Cephalophus sylvicultor

Cephalomyrma

Cephalomelittia

Cephalopsis titillator

Roeleveld, M.A.C. . Tentacle morphology of the giant squid Architeuthis from the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Bulletin of Marine Science 71: 725–737.
[Anonymous] . Humboldt Squid, Giant Squid, Giant Humboldt Squid, Calamar Gigante, Rojo Diablo (Dosidicus gigas). MexFish.com.

C. elegans

Cephalopod fins, sometimes known as wings, are paired flap-like locomotory appendages. They are found in ten-limbed cephalopods (including squid, bobtail squid, cuttlefish, and Spirula) as well as in the eight-limbed cirrate octopuses and vampire squid. Many extinct cephalopod groups also possessed fins. Nautiluses and the more familiar incirrate octopuses lack swimming fins.

Cephalomyidae

panamensis

Cephalomanes elegans is a fern species in the genus Cephalomanes

Insecta

Cephalomappa sinensis

Cephalopholis urodelus

Cephalopholis nigripinnis

Cephalopod tentacle

Plantae

†Cephalomyidae

Cephaloplon pedunculatum

Cephaloleia splendida is a species of rolled-leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, first found in Costa Rica and Panama.

Cephalopholis boenak

Cephalomappinae

Cephalophyllum pillansii

Jereb, P. . Family Nautilidae. In: P. Jereb & C.F.E. Roper, eds. Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and Illustrated catalogue of species known to date. Volume 1. Chambered nautiluses and sepioids (Nautilidae, Sepiidae, Sepiolidae, Sepiadariidae, Idiosepiidae and Spirulidae). FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes No. 4, Vol. 1. FAO, Rome. pp. 51–55.

Cephalophyes

Arthropoda

Cephalonia (theme)

Clarke1955

Cephaloleia

Cephalopod wings

Cephalopappus is a genus of flowering plants in the daisy family.There is only one known species, Cephalopappus sonchifolius, native to eastern Brazil (States of Bahia and Rio de Janeiro).

Iwai, E. . Descriptions on unidentified species of dibranchiate cephalopods. I. An oegopsiden squid belonging to the genus Architeuthis. The Scientific Reports of the Whale Research Institute 11: 139–151.
Arkhipkinetal2015

Staines, 1996

Cephaloleia immaculata is a species of rolled-leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, first found in Costa Rica.

IUCN3.1

Cephalopod gladius

Cephalopholis urodelus is a grouper fish from the Indo-Pacific Ocean. It occasionally makes its way into the aquarium trade. It grows to a size of 28 cm (11 in) in length.

Cephaloleia splendida

Nabhitabhata, J. . Distinctive behaviour of Thai pygmy squid, Idiosepius thailandicus Chotiyaputta, Okutani & Chaitiamvong, 1991. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication 18: 25–40.

Cephalopathy

Kubodera, T., Y. Koyama & K. Mori . Observations of wild hunting behaviour and bioluminescence of a large deep-sea, eight-armed squid, Taningia danae. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274: 1029–1034.

Cephalophysis is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Teloschistaceae.

Smith, 1827

Dell1952
Adelman, W.J. & D.L. Gilbert . Electrophysiology and Biophysics of the Squid Giant Axon. In: D.L. Gilbert, W.J. Adelman & J.M. Arnold Squid as Experimental Animals. Plenum Press, New York. pp. 93–132. ISBN 0306435136.

Cephalophus harveyi

Total area includes other islands which form part of the Cephalonia regional unit

Cephalopodum

High1976
MacGinitieMacGinitie1968

formosa

Teichert, C. & B. Kummel . Size of endoceroid cephalopods. Breviora Museum of Comparative Zoology 128: 1–7.

Cephalopholis panamensis

O'Shea, S. & K. Bolstad . Giant Squid and Colossal Squid Fact Sheet. The Octopus News Magazine Online.

See text

Cephalophus

Cephalopholis argus

Kennedy, W.J. & U. Kaplan . Parapuzosia (Parapuzosia) seppenradensis (Landois) und die Ammonitenfauna der Dülmener Schichten, unteres Unter-Campan, Westfalen. Geologie und Paläontologie in Westfalen 33: 1–127. ISBN 3-924590-44-3.

July 2015

howbig
Landois1895

Cephalonia Airport

Dall, W.H. . The arms of the octopus, or devil fish. Science 6: 432.

Morphology of the Trilobite cephalon

Cephalops

Roeleveld2002

Cephalophore

High, W.L. . The giant Pacific octopus. Marine Fisheries Review 38: 17–22.
RoperVoss1983
Heuvelmans, B. . Dans le sillage des monstres marins: le kraken et le poulpe colossal. Plon, Paris.
Landois, H. . Die Riesenammoniten von Seppenrade, Pachydiscus Zittel Seppenradensis H. Landois. Jahresbericht des Westfälischen Provinzial-Vereins für Wissenschaft und Kunst 23: 99–108.

November 2016

Cephaloleia eumorpha is a species of rolled-leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, first found in Panama.

incertae sedis

Vecchione, M., K.M. Mangold & R.E. Young . Cirrata Grimpe, 1916. Tree of Life Web Project.
McClain, C.R., M.A. Balk, M.C. Benfield, T.A. Branch, C. Chen, J. Cosgrove, A.D.M. Dove, L.C. Gaskins, R.R. Helm, F.G. Hochberg, F.B. Lee, A. Marshall, S.E. McMurray, C. Schanche, S.N. Stone & A.D. Thaler . Sizing ocean giants: patterns of intraspecific size variation in marine megafauna. PeerJ 3: e715.

C. ventrocellatus

Cephalopappus

Cephalophus rubidis

Roperetal1984
Matthews1938

Cephaloleia presignis

Manger, W.L., L.K. Meeks & D.A Stephen . Pathologic Gigantism in Middle Carboniferous Cephalopods, Southern Midcontinent, United States. In: F. Olóriz & F.J. Rodríguez-Tovar Advancing Research on Living and Fossil Cephalopods. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York. pp. 77–89.

Cephalophyllum confusum

Wolff1984

A cephalophore (from the Greek for "head-carrier") is a saint who is generally depicted carrying his or her own head. In Christian art, this was usually meant to signify that the subject in question had been martyred by beheading.

Cephalopsetta ventrocellatus

KinNiedzwiedzki2012

Left: Peronopsis interstrictus, an Agnostida from Cambrian age strata of Utah.

Cephalophyes is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily Olethreutinae of the family Tortricidae.

Mitsukuri, K. & S. Ikeda . Notes on a gigantic cephalopod. Zoological Magazine 7: 39–50.
Hofilena2014

Animalia

Cephalopholis sexmaculata

Cephalonia Prefecture

Cephaloleia uhmanni

Ghiselin1974

iucn3.1

Schlegelmilch, R. . Die Belemniten des süddeutschen Jura: Ein Bestimmungsbuch für Geowissenschaftler und Fossiliensammler. Gustav Fisher, Stuttgart. ISBN 3437255266.

Cephalophora robusta

Cephaloleia lepida

Cephalomelittia is a genus of moths in the Sesiidae family.

[Anonymous] . How big is the colossal squid? Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.

Trilobite cranidium numbered.svg

Clarke, A., M.R. Clarke, L.J. Holmes & T.D. Waters . Calorific values and elemental analysis of eleven species of oceanic squids . Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 65: 983–986.

Cephalopod ink is a dark pigment released into water by most species of cephalopod, usually as an escape mechanism. All cephalopods, with the exception of the Nautilidae and the Cirrina (deep-sea octopuses), are able to release ink.The ink is released from the ink sacs (located between the gills) and is dispersed more widely when its release is accompanied by a jet of water from the siphon. Its dark colour is caused by its main constituent, melanin.

Cephalopod sucker

RoperJereb2010c

Cephaloplon

González, Á.F., Á. Guerra & F. Rocha . New data on the life history and ecology of the deep-sea hooked squid Taningia danae. Sarsia 88: 297–301.
Verrill1880
Yasuda2004
Pisor, D.L. . Registry of World Record Size Shells. Fourth edition. ConchBooks, Hackenheim. 171 pp. ISBN 0965901742.

Cephalopholis taeniops is a species of grouper that occasionally makes its way into the aquarium trade. The common length is 40 cm (maximum size 70 cm). It lives in the Eastern Atlantic: Western Sahara to Angola, including Cape Verde and the São Tomé and Príncipe islands; also recorded from the Mediterranean.

