Ex gratia (; also spelled ex-gratia) is Latin for "by favour", and is most often used in a legal context. When something has been done ex gratia, it has been done voluntarily, out of kind or grace. In law, an ex gratia payment is a payment made without the giver recognising any liability or legal obligation.

Mouse-Warming

Season 2015–16 is the 16th of Veria in Superleague Greece. Veria will compete in the following competitions Superleague and Greek Cup. The season covers the period from 1 July 2015 to 30 June 2016.

Melanie "Mel" Owen (also Healy and Beale) is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders, played by Tamzin Outhwaite. She appeared from 19 October 1998 to 12 April 2002 when Outhwaite opted to leave the role, and returned in January 2018. Mel was introduced by executive producer Matthew Robinson and became a prominent character during her original tenure in the soap.

Mouse Warming (stylised as Mouse-warming) is a 1952 Looney Tunes short directed by Chuck Jones, and starring Claude Cat (in his final solo cartoon), with a cameo appearance of Hector the Bulldog at the end.

The core of a conventional optical fiber is a cylinder of glass or plastic that runs along the fiber's length. The core is surrounded by a medium with a lower index of refraction, typically a cladding of a different glass, or plastic. Light travelling in the core reflects from the core-cladding boundary due to total internal reflection, as long as the angle between the light and the boundary is greater than the critical angle. As a result, the fiber transmits all rays that enter the fiber with a sufficiently small angle to the fiber's axis. The limiting angle is called the acceptance angle, and the rays that are confined by the core/cladding boundary are called guided rays. The core is characterized by its diameter or cross-sectional area. In most cases the core's cross-section should be circular, but the diameter is more rigorously defined as the average of the diameters of the smallest circle that can be circumscribed about the core-cladding boundary, and the largest circle that can be inscribed within the core-cladding boundary. This allows for deviations from circularity due to manufacturing variation. Another commonly quoted statistic for core size is the mode field diameter. This is the diameter at which the intensity of light in the fiber falls to some specified fraction of maximum (usually 1/e2 ≈ 13.5%). For single-mode fiber, the mode field diameter is larger than the physical diameter of the core, because the light penetrates slightly into the cladding as an evanescent wave. The three most common core sizes are:
* 9 μm diameter (single-mode)
* 50 μm diameter (multi-mode)
* 62.5 μm diameter (multi-mode)

Lynching is the practice of murder by a group of people by extrajudicial action. Lynchings in the United States rose in number after the American Civil War in the late 19th century, following the emancipation of slaves; they declined in the 1920s. Most lynchings were of African-American men in the Southern United States, but women and non-blacks were also lynched, not always in the South. White lynchings of blacks also occurred in the Midwestern United States and the border states, especially during the 20th-century Great Migration of blacks out of the Southern United States. The purpose was to enforce white supremacy and intimidate blacks through racial terrorism. According to Ida B. Wells and Tuskegee University, most lynching victims were accused of murder or attempted murder. Rape or attempted rape was the second most common accusation; such accusations were often pretexts for lynching blacks who violated Jim Crow etiquette or engaged in economic competition with whites. Sociologist Arthur F. Raper investigated one hundred lynchings during the 1930s and estimated that approximately one-third of the victims were falsely accused.On a per capita basis, lynchings were also common in California and the Old West, especially of Latinos, although they represented less than 10% of the national total. Native Americans and Asian Americans were also lynched. Other ethnicities, including Finnish-Americans, German-Americans and Italian-Americans were also lynched occasionally. According to the Tuskegee Institute, 4,743 people were lynched between 1882 and 1968 in the United States, including 3,446 African Americans and 1,297 whites. More than 73 percent of lynchings in the post-Civil War period occurred in the Southern states. According to the Equal Justice Initiative, 4,084 African-Americans were lynched between 1877 and 1950 in the South. The stereotype of a lynching is a hanging, because hangings are what crowds of people saw, and are also easy to photograph. Some hangings were professionally photographed and sold as postcards, which were popular souvenirs in some parts of the U.S. "Although most people think only of hanging, lynching means much more." Victims were also killed in a variety of other ways: shot repeatedly, burned alive, forced to jump off a bridge, dragged behind cars, and the like. Sometimes they were tortured as well; body parts were sometimes removed and sold as souvenirs in stores. Occasionally lynchings were not fatal (see Lynching survivors in the United States). A "mock" lynching, putting the rope around the neck of someone suspected of concealing information, might be used to compel "confessions" (see Lynn Council.) Lynchings were most frequent from 1890 to the 1920s, with a peak in 1892. Lynchings were often large mob actions, attended by hundreds or thousands of watchers. As in the case of Ell Parsons, they were sometimes announced in advance in newspapers and in one instance (Fred Rochelle) with a special train. However, in the later 20th century lynchings became more secretive, and were conducted by smaller groups of people. According to Michael Pfeifer, the prevalence of lynching in postbellum America reflects lack of confidence in the "due process" judicial system. He links the decline in lynching in the early twentieth century with "the advent of the modern death penalty": "legislators renovated the death penalty...out of direct concern for the alternative of mob violence". He also cites "the modern, racialized excesses of urban police forces in the twentieth century and after" as having characteristics of lynching. On April 26, 2018, in Montgomery, Alabama, The National Memorial for Peace and Justice opened. Founded by the Equal Justice Initiative of that city, it is the first large memorial to document lynchings of African Americans in the United States.
Lynching is the practice of murder by a group of people by extrajudicial action. Lynchings in the United States rose in number after the American Civil War in the late 19th century, following the emancipation of slaves; they declined in the 1920s. Most lynchings were of African-American men in the Southern United States, but women and non-blacks were also lynched, not always in the South. White lynchings of blacks also occurred in the Midwestern United States and the border states, especially during the 20th-century Great Migration of blacks out of the Southern United States. The purpose was to enforce white supremacy and intimidate blacks through racial terrorism. According to Ida B. Wells and Tuskegee University, most lynching victims were accused of murder or attempted murder. Rape or a

