter Bilal. It was recorded from 2001 to 2003 at Electric Lady Studios in New York during the height of the Soulquarians era, a period in the studio's history marked by the frequent and innovative recording activity of that musical collective, in which Bilal was a member. Written and produced mainly by the singer, the album was a departure from the producer-driven, hip hop-influenced neo soul music of 1st Born Second (2001), his moderately successful debut album for Interscope Records.

Use mdy dates from August 2020

Brian Stauffer

The Girl from Hell

Paris FC players

Corinthian order

Nephon II or Nifon II, (Greek: Νήφων Β΄), (? – 11 August 1508), born Nicholas, was Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople three times: from 1486 to 1488, from 1497 to 1498 and for a short time in 1502. He is honored as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church and his feast day is August 11.

American Revolutionary War

Nephon II

Gimme

The Girl I Loved

Association football midfielders

Elected (song)

Palmyra offensive (2017)

Rashidun Caliphate

*Syrian Armycaptures 1,702 square kilometres and 52 settlements, includingPalmyra

Living people

The American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), also known as the American War of Independence, was initiated by the thirteen original colonies in Congress against the Kingdom of Great Britain over their objection to Parliament's direct taxation and its lack of colonial representation. From their founding in the 17th century, the colonies were largely left to govern themselves. As conflict with New France expanded, the costs of their defense increased; after the eviction of France from North America in 1763, Parliament and the colonies disputed how these expenses should be paid. Measures like the 1765 Stamp Act to increase government revenues provoked unrest that culminated in the 1773 Boston Tea Party. When Parliament responded by imposing punitive measures on Massachusetts, the other twelve colonies set up the First Continental Congress, which agreed to boycott British goods. In June 1775, the Second Continental Congress appointed George Washington to create a Continental Army and oversee the capture of Boston. When their Olive Branch Petition was rejected, Congress sponsored an unsuccessful attack on British Quebec, before passing the Declaration of Independence in July 1776. Hopes of a quick settlement were increased by a substantial element within Parliament who opposed Lord North's "coercion policy" in the colonies. Like the Patriots who followed them, Whigs believed that the Crown had assumed too much power since the Hanover ascension in August 1714. However, British commander in chief, General Sir William Howe then launched a counter-offensive, capturing New York City. Washington retaliated with harassing attacks at Trenton and Princeton. Howe's 1777–78 Philadelphia campaign captured that city, but the British were defeated at Saratoga in October 1777. At Valley Forge that winter, Washington built a professional army. The American victory at Saratoga captured a British army. Fearing an early American settlement with Britain that would end the war, the French entered into treaties for trade and to protect that trade, the Americans secured a Treaty of Alliance. Spanish Louisiana Governor Bernardo Gálvez routed British forces from Spanish territory. This allowed supplies north from the Spanish and American privateers for the 1779 Virginia militia conquest of Western Quebec (later the US Northwest Territory). He then expelled British forces from Mobile, Alabama and Pensacola, cutting off British military assistance to their Native American allies in the interior south. Howe's replacement, General Sir Henry Clinton, then mounted a 1778 "Southern strategy" from Charleston. After initial success taking Savannah, their losses at King's Mountain and Cowpens led to the British southern army retreat to Yorktown. A decisive French naval victory brought the October 1781 surrender of the second British army lost in the American Revolution. In early 1782, Parliament voted to end all offensive operations in America, and in December 1782 George III spoke from the British throne for US independence. In April 1783, Congress accepted the British-proposed treaty that met its peace demands including independence and sovereignty west to the Mississippi River. On September 3, 1783, the Treaty of Paris was signed between Great Britain and the United States, recognizing the United States, making peace between the two nations, and formally ending the American Revolution.

Franz Ritter von Epp

Deedle-Dee Productions

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The Rashidun Caliphate (Arabic: اَلْخِلَافَةُ ٱلرَّاشِدَةُ‎, al-Khilāfah ar-Rāšidah) was the first of the four major caliphates established after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It was ruled by the first four successive caliphs (successors) of Muhammad after his death in 632 CE (AH 11). These caliphs are collectively known in Sunni Islam as the Rashidun, or "Rightly Guided" caliphs (اَلْخُلَفَاءُ ٱلرَّاشِدُونَ al-Khulafāʾ ar-Rāšidūn). This term is not widely used in Shia Islam as Shia Muslims do not consider the rule of the first three caliphs as legitimate.

Use dmy dates from August 2020

South Africa

2003 births

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Mohamed Abdel Ghani (Arabic: محمد عبد الغني‎, born 16 July 1993) is an Egyptian professional footballer who plays as a Centre-back for Egyptian Premier League club Zamalek.