Yukhov, V.L. . The discovery of giant squids. Priroda [1974]: 60–63.

Cephalopods exhibit various dermal structures on their mantles and other parts. These may take the form of conspicuous warts, cushions, papillae or scales, though in many species they are microscopic tubercles. The most elaborate forms are found among the oceanic squid of the order Teuthida.
Cephalopod dermal structures

Cephalopod pen

Cephalonyx

beak

C. compressum

Cephalopholis spiloparaea

Boletzky1999

Cephalophyllum compressum

GR-23

Omori, M. & M. Kitamura . Taxonomic review of three Japanese species of edible jellyfish (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae). Plankton Biology & Ecology 51: 36–51.
Ley1959
[Anonymous] . The beak of the colossal squid. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.

The cephalonian method is a method of active learning for library orientation first made popular in the United Kingdom at Cardiff University. Introduced to a wider audience in 2004 by Linda Davies and Nigel Morgan, the method consists of giving the students at a library orientation class cards with prepared questions they are to ask during the session for the instructor to answer.

Kirk1880

Cephalonomancy (also known as cephaleonomancy or kephalonomancy) is an ancient form of divination which used two different methods; one was concerned with the shape of the skull, somewhat like extispicy or phrenology the other involved heating the skull of an donkey or goat while reciting various phrases, often the names of criminal suspects. If the skull crackled or the jaw moved while a name was spoken, this was taken to identify the guilty party.

Cephalopod evolution

right

Nesis, K.N. . Cephalopods of the World: Squids, Cuttlefishes, Octopuses, and Allies. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City. ISBN 0-86622-051-8.
Grulke2014

Cephaloleia varabilis

Schmitzetal2013
Scott, G. & M.H. Moore . Ammonites of enormous size from the Texas Cretaceous. Journal of Paleontology 2: 273–279.
Norman2000

Cephalopholis urodeta, known commonly as the Flagtail Grouper or also V-tail Grouper, is a species of marine fish in the family Serranidae.

Norman, M.D. & J.K. Finn . Family Vampyroteuthidae. In: P. Jereb, C.F.E. Roper, M.D. Norman & J.K. Finn Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of cephalopod species known to date. Volume 3. Octopods and Vampire Squids. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 4, Vol. 3. FAO, Rome. pp. 268–270.
Payneetal2009

Cephalon (trilobite)

Cephaloplatus (Cephaloplatus) elegans

Cephalophus jentinki

Cephaloleia triangularis

Cephalopholis fulva is a species of grouper from the Western Atlantic that occasionally makes its way into the aquarium trade. It grows to a total length of 41cm .

Cephaloleia formosus

Vecchioneetal2001a

Cephalonian method

Cephaloleia varabilis is a species of rolled-leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, first found in Colombia and Panama.

Cephalophyllum

Farquhar2014

Cephalopod Lodge

Heuvelmans, B. . The Kraken and the Colossal Octopus: In the Wake of Sea-Monsters. Kegan Paul International, London. xv + 332 pp. ISBN 0-7103-0870-1.
Dunstanetal2011
Finn2014b

All extant cephalopods have a two-part beak, or rostrum, situated in the buccal mass and surrounded by the muscular head appendages. The dorsal (upper) mandible fits into the ventral (lower) mandible and together they function in a scissor-like fashion. Composed primarily of chitin and cross-linked proteins, beaks are more-or-less indigestible and are often the only identifiable cephalopod remains found in the stomachs of predatory species such as sperm whales.

Tsuchiya, K. & T. Okutani . Rare and interesting squids in Japan -X. Recent occurrences of big squids from Okinawa. Venus 52: 299-311.

Cephalopone potens

Nicholls, E.L. & H. Isaak . Stratigraphic and taxonomic significance of Tusoteuthis longa Logan from the Pembina Member, Pierre Shale , of Manitoba. Journal of Paleontology 61: 727–737.

Cephaloplon pedunculatum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, the only species in the genus Cephaloplon.

Cephalomanes javanicum

Pteridopsida

Diakonoff, 1973

limbs
TeichertKummel1960

Cephalopholis polleni

Miller, A.K. & B. Kummel . Some large straight Ordovician cephalopods from Minnesota. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 30: 19–38.

Mantle of Lepidoteuthis grimaldii with the end of the dermal scales indicated by an arrow. A closeup of the scales is shown on the right. This was the first cephalopod species whose dermal structures were studied in detail.

Various accounts of cephalopod attacks on humans have been reported since the 13th century. Cephalopods are members of the class Cephalopoda, which include all squid, octopuses, cuttlefish, and nautiluses. Some members of the group are capable of causing injury or even death to humans.

Sanderson, I.T. . Follow the Whale. Little, Brown and Co., Boston. 423 pp.

Cephalolepis leucocephalus

Cephalopholis urodeta

Lewy, Z. . The function of the ammonite fluted septal margins. Journal of Paleontology 76: 63–69.
Roper, C.F.E. & M. Vecchione . A geographic and taxonomic review of Taningia danae Joubin, 1931 (Cephalopoda: Octopoteuthidae), with new records and observations on bioluminescence. In: T. Okutani, R.K. O'Dor & T. Kubodera Recent Advances in Cephalopod Fisheries Biology. Tokai University Press, Tokyo. pp. 441–456.
RoperYoung1972
Westermann, G.E.G. . The holotype of ?Titanites occidentalis Frebold from the Kootenay sandstone of southern British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 3: 623–625.

Cephaloleia presignis is a species of rolled-leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, first found in Mexico.

Cosgrove, J.A. & N. McDaniel . Super Suckers: The Giant Pacific Octopus and Other Cephalopods of the Pacific Coast. Harbour Publishing, Madeira Park. ISBN 1550174665.
Anonymous2003a

Cephalopsetta ventrocellatus is a species of large-tooth flounder native to the Indian Ocean, from the Gulf of Oman in the west to the Andaman Sea in the east. Little else is known about this species. It is the only known member of its genus.

Rees1950

Cephalopelvic disproportion

Roper, C.F.E. & R.E. Young . First records of juvenile giant squid, Architeuthis (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 85: 205–222.

Cephalopholis formosa

Iwai1956

Cephalopholis fulva

Ley, W. . Exotic Zoology. The Viking Press, New York. xii + 468 pp. ISBN 067030171X.
Bolstad2003
Sanderson1956
Reidetal2005
Clarke1897

Cephalopholis

C. boenak

Cephalonia

Frey1995

Cephalopappus sonchifolius

Cephalophus leucogaster

Clarke, W.J. & G.C. Robson . Notes on the stranding of giant squids on the north-east coast of England. Proceedings of the Malacological Society 18: 154–158.

Ainiktozoon loganese.jpg

Cephalomanes bauerianum

Cephalopone is an extinct genus of ants in the formicid subfamily Ponerinae described from fossils found in Europe. There are two described species placed into the genus, Cephalopone grandis and Cephalopone potens. Cephalopone is one several Lutetian Ponerinae genera.

Deagleetal2005

Large Filmy Fern, Bauer's Bristle Fern Cephalomanes bauerianum

Cephalopods in popular culture

Cephalonia Massacre

Alexander, R.M. . All-time giants: the largest animals and their problems. Palaeontology 41: 1231–1245.
Boletzky, S.v. . Dwarf cephalopods: conditions of reproduction at small size. Berichte der Geologischen Bundesanstalt 46: 24.
Nesis, K.N. . Biology of the Peru–Chilean giant squid, Dosidicus gigas. Okeanologiya 10: 140–152.
Gröger, J., U. Piatkowski & H. Heinemann . Beak length analysis of the Southern Ocean squid Psychroteuthis glacialis (Cephalopoda: Psychroteuthidae) and its use for size and biomass estimation. Polar Biology 23: 70–74.

Cephalopods, specifically pertaining to octopuses, squids, and cuttlefishes, are most commonly represented in popular culture in the Western world as creatures that spray ink and latch onto things with their tentacles without releasing.The octopus has been used as a (usually negative) metaphor for entity which is perceived as sending out many "tentacles" from one "center" in order to exert power and control.

Species

Cephaloleia viltata

Cephalopholis leopardus

Mayor

Cephalopod ink is a dark pigment released into water by most species of cephalopod, usually as an escape mechanism. All cephalopods, with the exception of the Nautilidae and the Cirrina (deep-sea octopuses), are able to release ink.The ink is released from the ink sacs (located between the gills) and is dispersed more widely when its release is accompanied by a jet of water from the siphon. Its dark colour is caused by its main constituent, melanin. Each species of cephalopod produces slightly differently coloured inks; generally, octopuses produce black ink, squid ink is blue-black, and cuttlefish ink is a shade of brown.A number of other aquatic molluscs have similar responses to attack, including the gastropod clade known as sea hares.