This is a list of cities in India thought to have been founded before the 8th century (before the rise of the Pala Empire). In alphabetical orderFor Allahabad,see Prayag.
*
* Anga Now as Bhagalpur
* Bharuch
* Now as kanyakumari
* Badayun
* Bayana
* Bhattiprolu
* Bhinmal
* Bhokardan ()
* Bhubaneswar (Sisupalgarh)
* Chandraketugarh
* Chunar
* Chirand
* Cuttack
* Dhanyakataka
* Dwarka
* Guntur
* Gwalior
* Hampi
* Hansi
* Harappa
* Jajpur
* Jhansi
* Kalibangan
* Kalinjar
* Kalpi
* Kanchipuram
* Kannauj
* Kaveripoompattinam
* Kodumanal
* Kotivarsha (Devkot)
* Kumbhoj
* Kurukshetra
* Lothal
* Lashkar
* Madurai
* Mohenjo-Daro
* Muziris Now as Kodungallur
* Nalanda
* Osian
* Paithan
* Pataliputra
* Pistapura
* Prayag Now as Prayagraj
* Pundravardhana
* Pudumadam புதுமடம்
* Puri
* Pushkar
* Quilon(Coulão)
* Rajagriha Now as Rajgir
* Rajahmahendravaram
* Rajapura
* Sagala
* Sangrur
* Saketa Now as Ayodhya
* Sirkap
* Sitanagaram
* Somnath
* Sopara
* Sravasti
* Tamralipta, now Tamluk
* Taxila(earlier Takshashila)
* Thanjavur
* Now as
* Tirunelveli
* Udayagiri(now Bhopal)
* Ujjain(earlier Ujjayini, Avanti)
* Urayur
* Vadodara(earlier known with following names Viravati, Chandravati, Vadpatra and Baroda)
* Vaishali (ancient city)
* Vallabhi
* Varanasi
* Vidisha
* Bairat, now Viratnagar
* , now Vijayawada
* Vrindavan
* Madurai

Wrestling had been contested at the Summer Olympic Games since the sport was introduced in the ancient Olympic Games in 708 BC. When the modern Olympic Games resumed in Athens in 1896, wrestling (in the form of Greco-Roman wrestling) became a focus of the Games, with the exception of the 1900 Summer Olympics when wrestling did not appear on the program. Freestyle wrestling and weight classes both made their first appearance in 1904. The women's competition was introduced in 2004.
Wrestling had been contested at the Summer Olympic Games since the sport was introduced in the ancient Olympic Games in 708 BC. When the modern Olympic Games resumed in Athens in 1896, wrestling (in the form of Greco-Roman wrestling) became a focus of the Games, with the exception of the 1900 Summer Olympics when wrestling did not appear on the program. Freestyle wrestling and weight classes both made their first appearance in 1904. The women's competition was introduced in 2004. In February 2013, the IOC voted to drop wrestling from the Summer Olympic programme, effective 2020;the president of the sport's governing body FILA (now United World Wrestling) resigned after a subsequent motion of no confidence. Following changes in leadership, and revisions to the programme for 2016 (including rule changes and additional women's competitions), wrestling successfully campaigned to be readmitted to the Summer Olympic programme.

Melanie "Mel" Owen (also Healy and Beale) is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders, played by Tamzin Outhwaite. She appeared from 19 October 1998 to 12 April 2002 when Outhwaite opted to leave the role, and returned in January 2018. Mel was introduced by executive producer Matthew Robinson and became a prominent character during her original tenure in the soap. Mel is involved in high-profile storylines, such as a wedding to Ian Beale (Adam Woodyatt) to mark the Millennium Eve celebrations on New Year's Eve 1999, and later a problematic marriage to Steve Owen (Martin Kemp). Mel is heavily featured in a storyline marking the show's increase to four weekly episodes in 2001, when she is kidnapped by her former fling and Steve's enemy — Dan Sullivan (Craig Fairbrass). Outhwaite proved popular in the role and won multiple awards for her portrayal as Mel. Producers indicated that the door is always open for Outhwaite to return to the role; however, Outhwaite revealed in 2010 that she had not at that stage been asked to return. Outhwaite's return to the series was announced in October 2017 and she returned on 9 January 2018, followed by her teenage son, Hunter Owen (Charlie Winter). Mel's storylines since her return have included a feud with Steve's old adversary, Phil Mitchell (Steve McFadden) – whom she previously slept with in 2001, prior to her marriage with Steve; embarking on a relationship with Jack Branning (Scott Maslen); reopening the E20 nightclub; and covering up the murder of her third husband Ray Kelly (Sean Mahon) at the hands of Hunter. It was announced on 11 July 2019 that Outhwaite would be leaving the show once again as Mel will depart in 2019.

Valerie Hernández Matías (born July 19, 1993 in San Juan) is a Puerto Rican model and beauty queen who was crowned Miss International 2014 in Tokyo, Japan. She is the second winner from Puerto Rico after Laurie Simpson in 1987.

Mouse Warming