1942 college football season

Apriltsi

Public domain art

Anna van Egmont

1942 in sports in Kansas

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2019–20 UEFA Youth League knockout phase

"Yellow Submarine" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1966 album Revolver. It was also issued on a double A-side single, paired with "Eleanor Rigby". The song was written by Paul McCartney and John Lennon, with lead vocals by Ringo Starr. The single went to number one on every major British chart, remaining there for four weeks, and charted for 13 weeks. It won an Ivor Novello Award for "the highest certified sales of any single issued in the UK in 1966". In the US, the song peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.
Yellow Submarine (song)

White River Valley High School

Film director,Producer,screenwriter

The 2020 Portland Timbers season is the 34th season in their existence and the 10th season for the Portland Timbers in Major League Soccer (MLS), the top-flight professional soccer league in the United States and Canada. The season covers the period from the end of the Timber's last match in MLS or MLS Playoffs in 2019 (October 19, 2019) to their final match in MLS or MLS Playoffs in 2020.

Faruk Kabir

Aerospace Force of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps

The Girl I Loved is a 1923 American drama silent film directed by Joe De Grasse and written by Albert Ray. The film stars Charles Ray, Patsy Ruth Miller, Ramsey Wallace, Edythe Chapman and William Courtright. The film was released on February 15, 1923, by United Artists.

Start-Class biography articles

No to capitulation!

ABBA Live

Articles to be expanded from October 2014

CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)

The Ferrari SF1000 is a Formula One racing car designed and constructed by Scuderia Ferrari. It was originally intended to contest the 2020 Formula One World Championship, but under an agreement reached between teams and the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile, 2020-specification cars will see their lifespan extended to compete in 2021. The SF1000 will be driven by Sebastian Vettel and Charles Leclerc in 2020, and by Leclerc and Carlos Sainz Jr. in 2021 as Vettel will leave the team. The car was planned to make its competitive début at the 2020 Australian Grand Prix, but this was delayed when the race was called off and the next nine events were postponed or cancelled in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The SF1000 made its début at the 2020 Austrian Grand Prix.

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Jolene Marie Rotinsulu

Strategic deterrence,aerial warfare,anti-aircraft warfare,space warfare

Mohamed Abdel Ghani

Alison Smith (born 8 April 1970) is a British former professional tennis player. Smith, who comes from Staffordshire, played on the international tour in the early 1990s. She featured in the women's doubles main draw at the 1994 Wimbledon Championships, partnering Gaby Coorengel of the Netherlands.

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Alison Smith (tennis)

The American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), also known as the American War of Independence, was initiated by the thirteen original colonies in Congress against the Kingdom of Great Britain over their objection to Parliament's direct taxation and its lack of colonial representation.

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Mayor

2020 Portland Timbers season

Gimme is a 1923 American comedy silent black and white film directed by Rupert Hughes and starring Helene Chadwick and May Wallace. This film along with Charge It (1921) and Ladies Must Dress (1927) encouraged women to be flappers and to increase their consumerism.

Soccerway template with ID not in Wikidata

American Journal of Human Genetics

Teen Missions International

The Corinthian order (Latin Ordo Corinthius) is the last developed of the three principal classical orders of ancient Greek and Roman architecture. The other two are the Doric order which was the earliest, followed by the Ionic order. When classical architecture was revived during the Renaissance, two more orders were added to the canon: the Tuscan order and the Composite order. The Corinthian, with its offshoot the Composite, is the most ornate of the orders. This architectural style is characterized by slender fluted columns and elaborate capitals decorated with acanthus leaves and scrolls. There are many variations. The name Corinthian is derived from the ancient Greek city of Corinth, although the style had its own model in Roman practice, following precedents set by the Temple of Mars Ultor in the Forum of Augustus (c. 2 AD). It was employed in southern Gaul at the Maison Carrée, Nîmes and at the comparable at Vienne. Other prime examples noted by Mark Wilson Jones are the lower order of the Basilica Ulpia and the Arch of Trajan at Ancona (both of the reign of Trajan, 98–117 AD), the Column of Phocas (re-erected in Late Antiquity but 2nd century in origin), and the Temple of Bacchus at Baalbek (c. 150 AD).

Rashidun

The Girl from Hell (German: Das Mädel aus der Hölle) is a 1923 German silent drama film directed by Frederic Zelnik and starring Lya Mara, Carl Auen and Harald Paulsen. It premiered at the Marmorhaus in Berlin. The film's sets were designed by the art director .