H. Kilias & Scheid.)

November

Cephalon Inc.

Nigmatullin, C.M., K.N. Nesis & A.I. Arkhipkin . A review of the biology of the jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas . Fisheries Research 54: 9–19.
[Anonymous] . Nautilus repertus ID:118763. Shell Encyclopedia, Conchology, Inc.
Eyden, P. . Belemnites: A Quick Look. The Octopus News Magazine Online.

C. aeneus

Trueman, A.E. . The ammonite body-chamber, with special reference to the buoyancy and mode of life of the living ammonite. The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 96: 339–383.

C. titillator

Gorbunov & Arita, 1995

Cephalopsetta

Cephaloleia lepida is a species of rolled-leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, first found in Panama.

Cephalopod ink

Ellis1998
Poulton1989
Paxton, C.G.M. . Unleashing the Kraken: on the maximum length in giant squid . Journal of Zoology 300: 82–88.
Keil1963
Ibaetal2015

Cephalopods, as active marine predators, possess sensory organs specialized for use in aquatic conditions. They have a camera-type eye which consists of an iris, a circular lens, vitreous cavity (eye gel), pigment cells, and photoreceptor cells that translate light from the light-sensitive retina into nerve signals which travel along the optic nerve to the brain. For the past 140 years, the camera-type cephalopod eye has been compared with the vertebrate eye as an example of convergent evolution, where both types of organisms have independently evolved the camera-eye trait and both share similar functionality. Contention exists on whether this is truly convergent evolution or parallel evolution. Unlike the vertebrate camera eye, the cephalopods' form as invaginations of the body surface (rather than outgrowths of the brain), and consequently they lack a cornea. Unlike the vertebrate eye, a cephalopod eye is focused through movement, much like the lens of a camera or telescope, rather than changing shape as the lens in the human eye does. The eye is approximately spherical, as is the lens, which is fully internal.The crystalins used in the lens appear to have developed independently from vertebrate crystalins, suggesting a homoplasious origin of the lens.Most cephalopods possess complex extraocular muscle systems that allow for very fine control over the gross positioning of the eyes. Octopuses possess an autonomic response that maintains the orientation of their pupils such that they are always horizontal.

Cephalophus natalensis

polleni

Cephalopod arms and tentacles

Cephaloleia uhmanni is a species of rolled-leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, first found in Costa Rica and Panama.

Cephalomanes

Cephalon, Inc.

Norman, M.D., D. Paul, J. Finn & T. Tregenza . First encounter with a live male blanket octopus: the world's most sexually size‐dimorphic large animal. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 36: 733–736.
Grulke, W. . Heteromorph: The rarest fossil ammonites: Nature at its most bizarre. At One Communications. 224 pp. ISBN 978-0-9929740-0-8.
Anderson2003

Cephaloleia formosus is a species of rolled-leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, first found in Panama.

Argostoli

Rees, W.J. . On a giant squid, Ommastrephes caroli Furtado stranded at Looe, Cornwall. Bulletin of the British Museum , Zoology 1: 29–42.

Cephaloleia scitulus

C. bauerianum

Heuvelmans1958
Gonzalezetal2003

In vertebrate eyes, the nerve fibers route before the retina, blocking some light and creating a blind spot where the fibers pass through the retina. In cephalopod eyes, the nerve fibers route behind the retina, and do not block light or disrupt the retina. 1 is the retina and 2 the nerve fibers. 3 is the optic nerve. 4 is the vertebrate blind spot.

Cephaloleia weisei is a species of rolled-leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, first found in Panama.

ScottMoore1928
Norman, M.D., J.K. Finn & F.G. Hochberg . Family Octopodidae. In: P. Jereb, C.F.E. Roper, M.D. Norman & J.K. Finn Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of cephalopod species known to date. Volume 3. Octopods and Vampire Squids. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 4, Vol. 3. FAO, Rome. pp. 36–215.

Cephalopoda

Cephalopholis sexmaculata, known commonly as the Six-blotch Hind, is a species of marine fish in the family Serranidae.The Six-blotch Hind is widespread throughout the tropical waters of the Indo-Pacific area, Red Sea included.The Six-blotch Hind is a medium size fish and can reach a maximum size of 50 cm length .

Cephalops aeneus

commun

Stevens1985
Mangeretal1999

Cephalophus ogilbyi spp. crusalbum

Dlussky & Wedmann, 2012

Cephalonyx is a genus of filamentous acritarchs known from the Precambrian and early Cambrian (and possibly other times).

Bolstad2008

Cephalon (arthropod head)
Right:The enigmatic creature, Ainiktozoon loganese, a Thylacocephala, which was once thought to be an ancestral chordate, but is now thought to be a peculiar-looking crustacean. The trilobite in the same picture is Calymene blumenbachi. Both lived in Silurian Great Britain.

RoperVecchione1993
Kuboderaetal2016

Cephalophus ogilbyi

Hutselletal1997

Cephaloleia immaculata

Martins & Napp, 1986

Berzin1972

All cephalopods possess flexible limbs extending from their heads and surrounding their beaks. These appendages, which function as muscular hydrostats, have been variously termed arms or tentacles.

ventrocellatus

Cephalophus niger

Ameghino, 1897

Griggs2003

Dinter & Schwantes

Cephalomanes elegans

Wolff, G.A. . Identification and estimation of size from the beaks of 18 species of cephalopods from the Pacific Ocean. NOAA Technical Report NMFS 17, NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service.
Clarke1956
Wright, C.W. & W.J. Kennedy . Origin, evolution and systematics of the dwarf acanthoceratid Protacanthoceras Spath, 1923 (Cretaceous Ammonoidea). Bulletin of the British Museum : Geology 34: 65–107.

Cephalopod egg fossils are the fossilized remains of eggs laid by cephalopods. The fossil record of cephalopod eggs is scant since their soft, gelatinous eggs decompose quickly and have little chance to fossilize. Eggs laid by ammonoids are the best known and only a few putative examples of these have been discovered. The best preserved of these were discovered in the Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay of England.

Cephalophyllum is a genus of plant in family Aizoaceae.

Cephaloleia rubra is a species of rolled-leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, first found in Trinidad.

Dutt & Hanumantha Rao, 1965

O'Shea, S. . The giant octopus Haliphron atlanticus (Mollusca : Octopoda) in New Zealand waters. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 31: 7–13.
Young, R.E. & K.M. Mangold . Megalocranchia Pfeffer, 1884. Tree of Life Web Project.
Clarke, R. . Sperm whales of the Azores. Discovery Report 28: 237–298.

Cephalophus rufilatus

ClarkeRobson1929

Cephalomyidae is an extinct family of caviomorph rodents from South America. The specific relationships of the family are uncertain, and affinities to both chinchilloid and cavioid rodents have been supported (McKenna and Bell, 1997; Vucetich et al., 1999; Kramarz, 2001, 2005). Most recently, Kramarz (2005) performed a phylogenetic analysis supporting a relationship to the Cavioidea, as represented by Eocardiidae. McKenna and Bell (1997) questioned the validity of the family, placing the cephalomyid genera then known in Dasyproctidae, but Kramarz (2001) subsequently reasserted the distinctiveness of cephalomyids.

Praecambridium sigillum.jpg

Cephalophus callipygus

Cephalomappa

The cephalonian method is a method of active learning for library orientation first made popular in the United Kingdom at Cardiff University. Introduced to a wider audience in 2004 by Linda Davies and Nigel Morgan, the method consists of giving the students at a library orientation class cards with prepared questions they are to ask during the session for the instructor to answer. Questions are grouped into categories and colour coded to provide some structure; the order of the questions in any section is based on the order the students choose to stand up which makes the sessions more random and reduces the repetitive nature of library induction / orientation. The name is taken from a method used for orientation of tourists at a popular resort in Cephalonia, Greece.

LepidoJoubin2 .jpg

Vice-Governor

Roper, C.F.E. & P. Jereb . Family Magnapinnidae. In: P. Jereb & C.F.E. Roper Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date. Volume 2. Myopsid and Oegopsid Squids. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes No. 4, Vol. 2. FAO, Rome. pp. 247–249.

