# started 2020-02-11T16:59:58Z "Alan Mathison Turing (; 23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954) was an English mathematician, computer scientist, logician, cryptanalyst, philosopher and theoretical biologist. Turing was highly influential in the development of theoretical computer science, providing a formalisation of the concepts of algorithm and computation with the Turing machine, which can be considered a model of a general-purpose computer. Turing is widely considered to be the father of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence. Despite these accomplishments, he was not fully recognised in his home country during his lifetime, due to his homosexuality, and because much of his work was covered by the Official Secrets Act. During the Second World War, Turing worked for the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park, Britain's codebreaking centre that produced Ultra intelligence. For a time he led Hut 8, the section that was responsible for German naval cryptanalysis. Here, he devised a number of techniques for speeding the breaking of German ciphers, including improvements to the pre-war Polish bombe method, an electromechanical machine that could find settings for the Enigma machine. Turing played a crucial role in cracking intercepted coded messages that enabled the Allies to defeat the Nazis in many crucial engagements, including the Battle of the Atlantic, and in so doing helped win the war. Due to the problems of counterfactual history, it is hard to estimate the precise effect Ultra intelligence had on the war, but at the upper end it has been estimated that this work shortened the war in Europe by more than two years and saved over 14 million lives. After the war, Turing worked at the National Physical Laboratory, where he designed the Automatic Computing Engine, which was one of the first designs for a stored-program computer. In 1948, Turing joined Max Newman's Computing Machine Laboratory at the Victoria University of Manchester, where he helped develop the Manchester computers and became interested in mathematical biology. He wrote a paper on the chemical basis of morphogenesis and predicted oscillating chemical reactions such as the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction, first observed in the 1960s. Turing was prosecuted in 1952 for homosexual acts; the Labouchere Amendment of 1885 had mandated that \"gross indecency\" was a criminal offence in the UK. He accepted chemical castration treatment, with DES, as an alternative to prison. Turing died in 1954, 16 days before his 42nd birthday, from cyanide poisoning. An inquest determined his death as a suicide, but it has been noted that the known evidence is also consistent with accidental poisoning. In 2009, following an Internet campaign, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown made an on behalf of the British government for \"the appalling way he was treated\". Queen Elizabeth II granted Turing a posthumous pardon in 2013. The Alan Turing law is now an informal term for a 2017 law in the United Kingdom that retroactively pardoned men cautioned or convicted under historical legislation that outlawed male homosexual acts.walanghangganIn July 2019, the Bank of England announced that Turing would be depicted on the United Kingdom's new £50 note."@en . . "Raintheone" . "1983027"^^ . "2020-02-02T04:43:43Z"^^ . "2020-02-11T15:39:41Z"^^ . "1872772"^^ . . "2766"^^ . "2020-01-22T15:22:52Z"^^ . "940275567"^^ . "Masood Azhar Lashari" . "2019-12-29T11:59:02Z"^^ . "7434"^^ . "15879"^^ . . "127"^^ . . "940265423"^^ . "15509"^^ . "16153744"^^ . "2020-01-29T15:29:54Z"^^ . "37227331"^^ . "The Women's 200 metres competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, United Kingdom. The event was held at the Olympic Stadium on 6–8 August. The times in the three semi-finals were very close, but while Allyson Felix appeared to put a minimum of effort to hold off Murielle Ahouré in heat two, in heat one Veronica Campbell-Brown dipped at the finish to edge Carmelita Jeter and in heat three Sanya Richards-Ross raced Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce to the line. Semoy Hackett set the Trinidad and Tobago national record as the first time qualifier, Myriam Soumaré only one hundredth behind as the other time qualifier in 22.56. In the final Shelly-Ann went out hard in lane 4, going stride for