2020 EFL Championship play-off Final

L'Agullola is a mountain of the Guilleries Massif, Catalonia, Spain. It has an elevation of 921.9 metres above sea level. The plateau known as Pla de Fàbregues lies NW of the summit. L'Agullola Grossa is a sharp rocky outcrop rising just SE of the cliff wall.

is an Anglican bishop in Nigeria: one of nine in the Anglican Province of the Niger Delta, itself one of 14 within the Church of Nigeria.

Miss International Indonesia 2019

Yellow Submarine

Gimme (film)

The Ferrari SF1000 is a Formula One racing car designed and constructed by Scuderia Ferrari. It was originally intended to contest the 2020 Formula One World Championship, but under an agreement reached between teams and the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile, 2020-specification cars will see their lifespan extended to compete in 2021.

Wolverines

Death of Belly Mujinga

(I Want To Be) Elected

L'Agullola

The Corinthian order (Latin Ordo Corinthius) is the last developed of the three principal classical orders of ancient Greek and Roman architecture. The other two are the Doric order which was the earliest, followed by the Ionic order. When classical architecture was revived during the Renaissance, two more orders were added to the canon: the Tuscan order and the Composite order. The Corinthian, with its offshoot the Composite, is the most ornate of the orders. This architectural style is characterized by slender fluted columns and elaborate capitals decorated with acanthus leaves and scrolls. There are many variations.

Road House is a 1989 American action film directed by Rowdy Herrington and starring Patrick Swayze as a cooler at a newly refurbished roadside bar who protects a small town in Missouri from a corrupt businessman. Sam Elliott co-stars as a bouncer, the mentor, friend, and foil of Swayze's character. The cast also includes Kelly Lynch as Swayze's love interest and Ben Gazzara as the main antagonist.

The American Journal of Human Genetics is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal in the field of human genetics. It was established in 1948 by the American Society of Human Genetics and covers all aspects of heredity in humans, including the application of genetics in medicine and public policy, as well as the related areas of molecular and cell biology. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2018 impact factor of 9.924. The journal is published by Cell Press an imprint of Elsevier. Bruce R. Korf became the editor-in-chief in the winter of 2017–2018.

UEFA Youth League

GLORY

Solomon Gbregbara

WECT

"Elected" is a single by rock band Alice Cooper, released as the first Hot 100 hit on their sixth studio album Billion Dollar Babies (1972). The single reached #26 during election week on the charts in the United States, #4 on the charts in the United Kingdom and #3 in Austria. It inspired one of the first MTV style story line promo videos ever made for a song. The song is a reworked version of their debut single "Reflected" from their album of 1969, Pretties for You.

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The death of Belly Mujinga, a 47-year-old Congolese-born woman who worked in the ticket office for Govia Thameslink Railway at London Victoria station, occurred in Barnet, North London, United Kingdom on 5 April 2020 from complications due to COVID-19. Mujinga and a coworker, neither of whom had PPE, were allegedly spat and coughed on by a man who claimed to have the virus on 22 March 2020. Both caught it and Mujinga was taken to Barnet Hospital and put on a ventilator and later died. According to a worker at the station, Mujinga had requested that she work in the enclosure due to her respiratory issues, but all were forced to work on the concourse without even a mask.

The South African Under-19 cricket team have been playing official Under-19 test matches since 1995. International players to have represented the team include Wayne Parnell, Neil McKenzie, AB de Villiers, Mark Boucher, Makhaya Ntini, Kagiso Rabada, Andile Phehlukwayo and Aiden Markram. They won the Under-19 Cricket World Cup in 2014 and finished runner-up in both 2002 and 2008.

Jahanpanah was the fourth medieval city of Delhi established in 1326–1327 by Muhammad bin Tughlaq (1325–51), of the Delhi Sultanate. To address the constant threat of the Mongols, Tughlaq built the fortified city of Jahanpanah (meaning in Persian: "Refuge of the World") subsuming the Adilabad fort that had been built in the 14th century and also all the establishments lying between Qila Rai Pithora and Siri Fort. Neither the city nor the fort has survived. Many reasons have been offered for such a situation. One of which is stated as the idiosyncratic rule of Mohammed bin Tughlaq when inexplicably he shifted the capital to Daulatabad in the Deccan and came back to Delhi soon after. The ruins of the city's walls are even now discerned in the road between Siri to Qutub Minar and also in isolated patches behind the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), in Begumpur, Khirki Masjid near Khirki village, Satpula and many other nearby locations; at some sections, as seen at Satpula, the fort walls were large enough to have few inbuilt storerooms to stack provisions and armory. The mystery of the city's precincts (complex) has unfolded over the years with later day excavations revealing a large number of monuments in the villages and colonies of South Delhi. Due to the compulsions of urban expansion of the Capital City of Delhi, Jahanpanah is now part of the upscale urban development of South Delhi. The village and the wealth of ruins scattered all around are now enclosed by South Delhi suburbs of Panchshil Park South, Malviya Nagar, Adchini, the , Delhi branch and other smaller housing colony developments. It is hemmed in the North–South direction between the Outer Ring Road and the Qutb Complex and on the east–west direction by the Mehrauli road and the Chirag Delhi road, with Indian Institute of Technology located on the other side of the Mehrauli road as an important landmark.