All extant cephalopods have a two-part beak, or rostrum, situated in the buccal mass and surrounded by the muscular head appendages. The dorsal (upper) mandible fits into the ventral (lower) mandible and together they function in a scissor-like fashion. Composed primarily of chitin and cross-linked proteins, beaks are more-or-less indigestible and are often the only identifiable cephalopod remains found in the stomachs of predatory species such as sperm whales. They can be used to estimate the mantle length and total body weight of the original animal as well as the total ingested biomass of the species. Cephalopod beaks gradually become less stiff as one moves from the tip to the base, a gradient that results from differing chemical composition. In hydrated beaks of the Humboldt squid (Dosidicus gigas) this stiffness gradient spans two orders of magnitude.Fossilised remains of beaks are known from a number of cephalopod groups, both extant and extinct, including squids, octopuses, belemnites, and vampyromorphs. Aptychi – paired plate-like structures found in ammonites – may also have been jaw elements.The beak may also be referred to as the mandibles or jaws.

Kirk, T.W. . Brief description of a new species of large decapod (Architeuthis longimanus). Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 20: 34–39.
Larson, R.J. . Water content, organic content, and carbon and nitrogen composition of medusae from the northeast Pacific. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 99: 107–120.

Cephalopod aggression

Cephalophores

Cephalophus nigrifrons

Cephalops obtusinervis is a species of fly in the family Pipunculidae. It is found in the Palearctic.

Kennedy, W.J. & W.A. Cobban . Cenomanian micromorphic ammonites from the Western Interior of the USA. Palaeontology 33: 379–422.
Wood, J.B. & R.K. O'Dor . Do larger cephalopods live longer? Effects of temperature and phylogeny on interspecific comparisons of age and size at maturity. Marine Biology 136: 91–99.
[Anonymous] . The arms and tentacles. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.

Nomόs Κefallenίas

Verrill, A.E. . The colossal cephalopods of the North Atlantic, II. American Naturalist 9: 78–86.
Larsonetal1997

Cephalopod tail

OShea2003c
OmoriKitamura2004
Nilssonetal2012
Finn, J.K. . Family Alloposidae. In: P. Jereb, C.F.E. Roper, M.D. Norman & J.K. Finn Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of cephalopod species known to date. Volume 3. Octopods and Vampire Squids. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 4, Vol. 3. FAO, Rome. pp. 225–228.
Zeidler1981

Arm of Illex illecebrosus with two rows of suckers along its length

Roper, C.F.E. & P. Jereb . Family Lepidoteuthidae. In: P. Jereb & C.F.E. Roper Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date. Volume 2. Myopsid and Oegopsid Squids. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes No. 4, Vol. 2. FAO, Rome. pp. 239–240.
Cephalopod size
Norman, M.D. . Cephalopods: A World Guide. ConchBooks, Hackenheim. 320 pp. ISBN 3-925919-32-5.

Cephaloleia weisei

Murray, A. . Capture of a gigantic squid at Newfoundland. American Naturalist 8: 120–123. [See also correction: Gigantic cuttle-fishes of Newfoundland. American Naturalist 8: 226–227.]
OliveroZinsmeister1989

K.Iwats.

Cephalopholis formosa or Blue line grouper is a grouper from the Indo-West Pacific that occasionally makes its way into the aquarium trade. It grows to a size of 34cm in length.

C.G.D.Nees & C.F.P.Martius

Cephalopods

MeekGoddard1926

yes

Bloch & Schneider, 1801

Cephalopholis boenak is a species of fish in the Serranidae family, known under many common names, including "Bluelined Coralcod", "Brown-banded Seabass", "Brownbarred Grouper", "Brown-barred Rockcod", "Brownbarred Rockcod", "Brown Coral-cod", "Brown Coral Cod", "Charcoal Grouper", "Cherna Chocolate", "Chocolate Hind", "Dusty-banded Cod", "Overcast Grouper", "Rock Cod" and "Vielle Chocolat" .

Roper, C.F.E. & P. Jereb . Family Mastigoteuthidae. In: P. Jereb & C.F.E. Roper Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date. Volume 2. Myopsid and Oegopsid Squids. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes No. 4, Vol. 2. FAO, Rome. pp. 250–256.
Verrill, A.E. . The colossal cephalopods of the North Atlantic. American Naturalist 9: 21–36.

Cephalopachus

Roper, C.F.E., C. Nigmatullin & P. Jereb . Family Ommastrephidae. In: P. Jereb & C.F.E. Roper Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date. Volume 2. Myopsid and Oegopsid Squids. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes No. 4, Vol. 2. FAO, Rome. pp. 269–347.
Stevens, G.R. . A revision of the Lytoceratinae including Lytoceras taharoaense n. sp., Upper Jurassic, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 28: 153–185.
Keil, A. . Riesentintenfische aus dem Pottwal-Magen. Natur und Museum 93: 319–323.

Cephalopone grandis

Wood1982

Cephalonia-Zante

Vermeij, G.J. . Gigantism and its implications for the history of life. PLoS ONE 11: e0146092.

A Leopard Grouper for sale as live seafood in a Hong Kong restaurant.

Cephaloleia viltata is a species of rolled-leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, first found in Costa Rica.

Nilsson, D.-E., E.J. Warrant, S. Johnsen, R. Hanlon & N. Shashar . A unique advantage for giant eyes in giant squid. Current Biology 22: 683–688.
Jereb, P., M. Vecchione & C.F.E. Roper . Family Loliginidae. In: P. Jereb & C.F.E. Roper Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date. Volume 2. Myopsid and Oegopsid Squids. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes No. 4, Vol. 2. FAO, Rome. pp. 38–117.

Cephalopod eyes

Cephalopholis nigripinnis, known commonly as the Darkfin Hind, is a species of marine fish in the family Serranidae.The Darkfin Hind is widespread throughout the tropical waters of the Indian Ocean, Red Sea excluded.The Darkfin Hind is a medium size fish and can reach a maximum size of 28 cm length.

CosgroveMcDaniel2009

Cephalonoplos

Kefallinia muncipalities numbered.png

Cephalops obtusinervis

Cephaloleia rubra

Cephalopholis spiloparaea, known commonly as the strawberry hind or orange-red pigmy grouper, is a species of marine fish in the family Serranidae.The strawberry hind is widespread throughout the tropical waters of the Indo-Pacific area, Red Sea excluded.The orange-red pigmy grouper is a medium size fish and can reach a maximum size of 30 cm length.

P.S.Green

TsuchiyaOkutani1993

Cephalophyllum pillansii is a plant species in the Aizoaceae family, endemic to the western Namaqualand veld in Namibia and South Africa. It has gray-green, succulent leaves, with yellow flowers.

ClarkeGoodall1994
Finn, J.K. . Family Argonautidae. In: P. Jereb, C.F.E. Roper, M.D. Norman & J.K. Finn Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of cephalopod species known to date. Volume 3. Octopods and Vampire Squids. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 4, Vol. 3. FAO, Rome. pp. 228–237.
Finn2014a

Leopard grouper

Cephalo-pelvic disproportion exists when the capacity of the pelvis is inadequate to allow the fetus to negotiate the birth canal. This may be due to a small pelvis, a nongynecoid pelvic formation, a large fetus, an unfavorable orientation of the fetus, or a combination of these factors. Certain medical conditions may distort pelvic bones, such as rickets or a pelvic fracture, and lead to CPD.Transverse diagonal measurement has been proposed as a predictive method.

Wolff, G.A. . A beak key for eight eastern tropical Pacific cephalopod species with relationships between their beak dimensions and size. Fishery Bulletin 80: 357–370.
Knop, D. . Giant Clams: A Comprehensive Guide to the Identification and Care of Tridacnid Clams. Dähne Verlag, Ettlingen.

Illex illecebrosus tentacle.jpg

Kefaloniá

Cerullo, M.M. & C.F.E. Roper . Giant Squid: Searching for a Sea Monster. Capstone Press, North Mankato. 48 pp. ISBN 1429680237.
Boletzky, S.v. . A lower limit to adult size in coleoid cephalopods: elements of a discussion. Berliner Paläobiologische Abhandlungen 3: 19–28.
Holland1987
Arkhipkin, A., R. Weis, N. Mariotti & Z. Shcherbich . 'Tailed' cephalopods. Journal of Molluscan Studies 81: 345–355.
Clarke, M.R. . The identification of cephalopod "beaks" and the relationship between beak size and total body weight. Bulletin of the British Museum , Zoology 8: 419–480.