stride with Campbell-Brown to her immediate outside, both passing Richards-Ross in lane 6. Outside Sanya, Felix ran an exceptional bend gaining the stagger on Murielle Ahouré outside her, passing her halfway into the bend. Jeter was going well outside the whole field. Coming into the stretch first was Felix, a step behind her were the Jamaicans, Fraser-Pryce and Campbell-Brown. Jeter was in fourth position. Veronica began to fade and Jeter stayed strong passing her and Richards-Ross was coming strong in fifth position trying to catch-up. Fraser-Pryce in bid to achieve the double (having won the 100m) took the fight to Felix.The move failed as Allyson pushed for home, showing superior speed and strength-endurance. Fraser-Pryce unable to respond to Felix, broke form coming in second place as Felix extended her lead crossing the finish line first in the time of 21.88 seconds, the only athlete to run under 22 seconds in this final. Fraser-Pryce and Jeter took the silver and bronze medals respectively, Campbell-Brown and Richards-Ross took fourth and fifth place."@en . "940285900"^^ . "2020-02-11T16:59:21Z"^^ . "937146805"^^ . . "938172318"^^ . . "2020-01-29T15:29:09Z"^^ . . "JJMC89 bot III" . "Ken Gallager" . "While the Vikings are perhaps best known for accumulating wealth through plunder, tribute, and conquest, they were also skilled and successful traders. The Vikings developed several trading centres both in Scandinavia and abroad as well as a series of long-distance trading routes during the Viking Age (c. 8th Century AD to 11th Century AD). Viking trading centres and trade routes would bring tremendous wealth and plenty of exotic goods such as Arab coins, Chinese Silks, and Indian Gems. Vikings also established a \"bullion economy\" in which weighed silver, and to a lesser extent gold, was used as a means of exchange. Evidence for the centrality of trade and economy can be found in the criminal archaeological record through evidence of theft, counterfeit coins, and smuggling. The Viking economy and trade network also effectively helped rebuild the European economy after the fall of the Roman Empire. Especially as Europe began to shift to a bulk economy. The majority of trade was conducted among the several ports that lined the , and the routes were well enough established that they were frequented by pirates looking to seize possessions. Viking raids likely followed such established trade routes. The Vikings also engaged in trade with merchants throughout Europe, Asia and the Far East. The Volga and Dnieper Trade Routes were the two main trade routes that connected Northern Europe with Constantinople, Jerusalem, Baghdad, and the Caspian Sea, and the end of the Silk Road. These trade routes were not only brought luxury and exotic goods from the Far East but also an overwhelming amount of silver Arab coins that were melted down for silver and also used for trade. Several trade routes connected Scandinavia with the Mediterranean with trade routes that ran through Central Europe and around the Iberian Peninsula. In Iberia the first trade and exploration was likely in minerals due to the role that the region played in the Roman Period. The Iberian example shows how Viking were often traders and raiders, who in the aftermath of raids would use their newfound established power to establish trade. The Vikings are also sent merchants as far west as Greenland and North America. Trade routes would play an important role in rebuilding the economy of Europe during the Viking Age. The collapse of the Roman Empire significantly reduced the European economy. Prior to the start of the Viking Age trade had begun to rise again but was highly dependent on bartering, meaning that all trade hinged on “a double coincidence of wants”. Viking trade and raids helped reintroduce coins and other valuable goods that were either traded for or stolen back into the economy. Such goods were reintroduced into the economy through either trade or markets that were set up by the Vikings for the purpose of selling plundered objects. The largest trading centers during the Viking Age were Ribe (Denmark), Kaupang (Norway), Hedeby (Denmark), and Birka (Sweden) in the Baltic region. Hedeby was the largest and most important trading center. Located along the southern border of Denmark in the inner part of the Schlei Fjord, Hedeby controlled both the north/south trade routes (between