2012 establishments by country

2012 disestablishments by country

Chris Erskine (born 8 February 1987) is a Scottish professional footballer who plays for Livingston in the Scottish Premiership as a midfielder. He has previously played for junior side Kilbirnie Ladeside where he began his career, Partick Thistle and Dundee United.

Berbers

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Computer chess includes both hardware (dedicated computers) and software capable of playing chess. Computer chess provides opportunities for players to practice even in the absence of human opponents, and also provides opportunities for analysis, entertainment and training. Computer chess applications that play at the level of a chess master or higher are available on hardware from desktops to smart phones. Standalone chess-playing machines are also available. Stockfish, GNU Chess, Fruit, and other free open source applications are available for many platforms. Computer chess applications, whether implemented in hardware or software, employ a different paradigm than humans to chose their moves: they use heuristic methods to build, search and evaluate trees representing sequences of moves from the current position and attempt to execute the best such sequence during play. Such trees are typically quite large, thousands to millions of nodes. The computational speed of modern computers, capable of processing tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of nodes or more per second, in conjunction with extension and reduction heuristics that narrow the tree to mostly relevant nodes, make such an approach effective. The first chess machines capable of playing chess or reduced chess-like games were software programs running on digital computers early in the vacuum tube computer age (1950's). The early programs played so poorly that even a beginner could defeat them. Within 50 years, in 1997, chess engines running on super-computers or specialized hardware, became able to defeat even the strongest human players. Nevertheless, it is considered unlikely that computers will solve chess in the near future due to its computational complexity.

Amazighs

Computer chess

Chris Erskine

2012 disestablishments in Wales

Computer chess includes both hardware (dedicated computers) and software capable of playing chess. Computer chess provides opportunities for players to practice even in the absence of human opponents, and also provides opportunities for analysis, entertainment and training. Computer chess applications that play at the level of a chess master or higher are available on hardware from desktops to smart phones. Standalone chess-playing machines are also available. Stockfish, GNU Chess, Fruit, and other free open source applications are available for many platforms.