Cephalonomancy

Roper, C.F.E. & P. Jereb . Family Onychoteuthidae. In: P. Jereb & C.F.E. Roper Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date. Volume 2. Myopsid and Oegopsid Squids. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes No. 4, Vol. 2. FAO, Rome. pp. 348–369.

Cephalophus monticola

Rosewater, J.R. . The family Tridacnidae in the Indo-Pacific. Indo-Pacific Mollusca 1: 347–408.

Cephalolepis

Yasuda, T. . 日本近海における巨大エチゼンクラゲ Nemopilema nomurai の大発生について. [On the unusual occurrence of the giant medusa, Nemopilema nomurai in Japanese waters.] Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 70: 380–386.
Klugetal2015
McClainetal2015

December

Cephaloptera

MacGinitieMacGinitie1949

Cephalophus ogilbyi brookei

WeisMariotti2007
Santosetal2001
Clarke1980

Capital

Iba, Y., S.-I. Sano & M. Goto . Large belemnites were already common in the Early Jurassic—new evidence from central Japan. Paleontological Research 19: 21–25.

Cephalophyllum confusum is a species of plant in the Aizoaceae family. It is endemic to Namibia.

RoperJereb2010i
Arkhipkin, A.I. & V.V. Laptikhovsky . Observation of penis elongation in Onykia ingens: implications for spermatophore transfer in deep-water squid. Journal Molluscan Studies 76: 299–300.
ArkhipkinLaptikhovsky2010
Schlegelmilch1998

Cephalomappa beccariana

Wormuth, J.H. . The biogeography and numerical taxonomy of the oegopsid squid family Ommastrephidae in the Pacific Ocean. Bulletin of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography 23: 1–96.
RoperJereb2010e
Weis, R. & N. Mariotti . A belemnite fauna from the Aalenian-Bajocian boundary beds of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (NE Paris Basin). Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana 46: 149–174.

Cephalophus rubidus

vertical

C. formosa

C. leopardus

Sotiris Kouris

Cephalophora anthemoides

Cephalopods, as active marine predators, possess sensory organs specialized for use in aquatic conditions. They have a camera-type eye which consists of an iris, a circular lens, vitreous cavity (eye gel), pigment cells, and photoreceptor cells that translate light from the light-sensitive retina into nerve signals which travel along the optic nerve to the brain.

Summesberger, H. . Eine obersantone Ammonitenfauna aus dem Becken von Gosau (Oberösterreich). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums Wien 82: 109–176.
Zeidler, W. . A giant deep-sea squid, Taningia sp., from South Australian waters. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 105: 218.
Zuyevetal2002
Meek, A. & T.R. Goddard . On two specimens of giant squid stranded on the Northumberland coast. Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne, new series, 6: 229–237.

Center:Praecambridium sigillum

Cephalomancy

Reid2005
Klug, C., K. De Baets, B. Kröger, M.A. Bell, D. Korn & J.L. Payne . Normal giants? Temporal and latitudinal shifts of Palaeozoic marine invertebrate gigantism and global change. Lethaia 48: 267–288.

Cephalonia or Kefalonia (Greek: Κεφαλονιά or Κεφαλλονιά), formerly also known as Kefallinia or Kephallenia (Κεφαλληνία), is the largest of the Ionian Islands in western Greece. It is also a separate regional unit of the Ionian Islands region, and the only municipality of the regional unit. It was also a former Latin Catholic diocese Kefalonia–Zakynthos (Cefalonia–Zante) and short-lived titular see as just Kefalonia.The capital of Cephalonia is Argostoli.

Boletzky2003
Anonymous2003b
MitsukuriIkeda1895
OShea2004
Nesis1985
Fairbairn, D.J. . Introduction: the enigma of sexual size dimorphism. In: D.J. Fairbairn, W.U. Blanckenhorn & T. Székely Sex, Size and Gender Roles: Evolutionary Studies of Sexual Size Dimorphism. Oxford University Press, Oxford. pp. 1–10. ISBN 0199545588.
Deagle, B.E., S.N. Jarman, D. Pemberton & N.J. Gales . Genetic screening for prey in the gut contents from a giant squid . Journal of Heredity 96: 417–423.
CerulloRoper2012
Guerraetal2011

Cephalophyllum compressum is a species of plant in the Aizoaceae family. It is endemic to Namibia. Its natural habitats are dry savanna and subtropical or tropical dry shrubland. It is threatened by habitat loss.

horizontal

Cephalonia International

Verrill1875b
Dunstan, A.J., P.D. Ward & N.J. Marshall . Nautilus pompilius life history and demographics at the Osprey Reef Seamount, Coral Sea, Australia. PLoS ONE 6: e16312.
Clarke, M.R. . A review of the systematics and ecology of oceanic squids. Advances in Marine Biology 4: 91–300.

C. urodelus

Normanetal2002
Korabelnikov1959

Cephalopholis panamensis is a grouper fish from the Eastern Pacific Ocean. It is common and shy, and occasionally makes its way into the aquarium trade. It grows to a size of 31 cm in length.

Holland, C.H. . The nautiloid cephalopods: a strange success. Journal of the Geological Society of London 144: 1–15.

InternetArchiveBot

*Callistopteris baueriana (Endl.) Copel. (1938)

Scheel, D. & R. Anderson . Variability in the diet specialization of Enteroctopus dofleini in the eastern Pacific examined from midden contents. American Malacological Bulletin 30: 267–279.

including:
*Cephalopodum badachschanicum

Rosa, R. & B.A. Seibel . Slow pace of life of the Antarctic colossal squid. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 90: 1375–1378.
Staub1993

Sparganophorus sonchifolius (Nees & Mart.) Spreng. )

Cephalopodum is a genus of flowering plant in the Apiaceae, with 2 species. It is endemic to the Middle East.

Cephalopone

Verrill1875a

Cephalophysa

Cephaloleia scitulus is a species of rolled-leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, first found in Panama.

Forch1998
HarasewychMoretzsohn2010

C. pedunculatum

KennedyCobban1990

Trilobite cephalon areas numbered.svg

NormanFinn2014
Larson1986

Alexandros Parisis

Cephalon (head)

Cephalophora scaposa

Anonymous2000

Subspecies

Korabelnikov, L.V. . The diet of sperm whales in the Antarctic seas. Priroda 3: 103–104.

Cephaloleia eumorpha

Cephalopsis titillator is a member of the genus of flies in the family Oestridae. It is a nasal bot fly of dromedaries.

C. nigripinnis

Clarke1966
Kuboderaetal2006

C. confusum

Kawahara, M., S. Uye, K. Ohtsu & H. Iizumi . Unusual population explosion of the giant jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae) in East Asian waters. Marine Ecology Progress Series 307: 161–173.
Roper, C.F.E. & P. Jereb . Family Thysanoteuthidae. In: P. Jereb & C.F.E. Roper Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date. Volume 2. Myopsid and Oegopsid Squids. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes No. 4, Vol. 2. FAO, Rome. pp. 384–387.

Cephalophysis

Olivero, E.B. & W.J. Zinsmeister . Large heteromorph ammonites from the Upper Cretaceous of Seymour Island, Antarctica. Journal of Paleontology 63: 626–636.

Cephalophus nigrifons

Yukhov1974

Cephalomanes bauerianum is a fern in the Hymenophyllaceae family. The specific epithet honours the Austrian botanical artist, Frederick Lucas Bauer (1760–1826), who collected plants on Norfolk Island in 1804–1805.

Nesis, K.N. . Abridged key to the cephalopod mollusks of the world's ocean. Light and Food Industry Publishing House, Moscow. 385+ii pp. [Translated into English by B.S. Levitov, ed. by L.A. Burgess . . Cephalopods of the World: Squids, Cuttlefishes, Octopuses, and Allies. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City.]

Cephalonia (airport)

Cephalophus silvicultor

Ellis, R. . Deep Atlantic: Life, Death, and Exploration in the Abyss. Knopf, New York. 395 pp. ISBN 0679433244.
Frey, R.C. . Middle and Upper Ordovician nautiloid cephalopods of the Cincinnati Arch region of Kentucky, Indiana, and Ohio. U.S. Geological Survey, Denver.
[Anonymous] . Spirula spirula ID:306458. Shell Encyclopedia, Conchology, Inc.

Fallen, 1810

Murray1874
Alexander1998
Miller1957
Vermeij2016
Pisor, D.L. . Registry of World Record Size Shells. Fifth edition. ConchBooks, Hackenheim. 207 pp. ISBN 0615194753.