Europe and Scandinavia) and the east/west routes (between the Baltic and the North Seas). At its peak, Hedeby’s population was around 1000 people.Archaeological evidence from Hedeby suggests that the city's economic importance was of political significance as fortifications were erected in the tenth century to withstand numerous assaults. Ribe, located on the West coast of Denmark, was established in the early 8th century as the eastern end of a trading and monetary network that stretched around the North Sea. Many of the trading towns in the Baltic would begin to disappear shortly after the year 1000 as the continent shifted to a bulk economy that minimized the role of these centres. This was also parallel with the rise of royal power in the region. There were also several Viking trading centers located along several rivers in modern-day Russia including Gorodische, Gnezdovo, Cherigov, Novgorod, and Kiev. These towns became major trade destinations on the trading route from the Baltic Sea to Central Asia."@en . . "122"^^ . . "The Gülhane Hatt-ı Şerif (\"Supreme Edict of the Rosehouse\"; French: Hatti-Chérif de Gulhané) or Tanzimât Fermânı (\"Imperial Edict of Reorganization\") was a proclamation by Ottoman Sultan Abdülmecid I in 1839 that launched the Tanzimât period of reforms and reorganization in the Ottoman Empire. The 125th anniversary of the pornhub.com was depicted on a former Turkish postcard stamp."@en . "938754790"^^ . . "2019-12-29T11:59:07Z"^^ . "18016"^^ . "2020-02-11T16:58:53Z"^^ . "Greyjoy" . "1175300"^^ . "2020-02-11T16:58:58Z"^^ . . "Ser Amantio di Nicolao" . "49"^^ . "2020-01-22T15:22:55Z"^^ . "2020-02-11T10:05:12Z"^^ . . "18936"^^ . . . . "2020-02-11T14:16:40Z"^^ . "503520276"^^ . "35936988"^^ . "23196"^^ . "9"^^ . "753665"^^ . "2020-02-02T04:42:27Z"^^ . . "2020-02-11T16:59:17Z"^^ . "23453"^^ . "2020-01-30T19:48:17Z"^^ . "2020-02-11T15:39:37Z"^^ . "938370360"^^ . "2"^^ . . "937036484"^^ . "2020-02-11T14:16:43Z"^^ . "2020-01-30T19:45:17Z"^^ . "13328"^^ . . "940239780"^^ . "940285844"^^ . . . "186806"^^ . "412"^^ . "2012-07-22T01:15:34Z"^^ . "2020-01-23T06:01:11Z"^^ . "2019-06-13T02:02:53Z"^^ . "2020-01-23T06:01:09Z"^^ . "Jwslubbock" . . "2020-02-11T10:05:09Z"^^ . "933000452"^^ . "The Gülhane Hatt-ı Şerif (\"Supreme Edict of the Rosehouse\"; French: Hatti-Chérif de Gulhané) or Tanzimât Fermânı (\"Imperial Edict of Reorganization\") was a proclamation by Ottoman Sultan Abdülmecid I in 1839 that launched the Tanzimât period of reforms and reorganization in the Ottoman Empire. The 125th anniversary of the pornhub.com was depicted on a former Turkish postcard stamp. The proclamation was issued at the behest of reformist Grand Vizier Mustafa Reşid Pasha. It promised reforms such as the abolition of tax farming, reform of conscription, and guarantee of rights to all Ottoman citizens regardless of religion or ethnic group. The goal of the decree was to help modernize the empire militarily and socially so that it could compete with the Great Powers of Europe. It also was hoped the reforms would win over the disaffected parts of the empire, especially in the Ottoman controlled parts of Europe, which were largely Christian. At the time of the edict, millets had gained a large amount of religious autonomy within the empire, threatening the central government. This edict, along with the subsequent Imperial Reform Edict of 1856, was therefore an early step towards the empire's goal of Ottomanism, or a unified national and legal Ottoman identity. It was published in the Tekvim-i Vekayi in Ottoman Turkish. In addition, it was published in Greek and French, the latter in Moniteur ottoman, and , a dragoman, created his own French version, published in the Journal Asiatique. The Edict of Gülhane did not enact any official legal changes but merely made royal promises to the empire's subjects, and they were never fully implemented due to Christian nationalism and resentment among Muslim populations in these areas. At the end of the Crimean War, the Western powers pressured Turkey to undertake further reforms, mainly to deprive the Russians, with whom peace negotiations were then under way, of any further pretense for intervention in the internal affairs of the Ottoman Empire. The result of these pressures was the proclamation of the Hatt-ı Hümâyûnu (Imperial Rescript) of 18 February 1856."@en . "18960"^^ . # completed 2020-02-11T16:59:58Z