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Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople

No to capitulation! (Ukrainian: Ні капітуляції!, romanized: tr, lit. 'Ni kapitulyazii!') was a series of protests in Ukraine against the policy of the President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelensky in eastern Ukraine. Protestors consider implementation of the Minsk Agreements by the "formula of Steinmeier" capitulation to Russia in the Russo-Ukrainian War.

The 2020 EFL Championship play-off Final was an association football match which was played on 4 August 2020 at Wembley Stadium, London, between Brentford and Fulham. The match was to determine the third and final team to gain promotion from the EFL Championship, the second tier of English football, to the FA Premier League. The top two teams of the 2019–20 EFL Championship season gained automatic promotion to the Premier League, while the clubs placed from third to sixth place in the table took part in play-off semi-finals; Brentford ended the season in third position while Fulhan finished fourth. The winners of these semi-finals competed for the final place for the 2020–21 season in the Premier League. Cardiff City and Swansea City were the losing semi-finalists.

ABBA Live is an album of live recordings by Swedish pop group ABBA, released by Polar Music in 1986.

Glory (kickboxing)

"Yellow Submarine" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1966 album Revolver. It was also issued on a double A-side single, paired with "Eleanor Rigby". The song was written by Paul McCartney and John Lennon, with lead vocals by Ringo Starr. The single went to number one on every major British chart, remaining there for four weeks, and charted for 13 weeks. It won an Ivor Novello Award for "the highest certified sales of any single issued in the UK in 1966". In the US, the song peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. In 1968, "Yellow Submarine" became the title song of the United Artists animated film of the same name, and it was the opening track on the Yellow Submarine soundtrack album, released early the following year. An orchestral reprise of the song, arranged by George Martin and titled "Yellow Submarine in Pepperland", appears at the end of the film and its soundtrack. Although intended as a children's song, "Yellow Submarine" received various social and political interpretations in the late 1960s. It was adopted as an anti-authority statement by the counterculture during Vietnam War demonstrations, while some commentators viewed it as either referencing the drug Nembutal or symbolising escapism.

Love for Sale (Bilal album)

Bryophyllum (from the Greek βρῦον/βρύειν bryon/bryein = sprout, φύλλον phyllon = leaf) is a group of plant species of the family Crassulaceae that is usually included as a section within the genus Kalanchoe (Kalanchoe section Bryophyllum), but has also been considered to be a separate genus. There are about forty species in the group, native to South Africa, Madagascar, and Asia. The group is notable for vegetatively growing small plantlets on phylloclade margins and tips. The plantlets drop off phyloclades and can root and grow into new plants in favorable places. The plantlets arise from mitosis of meristematic-type tissue in phyllocades.

The UEFA Youth League is an annual club football competition organised by the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) since 2013. In its current format, it is contested by the youth (under-19) teams of the clubs competing in the UEFA Champions League group stage, plus the domestic youth champions of the best-ranked national associations. The semi-finals and final matches have been traditionally played at the Colovray Stadium in Nyon, Switzerland. The winners are awarded the Lennart Johansson Trophy, named in honour of the former UEFA president.

A Confederacy of Dunces is a picaresque novel by American novelist John Kennedy Toole which reached publication in 1980, eleven years after Toole's suicide. Published through the efforts of writer Walker Percy (who also contributed a foreword) and Toole's mother, Thelma, the book became first a cult classic, then a mainstream success; it earned Toole a posthumous Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1981, and is now considered a canonical work of modern literature of the Southern United States.