C. obtusinervis

Metric

Santos, M.B., G.J. Pierce, Á.F. González, F. Santos, M.A. Vázquez, M.A. Santos & M.A. Collins . First records of Taningia danae in Galician waters and in Scottish waters . Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK 81: 355–356.
Clarke1962

Cephalopod mandible

KuboderaHorikawa2005
Westermann1966
Kawaharaetal2006
ReidJereb2005
Clarke, M.R. . Cephalopoda in the diet of sperm whales of the southern hemisphere and their bearing on sperm whale biology. Discovery Reports 37: 1–324.
Finn2013
Llinás, R.R. . The Squid Giant Synapse: A Model for Chemical Transmission. Oxford University Press, Oxford. ISBN 0195116526.

Cephalopod fins, sometimes known as wings, are paired flap-like locomotory appendages. They are found in ten-limbed cephalopods (including squid, bobtail squid, cuttlefish, and Spirula) as well as in the eight-limbed cirrate octopuses and vampire squid. Many extinct cephalopod groups also possessed fins. Nautiluses and the more familiar incirrate octopuses lack swimming fins. An extreme development of the cephalopod fin is seen in the bigfin squid of the family Magnapinnidae.Fins project from the mantle and are often positioned dorsally. In most cephalopods, the fins are restricted to the posterior end of the mantle, but in cuttlefish and some squid they span the mantle's entire length.Fin attachment varies greatly among cephalopods, though in all cases it involves specialised fin cartilage (which reaches its greatest development in Octopodiformes). A fin may be attached to the internal shell or shell remnant (such as the gladius), to the opposite fin, to the mantle, or a combination of these.

Cephalophus dorsalis

Paxton2016

Cephalophus anchietae

Landman, N.H., J.K. Cochran, R. Cerrato, J. Mak, C.F.E. Roper & C.C. Lu . Habitat and age of the giant squid (Architeuthis sanctipauli) inferred from isotopic analyses. Marine Biology 144: 685–691.
Dall1885

C. polleni

OShea2003b

Cephalops aeneus is a species of fly in the family Pipunculidae. It is found in the Palearctic.

Cosgrove, J.A. . Aspects of the natural history of Octopus dofleini, the giant Pacific octopus. M.Sc. thesis. Department of Biology, University of Victoria . 101 pp.

Illex illecebrosus arm.jpg

Cephalophus is a mammal genus which contains two species of duiker, a type of small antelope.

*Trichomanes bauerianum (Endl. )
*Callistopteris baueriana ( Copel. )

Heuvelmans2003

Cephalophora acaulis

Glaubrecht, M. & M.A. Salcedo-Vargas . The Humboldt squid Dosidicus gigas : history of the Berlin specimen, with a reappraisal of other pelagic gigantic cephalopods . Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin, Zoologische Reihe 80: 53–69.
Anonymous2003c
Beer2015

Cephalonia (Greek: Κεφαλληνία) is a parliamentary constituency returning one MP to the Greek Parliament. It comprises the Cephalonia Prefecture.

Lovis2011
Grulke2016
NichollsIsaak1987
Sweeney, M.J. & C.F.E. Roper . Records of Architeuthis Specimens from Published Reports. National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. 132 pp.

Cephaloleia triangularis is a species of rolled-leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, first found in Costa Rica.

Miller, H.W. . Niobrarateuthis bonneri, a new genus and species of squid from the Niobrara Formation of Kansas. Journal of Paleontology 31: 809–811.

Cephalophysa is a genus of tephritid or fruit flies in the family Tephritidae.

Vecchioneetal2011
Matthews, L.H. . The sperm whale, Physeter catodon. Discovery Reports 17: 93–168.
OSheaBolstad2008
SweeneyRoper2001
HochbergFields1980
KennedyKaplan1995
Nesis1987
Eyden, P. . Tusoteuthis and the Cretaceous Giant Squids. The Octopus News Magazine Online.
Anderton2007
Okutani2015a
O'Shea, S. . Haliphron atlanticus — a giant gelatinous octopus. Biodiversity Update 5: 1.
MillerKummel1944
Poulton, T.P. . Jurassic (Oxfordian) ammonites from the Fernie Formation of Western Canada: a giant peltoceratinid, and Cardioceras canadense Whiteaves. Contributions to Canadian Paleontology, Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 396: 173–179.
Finn, J.K. . Taxonomy and biology of the argonauts with particular reference to Australian material. Molluscan Research 33: 143–222.
Landois, H. . Gewichtsverhältnisse unserer Riesen-Ammoniten. Jahresbericht des Westfälischen Provinzial-Vereins für Wissenschaft und Kunst 26: 27–28.
[Anonymous] . Nautilus repertus ID:118764. Shell Encyclopedia, Conchology, Inc.
Clarke, M.R. & N. Goodall . Cephalopods in the diets of three odontocete cetacean species stranded at Tierra del Fuego, Globicephala melaena , Hyperoodon planifrons Flower, 1882 and Cephalorhynchus commersonii . Antarctic Science 6: 149–154.
Staub, F. . Requin bleu, calmar géant et cachalot. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Arts and Sciences of Mauritius 5: 141–145.
Starkey, J.D. . I saw a sea monster. Animals 2: 629, 644.

Cephalopods, specifically pertaining to octopuses, squids, and cuttlefishes, are most commonly represented in popular culture in the Western world as creatures that spray ink and latch onto things with their tentacles without releasing.The octopus has been used as a (usually negative) metaphor for entity which is perceived as sending out many "tentacles" from one "center" in order to exert power and control. Such metaphors had been used by the opponents of Multinational corporation and also by Antisemites depicting Jews in such a way (for example, in cartoons used to illustrate some editions of "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion".

Harasewych, M.G. & F. Moretzsohn . The Book of Shells: A lifesize guide to identifying and classifying six hundred shells. A & C Black Publishers, London. ISBN 1408125277.

Lepidoteuthis grimaldii scales.jpg

Cephalophus adersi

Scully, T. . Neuroscience: The great squid hunt. Nature 454: 934–936.
Winkelmannetal2013
Vecchioneetal2010

L.Bolus

Vecchioneetal2008
Kubodera, T., U. Piatkowski, T. Okutani & M.R. Clarke . Taxonomy and zoogeography of the family Onychoteuthidae (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 586: 277–291.
Reid, A., P. Jereb, & C.F.E. Roper . Family Sepiidae. In: P. Jereb & C.F.E. Roper, eds. Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date. Volume 1. Chambered nautiluses and sepioids (Nautilidae, Sepiidae, Sepiolidae, Sepiadariidae, Idiosepiidae and Spirulidae). FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes No. 4, Vol. 1. FAO, Rome. pp. 57–152.

C. sexmaculata

Cephalolepis squamosus

Cephalophus spadix

Clarke1986
Leith, E.I. . Notes on the cephalopod Lambeoceras lambii from Manitoba. Journal of Paleontology 16: 130–132.
Ellis1996

Mammalia

Vecchione, M., R.E. Young & K. Tsuchiya . Onykia (Onykia) robsoni (Adam, 1962). Tree of Life Web Project.
RoperJereb2010f
Kirk1888

Cephalopholis boenak is a species of fish in the Serranidae family, known under many common names, including "Bluelined Coralcod", "Brown-banded Seabass", "Brownbarred Grouper", "Brown-barred Rockcod", "Brownbarred Rockcod", "Brown Coral-cod", "Brown Coral Cod", "Charcoal Grouper", "Cherna Chocolate", "Chocolate Hind", "Dusty-banded Cod", "Overcast Grouper", "Rock Cod" and "Vielle Chocolat" . Its natural habitat is coral reefs and it is found in the waters around Australia, Cambodia, China, Comoros, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Kenya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritius, Micronesia, Mozambique, New Caledonia, Palau, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Réunion, Seychelles, Singapore, the Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Vanuatu, and Vietnam .

Okutani, T. . Cuttlefish and squids of the world in color. Publication for the 30th anniversary of the foundation of the National Cooperative Association of Squid Processors. 185 pp.

Cephalopsis

Okutani, T. . Megalocranchia maxima Pfeffer, 1884. In: Cuttlefishes and Squids of the World: New Edition. National Cooperative Association of Squid Processors. 246 pp. ISBN 4486037340.

View of Asos, Cephalonia

Cephalopholis taeniops

Cephalopholis polleni is a grouper fish from the Indo-Pacific Ocean. It occasionally makes its way into the aquarium trade. It grows to a size of 43cm in length.

The Cephalonia Prefecture (Greek: Νομός Κεφαλληνίας) was a prefecture in Greece, containing the Ionian islands of Cephalonia and Ithaca. In 2011 the prefectural self-government was abolished and the territory is now covered by the regional units of Cephalonia and Ithaca.

RosaSeibel2010
Llinas1999
Tanabeetal2006

The cephalon is the head section of an arthropod. It is a tagma, i.e., a specialized grouping of arthropod segments. The word cephalon derives from the Greek κεφαλή (cephale), meaning "head".

Rodentia

Kirk, T.W. . On the occurrence of giant cuttlefish on the New Zealand coast. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 12: 310–313.
Tanabe, K., Y. Hikida & Y. Iba . Two coleoid jaws from the Upper Cretaceous of Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Paleontology 80: 138–145.

Cephalomanes is a fern genus in the family Hymenophyllaceae.

Bright1989

Cephalophus ogilbyi ogilbyi

Vecchione, M., R.E. Young, Á. Guerra, D.J. Lindsay, D.A. Clague, J.M. Bernhard, W.W. Sager, Á.F. González, F.J. Rocha & M. Segonzac . Cephalopods in Action. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.
RoperJereb2010j

I was much interested, on several occasions, by watching the habits of an Octopus or cuttle-fish ... they darted tail first, with the rapidity of an arrow, from one side of the pool to the other, at the same instant discolouring the water with a dark chestnut-brown ink.

Hansford2009

Cephalopod egg fossils are the fossilized remains of eggs laid by cephalopods. The fossil record of cephalopod eggs is scant since their soft, gelatinous eggs decompose quickly and have little chance to fossilize. Eggs laid by ammonoids are the best known and only a few putative examples of these have been discovered. The best preserved of these were discovered in the Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay of England. Currently no belemnoid egg fossils have ever been discovered although this may be because scientists have not properly searched for them rather than an actual absence from the fossil record.

RoperJereb2010a

Country

Roeleveld2000

Cephalopachus bancanus

Cephalophysis leucospila

Nigmatullinetal2001
Anonymous2006
Okutani1995
MacGinitie, G.E. & N. MacGinitie . Natural History of Marine Animals. McGraw-Hill, New York. xii + 473 pp.

October

taeniops

Teichert1927

Cephalopholis leopardus, also known as the Leopard grouper or Leopard hind , is a demersal Marine fish belonging to the family Serranidae.

*C. grandis
*C. potens

Cheiridopsis denticulata

Greshko2016

Cephalon Inc

ScheelAnderson2012

Cephalopholis miniata

A cephalophore (from the Greek for "head-carrier") is a saint who is generally depicted carrying his or her own head. In Christian art, this was usually meant to signify that the subject in question had been martyred by beheading. Handling the halo in this circumstance offers a unique challenge for the artist, some put the halo where the head used to be, others have the saint carrying the halo along with the head, and some split the difference.The term "cephalophore" was first used in a French article by Marcel Hébert, "Les martyrs céphalophores Euchaire, Elophe et Libaire", in Revue de l'Université de Bruxelles, v. 19 (1914).

Dell, R.K. . The Recent Cephalopoda of New Zealand. Dominion Museum Bulletin 16: 1–157.
Pisor2005

Cephalon (trilobite anatomy)

Knop1996
Roper, C.F.E. & G.L. Voss . Guidelines for taxonomic descriptions of cephalopod species. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria 44: 48–63.
Wood, G.L. . The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. Guinness Superlatives, London. 252 pp. ISBN 0-85112-235-3.
Eyden2003a
Lewy2002
Clarke, M.R. . A Handbook for the Identification of Cephalopod Beaks. Oxford University Press, Oxford. ISBN 0-19-857603-X.

Cephalopod arm

Vecchione, M., R.E. Young, Á. Guerra, D.J. Lindsay, D.A. Clague, J.M. Bernhard, W.W. Sager, Á.F. González, F.J. Rocha & M. Segonzac . Worldwide observations of remarkable deep-sea squids. Science 294: 2505–2506.
Wong2000
Cosgrove1987
Stevens1988
Leith1942
[Anonymous] . Spirula spirula ID:126690. Shell Encyclopedia, Conchology, Inc.
Verrill, A.E. . The cephalopods of the north-eastern coast of America. Part I. The gigantic squids (Architeuthis) and their allies; with observations on similar large species from foreign localities. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Sciences 5: 177–257.

Cephalonia (constituency)

Clarkeetal1985
Scully2008
Clarke, R. . A giant squid swallowed by a sperm whale. Norsk Hvalfangst-Tidende 44: 589–593.
Hochberg, F.G. & W.G. Fields . Cephalopoda: The Squids and Octopuses. In: R.H. Morris, D.P. Abbott & E.C. Haderlie Intertidal Invertebrates of California. Stanford University Press, Stanford. pp. 429–444. ISBN 0804710457.
Reid, A. . Family Spirulidae. In: P. Jereb & C.F.E. Roper, eds. Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date. Volume 1. Chambered nautiluses and sepioids (Nautilidae, Sepiidae, Sepiolidae, Sepiadariidae, Idiosepiidae and Spirulidae). FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes No. 4, Vol. 1. FAO, Rome. pp. 211–212.
Vecchione, M., T. Kubodera & R.E. Young . Taningia danae Joubin 1931. Tree of Life Web Project.
Ellis, R. . The Search for the Giant Squid. Lyons Press, London. 322 pp. ISBN 1-55821-689-8.
RoperJereb2010b
Nesis1970
Clarke, J.M. . The Lower Silurian Cephalopoda of Minnesota. In: E.O. Ulrich, J.M. Clarke, W.H. Scofield & N.H. Winchell The Geology of Minnesota. Vol. III, Part II, of the final report. Paleontology. Harrison & Smith, Minneapolis. pp. 761–812.

Cephalomyidae is an extinct family of caviomorph rodents from South America. The specific relationships of the family are uncertain, and affinities to both chinchilloid and cavioid rodents have been supported (McKenna and Bell, 1997; Vucetich et al., 1999; Kramarz, 2001, 2005). Most recently, Kramarz (2005) performed a phylogenetic analysis supporting a relationship to the Cavioidea, as represented by Eocardiidae.

Hutsell, K.C., L.L. Hutsell & D.L. Pisor . Registry of World Record Size Shells. First edition. Snail's Pace Productions, San Diego. ii + 101 pp. ISBN 0965901718.

Cephalophus ogilbyi crusalbum

Stevens, G.R. . Giant ammonites: a review. In: J. Wiedmann & J. Kullmann Cephalopods – Present and Past: O.H. Schindewolf Symposium Tübingen 1985. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart. pp. 141–166.
Roper, C.F.E. & P. Jereb . Family Chiroteuthidae. In: P. Jereb & C.F.E. Roper Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date. Volume 2. Myopsid and Oegopsid Squids. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes No. 4, Vol. 2. FAO, Rome. pp. 135–145.
Newman1994
Newman, M. . Life in a Fishbowl: Confessions of an Aquarium Director. Douglas & McIntyre, Vancouver. ix + 262 pp. ISBN 1550541250.
Miyaharaetal2006
Ghiselin, M.T. . The Economy of Nature and the Evolution of Sex. University of California Press, Berkeley. 346 pp. ISBN 0-520-02474-5.
Fairbairn2007
LynnesRodhouse2002

Cephalopod attack

Roper, C.F.E. & P. Jereb . Family Octopoteuthidae. In: P. Jereb & C.F.E. Roper Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date. Volume 2. Myopsid and Oegopsid Squids. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes No. 4, Vol. 2. FAO, Rome. pp. 262–268.
Lynnes, A.S. & P.G. Rodhouse . A big mouthful for predators: the largest recorded specimen of Kondakovia longimana (Cephalopoda: Onychoteuthidae). Bulletin of Marine Science 71: 1087–1090.
Nesis, K.N. . A giant squid in the Sea of Okhotsk. Priroda 10: 112–113.
Kin, A. & R. Niedźwiedzki . First record of the puzosiine ammonite genus Pachydesmoceras from the Middle and Upper Turonian of Poland. Cretaceous Research 33: 15–20.
Anderton, H.J. . World's largest squid landed in NZ. The official website of the New Zealand Government.