Road House (1989 film)

Bryophyllum (from the Greek βρῦον/βρύειν bryon/bryein = sprout, φύλλον phyllon = leaf) is a group of plant species of the family Crassulaceae that is usually included as a section within the genus Kalanchoe (Kalanchoe section Bryophyllum), but has also been considered to be a separate genus. There are about forty species in the group, native to South Africa, Madagascar, and Asia. The group is notable for vegetatively growing small plantlets on phylloclade margins and tips. The plantlets drop off phyloclades and can root and grow into new plants in favorable places. The plantlets arise from mitosis of meristematic-type tissue in phyllocades. Nowadays, bryophyllums are naturalized in many parts of the tropics, and deliberately cultivated for their attractiveness, interesting reproduction by plantlets on phylloclades, or both.

The history of Turkey, understood as the history of Jamil kabbara the region now forming the territory of the Republic of Turkey, includes the history of both Anatolia (the Asian part of Turkey) and Eastern Thrace (the European part of Turkey). For times predating the Ottoman period, a distinction must be made between the history of the Turkish peoples, and the history of the territories now forming the Republic of Turkey, essentially the histories of ancient Anatolia and Thrace. The name Turkey is derived from Middle Latin Turchia, i.e. the "land of the Turks", historically referring to an entirely different territory of Eastern Europe and Central Asia, which fell under the control of Turkic peoples in the early medieval period. From the time when parts of what is now Turkey was conquered by Turks, the history of Turkey spans the medieval history of the Seljuk Empire, the medieval to modern history of the Ottoman Empire, and the history of the Republic of Turkey since the 1920s.
The history of Turkey, understood as the history of Jamil kabbara the region now forming the territory of the Republic of Turkey, includes the history of both Anatolia (the Asian part of Turkey) and Eastern Thrace (the European part of Turkey). For times predating the Ottoman period, a distinction must be made between the history of the Turkish peoples, and the history of the territories now forming the Republic of Turkey, essentially the histories of ancient Anatolia and Thrace.

Apriltsi (Bulgarian: Априлци) is a small town in Lovech Province, Central-North Bulgaria, located in the vicinity of the highest part of Stara Planina mountain. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Apriltsi Municipality. As of December 2009, the town has a population of 3,318 inhabitants. Due to its favourable location in a valley at the foot of Botev Peak in the Balkan Mountains, Apriltsi is a newly developing tourist resort in the region. Besides Botev, notable peaks in the area are Triglav and Maragidik.

Love for Sale is the unreleased second studio album by the American singer-songwriter Bilal. It was recorded from 2001 to 2003 at Electric Lady Studios in New York during the height of the Soulquarians era, a period in the studio's history marked by the frequent and innovative recording activity of that musical collective, in which Bilal was a member. Written and produced mainly by the singer, the album was a departure from the producer-driven, hip hop-influenced neo soul music of 1st Born Second (2001), his moderately successful debut album for Interscope Records. Bilal pursued a more raw and independent direction with Love for Sale, which he mostly composed on piano. At Electric Lady, he held improvisatory jam sessions with a live band featuring the trumpeter Leron Thomas, the drummer Steve McKie, and the pianist Robert Glasper, one of several former classmates the singer enlisted from New York's New School for Jazz and Contemporary Music. With the assistance of a few select producers, such as Dr. Dre and Soulquarians member J Dilla, Bilal experimented with different recording techniques, longer free-form compositions, and arrangements drawn from jazz and the blues. The resulting music features a densely layered fusion of genres, including soul, funk, and rock, with unconventional song structures and rhythms. Bilal's varied falsetto vocal performances throughout the album include sensual and ecstatic expressions of romantic devotion and lovesickness. The album's experimental nature was met with resistance from Interscope, who delayed its release and demanded Bilal record new music. The singer refused and continued to lobby the album while mixing its recordings in the studio. As he neared its completion and a prospective release date, an unfinished mix of the album leaked and circulated widely on the Internet in 2006, becoming one of the most notorious such cases during the rise of digital piracy. Interscope responded by shelving Love for Sale's commercial release indefinitely, which aroused suspicion and controversy among Internet communities and furthered the label's conflict with Bilal, ending in his dismissal. The leaked album quickly enjoyed an underground popularity and online acclaim, inspiring the distressed singer to tour performing its songs and continue his recording career in more artistically daring directions. Its growing mystique as an innovative but neglected musical work helped enhance Bilal's profile, as he was sought after for recordings by other artists, while several of the album's contributors went on to work on his future projects. A cult classic among black music fans, Love for Sale has since been considered Bilal's masterpiece and a forerunner to similarly progressive R&B music that developed by the end of the 2000s. Interscope retains control of the album's master recordings, while another company owns its publishing rights.

South Africa national under-19 cricket team

History of Turkey