Cephalophus zebra

Kuboderaetal1998

Cephalophora decurrens

Roper, C.F.E. & P. Jereb . Family Pholidoteuthidae. In: P. Jereb & C.F.E. Roper Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date. Volume 2. Myopsid and Oegopsid Squids. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes No. 4, Vol. 2. FAO, Rome. pp. 370–373.
Flower, R.H. . Status of endoceroid classification. Journal of Paleontology 29: 329–371.
Barrat2015
Nesis1982
Berzin, A.A. . The Sperm Whale. Israel Program for Scientific Translation, Jerusalem. 393 pp. ISBN 0706512626.

Cephalopod fin

Kubodera, T. & H. Horikawa . Cephalopod fauna around Nansei Islands, southern Japan. In: K. Hasegawa, G. Shinohara & M. Takeda Deep-sea Fauna and Pollutants in Nansei Islands. National Science Museum Monographs No. 29. National Science Museum, Tokyo. pp. 191–223.

Cephalonia International (airport)

Daniel1925
Frebold1957
Roper, C.F.E. & E.K. Shea . Unanswered questions about the giant squid Architeuthis illustrate our incomplete knowledge of coleoid cephalopods. American Malacological Bulletin 31: 109–122.
Teichert, C. . Der estländische Glint. Natur und Museum 57: 264–272.
Zuyev, G., C. Nigmatullin, M. Chesalin & K. Nesis . Main results of long-term worldwide studies on tropical nektonic oceanic squid genus Sthenoteuthis: an overview of the Soviet investigations. Bulletin of Marine Science 71: 1019–1060.
Dozier1976

Cephalopod egg fossil

Cephalophus weynsi

Cephalophus brookei

Winkelmann, I., P.F. Campos, J. Strugnell, Y. Cherel, P.J. Smith, T. Kubodera, L. Allcock, M.-L. Kampmann, H. Schroeder, Á. Guerra, M. Norman, J. Finn, D. Ingrao, M. Clarke & M.T.P. Gilbert . Mitochondrial genome diversity and population structure of the giant squid Architeuthis: genetics sheds new light on one of the most enigmatic marine species. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280: 20130273.

C. urodeta

Nabhitabhata1998
Roper, C.F.E. & P. Jereb . Family Cranchiidae. In: P. Jereb & C.F.E. Roper Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date. Volume 2. Myopsid and Oegopsid Squids. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes No. 4, Vol. 2. FAO, Rome. pp. 148–178.
[Anonymous] . The body of the colossal squid. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.

H. Kilias

C. grandis holotype

Miyahara, K., K. Fukui, T. Ota & T. Minami . Laboratory observations on the early life stages of the diamond squid Thysanoteuthis rhombus. Journal of Molluscan Studies 72: 199–205.
Bolstad, K.S.R. . Systematics of the Onychoteuthidae Gray, 1847 (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida). Zootaxa 2696: 1–186. Preview

Cephalophora

Cephalon (arthropod anatomy)

Larson, N.L., S.D. Jorgensen, R.A. Farrar & P.L. Larson . Ammonites and the Other Cephalopods of the Pierre Seaway. Geoscience Press, Tucson. ISBN 0-945005-25-3.
WRS
WoodODor2000
GlaubrechtSalcedo-Vargas2004
Roeleveld, M.A.C. . Giant squid beaks: implications for systematics. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 80: 185–187.

Cephalopholis cruentata

AnonymousNd
ODoretal1986
WrightKennedy1980

Cephalopod beak

Cephalophus maxwellii

Cephalophilon capitatum

MacGinitie, G.E. & N. MacGinitie . Natural History of Marine Animals. Second edition. McGraw-Hill, New York. 523 pp.

Cephalophus crusalbum

Cephalophinae

Vecchioneetal2001b
Frebold, H. . "Genus" Titanites Buckman. In: The Jurassic Fernie Group in the Canadian Rocky Mountains and foothills. Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 287. Canada Department of Mines and Technical Surveys. pp. 66–67.
Landois1898

Cephalophus nigrifrons rubidus

RoperShea2013
Eyden2003b
body
RoperJereb2010g
Trueman1940
Roperetal2010
Verrill, A.E. . Note on gigantic cephalopods,—a correction. The American Journal of Science and Arts 12: 236–237.
Anderson, R.C. . A preliminary report on bioaccumulation in octopuses (Enteroctopus dofleini). In: T.W. Droscher & D.A. Fraser Proceedings of the 2003 Georgia Basin/Puget Sound Research Conference. Puget Sound Partnership, Olympia. 5 pp.
YoungMangold2010
Summesberger1979
Landmanetal2004
Flower1955
Wormuth1976
OShea2003a
Schmitz, L., R. Motani, C.E Oufiero, C.H. Martin, M.D. McGee, A.R. Gamarra, J.J. Lee & P.C. Wainwright . Allometry indicates giant eyes of giant squid are not exceptional. BMC Evolutionary Biology 13: 45.
OShea2002
O'Dor, R.K., E.A. Foy, P.L. Helm & N. Balch . The locomotion and energetics of hatchling squid, Illex illecebrosus. American Malacological Bulletin 4: 55–60.

Nomos Kefallinias.png

Okutani, T. . Onykia (Onykia) robusta (Verrill, 1876). In: Cuttlefishes and Squids of the World: New Edition. National Cooperative Association of Squid Processors. 246 pp. ISBN 4486037340.
Young, R.E., C.F.E. Roper & M. Vecchione . Heteroteuthinae Appellof, 1898. Tree of Life Web Project.
Carrington2000
Grogeretal2000
Youngetal2015

Cephalopholis urodeta from French Polynesia

Lynch2013
Förch, E.C. . The marine fauna of New Zealand: Cephalopoda: Oegopsida: Architeuthidae . NIWA Biodiversity Memoir 110: 1–113. ISBN 0-478-08447-1.
Reid, A. & P. Jereb . Family Sepiolidae. In: P. Jereb & C.F.E. Roper, eds. Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date. Volume 1. Chambered nautiluses and sepioids (Nautilidae, Sepiidae, Sepiolidae, Sepiadariidae, Idiosepiidae and Spirulidae). FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes No. 4, Vol. 1. FAO, Rome. pp. 153–203.
Jereb2005

Sparganophorus sonchifolius ( Spreng. )

Cephalonia within the Ionian Islands

Salcedo-Vargas, M.A. . An asperoteuthid squid from New Zealand misidentified as Architeuthis. Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin, Zoologische Reihe 75: 47–49.

urodelus

spiloparaea

* †Banderomys
* †Cephalomyopsis
* †Cephalomys
* †Litodontomys
* †Soriamys

Bright, M. . There are Giants in the Sea: Monsters and Mysteries of the Depths Explored. Robson Books, London. 224 pp. ISBN 0-86051-481-1.

Asos, Kefalonia.jpg

Guerra, Á., Á.F. González, S. Pascual & E.G. Dawe . The giant squid Architeuthis: an emblematic invertebrate that can represent concern for the conservation of marine biodiversity. Biological Conservation 144: 1989–1997.
Wolff1981

Tentacle of Illex illecebrosus with a distal tentacular club

Cephalopholis miniatus

Ionian Islands within Greece

AdelmanGilbert1990
Verrill1876

Cephalopod jaws

Pisor2008

left

Cephalopod eye

Okutani2015b

Cephalonia (international airport)

Daniel, R.J. . Animal Life in the Sea. Hodder & Stoughton, London. 119 pp.
Bolstad, K.S.R. . Deep-Sea Cephalopods: An Introduction and Overview. The Octopus News Magazine Online.
Lynch, M. . The Search for the Ocean's Super Predator. Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
JerebVecchioneRoper2010
Normanetal2014

Cephalophora grandiflora

Cephalonia within Ionian Islands

auto

Cephalopod mandibles

Walker2010
Bolstad, K.S.R. . Systematics of the Onychoteuthidae Gray, 1847 (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida). Ph.D. thesis, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland.
Rosewater1965
Dozier, T.A. . Dangerous Sea Creatures. Time-Life Television, New York. 128 pp. ISBN 0-913948-04-7.

Cephalopod limb

Cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome

Roper C.F.E., M.J. Sweeney & C.E. Nauen . Cephalopods of the world. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy.
Roper, C.F.E. & P. Jereb . Family Architeuthidae. In: P. Jereb & C.F.E. Roper Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date. Volume 2. Myopsid and Oegopsid Squids. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes No. 4, Vol. 2. FAO, Rome. pp. 121–123.
Anonymous2005
Bolstad2010
Starkey1963